08/06/2021

Part 4
EARTHWORKS

Prepared by:
Engr. Rommel G. Arapo
CE - Faculty

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The movement of soil or rock from one location to

another for construction purposes is called
earthwork. A volume of earth that is excavated,
that is, removed from its natural location, is called
cut. Excavated material that is placed and
compacted in a different location is called
embankment or fill. The construction of the grade
line for a new road or railway typically involves
much cut and fill (see figures); the grading, or
reshaping, of the ground for a building site also
involves cut and fill. Surveyors are often called on
to measure earthwork quantities in the field and
to compute the volumes of cut and fill.

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CROSS SECTIONS AND AREAS
A cross section is a short profile taken perpendicular A side slope is expressed as the ratio of a horizontal
to the centerline of a roadway or other facility. The distance to a corresponding unit of vertical distance for
cross section at a station along a road will typically the cut or fill slope (Figure 10-29). This ratio depends
show the profile of the original ground surface, the largely on the type of soil and on the natural angle of
base of the roadway, and the side slopes of the cut repose at which it remains stable. A side slope of 1:1 is
or fill. The base is the horizontal line to which the cut possible for some compacted embankment sections,
or fill is first constructed; its width depends primarily whereas a flatter ratio of 2:1 or more is typical for a side
on the number of lanes and width of roadway slope in a cut section. Of course, a vertical concrete
shoulders. retaining wall may be built to hold back the soil where
very flat side slopes would require excessively wide right-
of-way acquisition.

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To draw a section, a vertical line is first drawn to represent

the route centerline (the symbol CL is often used to identify
a centerline). Enough space must be left between adjacent
centerlines so that the cross sections do not overlap on the
drawing. The vertical scale is positioned individually for
each section, and the existing terrain elevations are plotted
from the cross-section field notes (see figure). The base
elevation is taken from the proposed alignment profile
drawing; it is drawn to the appropriate scaled width as a
horizontal line, bisected by the centerline. The side slopes
are then drawn at the specified inclination, from each end
of the base to the existing terrain line.

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Section Areas
The area enclosed in a section by the natural terrain, the side slopes, and
the base can be determined in several ways. These include approximate
methods such as simply counting the number of enclosed grid boxes. In a
method called stripping, the section is divided into several vertical strips,
or “slices,” of constant width. The sum of the altitudes of the strips is
determined by placing a long strip of paper successively over each slice,
as shown in the figure, and marking the accumulated heights. The total
length of the paper strip is multiplied by the constant width (w) of a
section or slice to compute the area of the cross section.

Plane geometry may be used to compute a cross-section area by first dividing the section into regular shapes,
including triangles and trapezoids. The dimensions of those figures can be determined by scaling or from field
note data, and their areas computed from basic geometric formulas. The sum of those areas is the area of the
cross section.

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Area by Planimeter
A planimeter is an instrument that will measure the area of a plane figure
of any shape when the tracer point of the instrument is moved around the
perimeter or edge of the figure. The planimeter is used by surveyors and
civil engineering technicians for determining storm drainage basin areas,
checking property survey areas, determining areas of roadway cross
sections, and performing other tasks. It is particularly useful for measuring
the areas of irregularly shaped figures, and accuracies be er than ―1
(a)
percent can be obtained under most circumstances.
An electronic planimeter displays area measurements in digital readout
directly in square inches or square centimeters; it can be instantly set on
zero, and most models are designed to facilitate the cumulative adding
and averaging of areas (figure a). A mechanical planimeter includes a
graduated drum and a disk that is read to four digits with a vernier; most
have an adjustable tracer arm, making it possible to set the instrument so
that the drum and disk readings are related to the area by a convenient
ratio (figure b). For some electronic planimeters, and most mechanical (b)
planimeters, it is necessary to convert the instrument reading to an area
that is related to the scale of the drawing used.

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Volume of Earthworks
1. End-Area Formula:
𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐
𝐕𝐄 = 𝐋
𝟐

2. Prismoidal Formula:
𝐋
𝐕𝐏 = 𝐀 + 𝟒𝐀𝐦 + 𝐀𝟐
𝟔 𝟏
A = Area at mid section

3. Volume with Prismoidal Correction:

𝐕 = 𝐕𝐄 − 𝐕𝐜𝐩

𝐋
𝐕𝐜𝐩 = (𝐂 − 𝐂𝟐 )(𝐃𝟏 − 𝐃𝟐 )
𝟏𝟐 𝟏

Vcp = Prismoidal Correction

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Problem no.1 @ sta 1+040 (fill section):
In a certain portion of road to be constructed the ff data CL
X1 X2
were taken:
8m
For 1+040 Road Base
0.42
X1 0 X2 1
1.5 1.22 1.5
−1.84 −1.22 −0.42 1.84 1
For 1+100
existing grade line
X3 0 X4
0.98 3.05 0.50

Base for cut = 9m Side Slope for cut = 1:1 @ sta 1+100 (cut section):
Base for fill = 8m Side Slope for fill = 1.5:1 existing grade line

a) Determine the area at station 1+040 3.05

b) Determine the area at station 1+100 0.98 1 1
1 1 0.50
c) Determine the difference in volume between two Road Base
stations using end area method. 9m
X3 X4
CL

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Solution:
6.76 4.63
(a) Area at sta. 1+040
note: area of the whole section is equal to the sum of areas of 2.76 4 4 0.63
the triangles that made-up the whole sections, that is: A4 0.42
A1 1
Area = A + A + A + A 1.5 1.22 A3 1.5
1.84 1 A2
For the individual triangle, use the formula:
1
A∆ = bh
2
For the area of the whole section:
1 1 1 1
Area = 4 1.84 + 1.22 6.76 + 1.22 4.63 + (4)(0.42)
2 2 2 2
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟖 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦. (𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐥)

A2
3.05
(b) Area at sta. 1+100 A3
0.98 1 1
Area = A + A + A + A 1 A1 A4
1 0.50

1 1 1 1 0.50
Area = 4.5 0.98 + 3.05 5.48 + 3.05 5 + (4.5)(0.5) 0.98 4.5 4.5
2 2 2 2
5.48 5.0
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦. (𝐜𝐮𝐭)
CL

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Solution:
 Determine the Volume of Fill (using end
(c) difference in volume between two stations area formula):
using end area method
A +A
Note: assuming straight road base from sta 1+040 to sta V =L =V
2
1+100. Plot the computed area in both section of the road.
11.468 + 0
V = 22.355
2
𝐀𝐂 = 𝐕𝐅 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
volume 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝟐
1+040 of cut
volume
 Determine the Volume of Cut (using end
finish grade line
𝐀𝐅 = of fill 1+100 area formula):
𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟖
A +A
V =L =V
X 2
60 m 0 + 19.312
V = 37.645
2
diff. in vol. = Vol − Vol
𝐕𝐂 = 𝟑𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
 Determine the location of zero vol., x:
A +A A diff. in vol. = Vol − Vol
=
60 x
diff. in vol. = 128.184 − 363.500
11.468 + 19.312 11.468
= 𝐱 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟓𝟓 𝐦 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟. 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐨𝐥. = 𝟐𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟏𝟔 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
60 x

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Problem no.2 @ sta 1+020 (cut section):
From the given cross section of proposed road:
existing grade line

For 1+020 2.30 1.50

6.45 4.50 1.0
+ 1.50 Road Base
+2.30 +1.0
width of road
For 1+040
6.45 4.50
6.00 6.90
+ 1.20 CL
+2.00 +2.60

a) Determine the volume between two stations @ sta 1+040 (cut section):
using prismoidal formula.
b) Determine the volume between two stations existing grade line
using end area with prismoidal correction.
2.60
2.0 1.20

Road Base
width of road
6.0 6.90
CL

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Solution: Solving simultaneous equation:
(a) volume between two stations using B = 6.0 m
prismoidal formula:
L  determining the Area of the section (A1):
V = A + 4A + A
6 1 1 1 1
A = 3 2.3 + 1.5 6.45 + 3 1.0 + (1.5)(4.5)
@ sta 1+020 (A1): 2 2 2 2
𝐀𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦

2.30 1.50 @ sta 1+040 (A2):

1.0

2.3S B/2 B/2 1S

6.45 4.50
2.60
2.0 1.20
B = width of road
S = side slope (horizontal, since vertical is always 1)
3.0 3.0
 determining the width of road:
6.0 6.90
2.3S + 0.5B = 6.45
1S + 0.5B = 4.50

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Solution:
 determining the volume using prismoidal
 determining the Area of the section (A2):
formula:
1 1 1 1
A = 3 2 + 1.2 6.0 + 3 2.6 + (1.2)(6.9) L
2 2 2 2 V = A + 4A + A
6
𝐀𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦
20
 For the value of Am: V = 13.162 + 4(13.974) + 14.64
6
Note: The dimension of the section for Am is the average 𝐕𝐏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟑 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
of the dimension of the section of the two stations.

1.8
2.15 1.35

3.0 3.0

6.225 5.7

 determining the Area of the section (Am):

1 1 1 1
A = 3 2.15 + 1.35 6.225 + 3 1.8 + (1.35)(5.7)
2 2 2 2
𝐀𝐦 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟕𝟒 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦

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Solution:
 Determining prismoidal
(b) volume between two correction, Vcp: L
V = (C − C )(D − D
stations using end area with 12
prismoidal correction. @ sta 1+020 (A1): 20
V = (1.5 − 1.2)(10.95 − 12.9)
V=V −V 12
L V = −0.975 cu. m.
V = (C − C )(D − D ) 2.30 1.50 C1
12 1.0

 Determining volume using 3 3  Determining volume using

end area formula, VE: end area with prismoidal
6.45 4.50
A +A correction:
V =L D1
2
V=V −V
13.162 + 14.64 @ sta 1+040 (A2):
V = 20 V = 278.02 − (−0.975)
2
V = 278.02 cu. m. 2.60 𝐕 = 𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟓 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
2.0 1.20 C2

3.0 3.0

6.0 6.90
D2

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Problem no.3 @ sta 1+200

The cross section of the ground surface at sta. 1+200 of a
road surveys shows that the ground is sloping at a grade of CL
10% downward to the left. The elevation of the ground
along the centerline of the proposed road at this station is 7.0 m
150m and that of the finish subgrade is 152m, the width of Road Base (elev.152 m)
the subgrade is 7.0m with side slope of 1.5:1. 1
1.5 1.5
1
a) Compute the distance of the right slope stake from the (elev.150 m)
center. existing grade line

b) Compute the distance of the left slope stake from the

center.
c) Compute the difference in elevation of the slope stakes.

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Solution:
(a) distance of the right slope @ sta 1+200 (c) difference in elevation of
stake from the center (XR): CL the slope stakes:

2−h diff in elev = elev @ RS − elev @ LS

= 0.10 1.5hL 7.0 m 1.5hR
X
Road Base (elev.152 m)
2−h 1 hR elev @ RS = 152 − h
= 0.10 2m 1.5
3.5 + 1.5h 1.5
hL 1 Right stake 2-hR elev @ RS = 152 − 1.435
h = 1.435 m (elev.150 m)
hL-2 elev @ RS = 150.565 m
existing grade line
X = 3.5 + 1.5h Left stake
XL XR

X = 3.5 + 1.5(1.435) elev @ LS = 152 − h

𝐗 𝐑 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝟑 𝐦 elev @ LS = 152 − 2.765

(b) distance of the left slope
stake from the center (XL): elev @ LS = 149.235 m
h −2
= 0.10
X diff in elev = elev @ RS − elev @ LS
X = 3.5 + 1.5h
h −2 diff in elev = 150.565 − 149.235
= 0.10
3.5 + 1.5h X = 3.5 + 1.5(2.765)
𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝐦
h = 2.765 m 𝐗 𝐋 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝐦

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Problem no.4
In a 20m road stretch, the ff cross section of the existing
ground and corresponding subgrade cross section notes were a) Compute the cross sectional area at
taken: 10+280.
b) Compute the cross sectional area at
Existing Ground Cross Section: 10+300.
Sta. Left Center Right c) Compute the volume between the two
10 + 280
. stations.
. .
10 + 300
.

Subgrade Cross Section:

Sta. Left Center Right
.
10 + 280
. .
.
10 + 300
. . .

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Solution:
(a) cross sectional area at sta 10+280: sta 10+280 (cut)

 Plotting the data of the sta 10+280 (-9,2) (12,2)

(-5,1) (4,1) existing grade line
specifying their coordinates: (0,0)
(-16.5,0) (18,1)
(-6,-5) (6,-5)
finish grade line
(0,-5)
(-7,-5.5) (7,-5.5)

 Determine the area using the coordinates:

1 0 −5 −9 −16.5 −7 −6 6 7 18 12 4 0
A=
2 0 1 2 0 −5.5 −5 −5 −5.5 1 2 1 0

0 1 + −5 2 + −9 0 + −16.5 −5.5 + −7 −5 + −6 −5 + 6 −5.5 + 7 1 + 18 2 + 12 1 + 4(0) −

A = 0.5
−5 0 + −9 1 + −16.5 2 + −7 0 + −6 −5.5 + 6 −5 + 7 −5 + 18 −5.5 + 12 1 + 4 2 + 0(1)

𝐀 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦. (cut)

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Solution:
sta 10+300 (cut)
(b) cross sectional area at sta 10+300:
(-7,1) (0,1) (5,1)
 Plotting the data of the sta 10+300 (9,0)
existing grade line
specifying their coordinates: (-10,-2)
(17,-1.5)
(-13.5,-3) (-6,-7) (6,-7) finish grade line
(0,-7)
(-7,-7.5) (7,-7.5)
 Determine the area using the coordinates:
1 0 −7 −10 −13.5 −7 −6 6 7 17 9 5 0
A=
2 1 1 −2 −3 −7.5 −7 −7 −7.5 −1.5 0 1 1
0 1 + −7 −2 + −10 −3 + −13.5 −7.5 + −7 −7 + −6 −7 + 6 −7.5 + 7 −1.5 + 17 0 + 9 1 + 5(1) −
A = 0.5
−7 1 + −10 1 + −13.5 −2 + −7 −3 + −6 −7.5 + 6 −7 + 7 −7 + 17 −7.5 + 9 −1.5 + 5 0 + 0(1)

𝐀 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐬𝐪. 𝐦. (cut)

(c) volume between the two stations. :

 For an irregular section, use end area formula. 160.375 + 175.375
V = 20
2
A +A
V =L
2 𝐕𝐄 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.

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HAUL AND MASS DIAGRAM
Haul:
1 cu. m. (LEH − FHD)C
The product of the volume of earth excavated and the distance it is Cost of Haul =
C
transported to form an embankment or to be disposed as waste.
Free Haul Distance (FHD): Cost of Borrow = 1 cu. m. (C )
A fixed distance within which the hauling of materials is not paid but is
where:
assumed to be already included in the cost of excavation.
Ch = unit cost of haul
Overhaul:
Cb = unit cost of borrow
The product of the volume in excess of the free haul mass and the
C = length of basis of cost of haul,
length of haul, in which payment is already required.
(cost is per meter station, C = 20m)
Length of Overhaul:
The distance between the center of gravity of the mass of excavation
beyond the free haul mass and the center of gravity of the resulting C C
LEH = + FHD
embankment minus the free haul distance. C
Limit of Economical Haul (LEH):
It is the distance within which it is more economical to haul materials
than to throw them as waste or beyond which it is more economical to
borrow than to haul. At this limiting distance the cost of haul is
approximately equal to the cost of borrow.

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HAUL AND MASS DIAGRAM
Waste:
Materials excavated and thrown away which is no longer necessary to form embankments.
Borrow:
Excavated materials obtained from borrow pits located beyond the limits of the road when
excavation for the roadway is not sufficient to form the embankments.

The figure below shows the profile of the ground surface, the grade line, the limits of free haul,
limit of economical haul, waste and borrow:

Limits of Economical Haul

Free Haul Distance

Waste Balancing
point Borrow

Finish grade line

Overhaul Volume of
Volume existing grade line
Free Haul

Profile Diagram

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MASS DIAGRAM
One of the objectives in vertical alignment design is to balance the volumes of cut and fill. This is to minimize the
quantity of earth that must either be “borrowed” from somewhere else and hauled to the site or be disposed of
off-site. The preliminary grade line can be located on the profile so that earthwork appears to be balanced, but
this is difficult to do visually because of the effect of shrinkage. Shrinkage refers to the decrease in volume of soil
due to compaction in an embankment.
A mass diagram may be used to determine the extent to which cut and fill are balanced in a preliminary
alignment design. The mass diagram is also useful to evaluate haul distances and to plan the overall earthwork
operation. It is simply a graph that depicts the accumulation of cut-and-fill quantities along the route. Volumes
of cut are positive, and volumes of fill are negative. The fill volumes are adjusted for shrinkage so that all
volumes shown on the diagram are equivalent to natural or “in situ” soil conditions.

The ordinates (y values) are the cumulative algebraic sums of earthwork volume starting at station 0 + 00. The
abscissas (x values) are the stations. The ordinates are connected by a smooth curve to form the mass diagram.
Usually, the mass diagram is plotted directly below the profile of the grade line; this facilitates visualization of
earthmoving activities.

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MASS DIAGRAM

General characteristics of the mass diagram are shown in

the figure, and are summarized as follows:
1. The mass curve rises from left to right in areas of cut.
2. The mass curve falls from left to right in areas of fill.
3. Grade points on the profile correspond to the peaks of
crests and the low points in sags (or valleys) of the mass
diagram.
4. Peaks occur at transitions from cut to fill; low points
occur at transitions from fill to cut.
5. Any horizontal line that intersects the mass curve at
two points is a balance line; the volume of cut equals
the volume of fill between the stations of the balance
points.

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Problem no.5
The earthwork data of a proposed highway is shown on
the data below: a) Compute the overhaul volume.
length of economical haul (LEH) = 450m
b) Compute the volume of waste.
Sta of limits of LEH = 2+498.03 , 2+948.03
Free Haul Distance (FHD) = 50m c) Compute the volume of borrow.
Sta of limits of FHD = 2+713.12, 2+763.12
Assume the ground is uniformly sloping

Area (sq.m)
Station
CUT FILL

2 + 440 50

2 + 740 0

3 + 040 70

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Solution:
b) Volume of waste, VW:
FHD = 50 m
58.03 215.09 50 + b

2 + 948.03
2 + 763.12
V = 58.03
26.88 2

3 + 040
50
VW b VOH a 50 + 40.328
V = 58.03
c 2
2 + 740
VB
2 + 498.03

2 + 713.12
2 + 440

70
208.03
𝐕𝐖 = 𝟐, 𝟔𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟕 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
91.97
c) Volume of borrow, VB:
LEH = 450 m
70 + c
Profile Diagram V = 91.97
2
 For the value of c:
a) overhaul volume, VOH:
70 c
a+b a = 4.48 sq. m. = c = 48.540 sq. m.
V = 215.09 300 208.03
2 b = 40.328 sq. m.
70 + 48.540
4.48 + 40.328 V = 91.97
 For the value of a and b: V = 215.09 2
2
50 a b
= = 𝐕𝐁 = 𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
300 26.88 241.97 𝐕𝐎𝐇 = 𝟒, 𝟖𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟕𝟔 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.

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Problem no.6
Shows below is a table of quantities of earthworks of a
proposed highway. FHD = 50m, LEH = 462.76 m. Assume the a) Compute the overhaul volume.
ground to be sloping uniformly. b) Compute the volume of waste.
c) Compute the volume of borrow.
Area (m2)
Sta Remarks
Cut Fill
10+020 80 initial point
10+115.65 54.57 limit of economical haul
10+297.92 5.90 limit of free haul
10+320 0 balancing point
10+347.92 4.66 limit of free haul
10+578.41 43.15 limit of economical haul
10+620 50 end point

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Solution:

10 + 578.41
10 + 347.92

10 +620
54.57
80 5.90
VW VOH

VB
10 + 115.65

10 + 297.92
10 + 020

10 + 320
50
4.66
43.15

Profile Diagram

a) overhaul volume, VOH: c) Volume of borrow, VB:

5.90 + 54.57 50 + 43.15
V = 10 + 297.92 − (10 + 115.65) V = 10 + 620 − (10 + 578.41)
2 2
𝐕𝐎𝐇 = 𝟓, 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦. 𝐕𝐎𝐇 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟓𝟒 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.

b) Volume of waste, VW:

80 + 54.57
V = 10 + 115.65 − (10 + 020)
2
𝐕𝐎𝐇 = 𝟔, 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.

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Problem no.7
The profile of the ground surface along which the
centerline of the roadway is sloping uniformly at a 28.60
certain grade. Area at Sta 5+400 is 20.89 m2 (Fill) and at
5 + 400

sta 5+850 is 28.60 m2 (Cut). The balancing point is at

sta 5+650. FHD = 50m., cost of haul is Php 0.20 per
meter station, and cost of borrow is Php 4.00 per cu.m.
5 + 850
5 + 650

a) Compute LEH. 20.89

b) Compute the stations of limit of FHD

c) Compute the free haul volume.
Profile Diagram

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Solution:
28.6 y
Given: = y = 0.143(50 − x) 28.60
200 50 − x FHD = 50

5 + 400
FHD = 50 m
Ch = P 0.20 per meter station Note: in the FHD, the volume A X Y2
Cb = P 4.00 per cu.m. of cut must be equal to Y1 50 - x B

5 + 850
5 + 650
volume of fill.
a) Length of Economical Haul, 20.89
LEH: 0.5 x y = 0.5(50 − x)(y )
C C
LEH = + FHD
0.5 x 0.084x = 0.5(50 − x)(0.143)(50 − x) Profile Diagram
C
4 (20) x = 28.306 m
LEH = + 50 c) Free Haul Volume:
0.20
sta @ A = 5 + 650 − x (volume of cut in the FHD)
𝐋𝐄𝐇 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝐦
sta @ A = 5 + 650 − 28.306
b) Sta of FHD limits: V = 0.5(50 − x)(y )
𝐬𝐭𝐚 @ 𝐀 = 𝟓 + 𝟔𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟒
sta @ A = 5 + 650 − x y = 0.143(50 − x)
sta @ B = 5 + 650 + (50 − x) sta @ B = 5 + 650 + (50 − x) y = 0.143(50 − 28.306)
For the value of x: sta @ B = 5 + 650 + (50 − 28.306) y = 3.102 sq. m.
using similar triangle, 𝐬𝐭𝐚 @ 𝐁 = 𝟓 + 𝟔𝟕𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟒
V = 0.5(50 − 28.306)(3.102)
20.89 y
= y = 0.084x 𝐕𝐅𝐇 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟒𝟕 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
250 x

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Problem no.8 Stations

Volume of Cut Volume of
(m3) Fill (m3)
For the following data
10 + 000 200
represents a single summit mass
diagram of a proposed 10 + 040 100

expansion a certain highway: 10 + 080 150

10 + 120 140
Free haul Distance = 50m 10 + 160 110
LEH = 400m 10 + 200 190
Mass ordinate of Initial limit of 10 + 240 50
FHD = +910 cu.m.
10 + 280 40
Mass ordinate of Initial limit of
10 + 320 120
Economical Haul = +350 cu.m.
10 + 360 90

10 + 400 80
Determine:
a. Volume of Waste 10 + 440 200

b. Overhaul Volume 10 + 480 220

c. Volume of Borrow 10 + 520 110

10 + 560 320

10 + 600 280

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Solution:
Stations Volume Mass Ordinate
Compute the mass ordinate of each
10 + 000 +200 +200
station:
 Assigned positive sign on cut and 10 + 040 +100 +300
negative sign on fill. 10 + 080 +150 +450
 Mass ordinate of the first station is
10 + 120 +140 +590
equal to the volume of the first
station 10 + 160 +110 +700
 Mass ordinate of the next station is 10 + 200 +190 +890
equal to the mass ordinate of the
10 + 240 +50 +940
preceding station plus the volume
of that station. 10 + 280 -40 +900

10 + 320 -120 +780

10 + 360 -90 +690

10 + 400 -80 +610

10 + 440 -200 +410

10 + 480 -220 +190

10 + 520 -110 +80

10 + 560 -320 -240

10 + 600 -280 -520

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Solution:
a. Volume of Waste
Draw the mass diagram:
 Plot the following: +940 V = 350 − 200
FHD = 50m
 First Mass Ordinate +910
𝐕𝐖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
 Last Mass Ordinate
 Highest Mass Ordinate b. Volume of Overhaul
Mass Ordinate

 Lowest Mass Ordinate

LEH = 400 m
 Mass Ordinate of the +350 V = 910 − 350
Free Haul 𝐕𝐎𝐇 = 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.
+200
 Mass Ordinate of the
Economical Haul 0
Station c. Volume of Borrow
-520 V = 350 − (−520)
𝐕𝐁 = 𝟖𝟕𝟎 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦.

Vol of Waste

VOH VFH

Vol of Borrow

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