Vc:ry#: Introductory Lecture

Dr. Kanaan A. Jalal University of Techn of Electrical Eng.
High Voltage Engineering

Lecture One/ Introductory Lecture
:
In the initial stage DC was used for electric power transmission. This was due
to two important reasons:
1. Ease of control.
2. DC motors were the only electromechanical energy converters.
However, with the introduction of transformer in 1881 and the three phase
system in 1888 the obvious advantages of blternating currents combined with

the successful application of associated equipment soon proved more
economical.
Electric power may be transmitted using high and extra high voltage .the term
extra as describing systems of 230 kV- up to 765 kV and for voltage (UFIV) is
applied, below 230 kV high voltage (FIV) is in use .
Implementing such voltages for transmission has in practical many

advantages:
1. To transmit a certain power oVer Certain distance, where the conductor
volume (Vc) will be less under hiih vottage condition.
the conductor volume V. may be represented as :
vc:ry#
Where l length of line.
Dr. Kanaan A. Jalal University of Technology/ Dept. of Electrical Eng.
It is quite clear from equation that the conductor volume V. (cost of conductor
material ) is ipyg{SeJy nfgpq*,r*qr-rd to the square of the voltage as we have e ,
Pr, Pz and I are constant .
2. Regulation:
The regulation may be defined as: the percentage variation of receiving
voltage when the load is removed keeping the sending end voltage constant.
Transmission lines suffer from inherent voltage variation at the receiving end
with changes in loads. however the voltage variation are undesirable from point
of view of distribution network for distribution transformer , induction motors
as well as lighting loads which form a major part of the load and are all
sensitive to change of voltage .
The regulation of the line may be given as:

PR + X tqn9
Reg :
vr,
R and X are resistance and reactance of line V, sending end voltage The
equation shows clearly that the regulation for the network is inversely
proportional to the square of voltage.
3. The power transmission capacity of transmission line is p-tgpp:llign to

the qggatg of the operating voltage. No doubt the transmission line and
terminal equipment costs also increases with voltage but in general these
costs are proportional to voltage rather than (V2). As a aonsequence the
overall capital cost of transmission decrease

Technically however besides the many advantagei ga!+d,id.im@menting high
voltage (Disadvan tages) :

I. Corona loss and lladio Interference:

Due to voltage stress at the surface of a conductor in nir, discharges
occurif'thisstnessexceedsacriticalvalue-
These discharges give rise to power loss from the conductor and also provide a
source of interference with radio communication. It can be shown that the

voltage stress at the surface conductor is given, to a close approximation by
tr
"max
r log" 2r
D is the spacing of conductor in meters.
By increasing (.) in equation the value ,,o,f E*u* can be reduced, or
alternating, for the same yalue of Ernu*, the operating voltage (v) may be
increase. For this pulpose *r*lXolv **ncluct*r's can be used, but are both
expensir.e to manufacture and difflcult to br instgUed. Consequently, the
usual solution is to increase the number of conductorslphase (bundle
condu*tor). A further advantage of bundle conductors is that they are more
flexible, and e,;lsier-to handle than a single conductor of equivalent cross section.
-
2. Insulation level:
The level of insulation required on H.V transmission line is determined by
the magnitude of the voltage surges which are likely to occur. These surges can
be internally generated by switching, or they can be externally induced due to
atmospheric causes (lightning).
To withstand these surges, the insulation must be sufficient, but it is
obviously uneconomic to provide against all contingencies. Consequently,
equipment is design to withstand voltages up to a certain value called the
lmpulse voltage level or basic insulation level (BIL) and surge diverters or
spark gaps are employed to protect the normal insulation against abnormal
voltages.
3. Stabiliff:
The expansion for power transmitted between two AC systems is given by
, : VW
Tsind
And we have P: P,r* when 6: 90
Where V,, V,. sending and receiving end voltages .
X series reactance of line (neglecting resistance of line ) fllphase
6 angle between vectors V, and V,(load angle ) .
4
P,o.r**inS
P,ol
Fno
$
! !
s; 6r 8,,,
It is the usual practice to limit (6) to about 30 degree under steady-state

conditions, which allows a margin of at least 60 degree for swinging of vectors
V, and V, before resettling to another steady state condition. Hence
P, (steady state power transfer)
VV tDmax
-; sin 30 = P*ax sin 30 -
i.e to rnaitrtain systun stahility, an AC tie line can only be operated at half its
theoretical rnaxirnunl p{}r\rer trnnsfer and that the theoretical length in Km of
a transmitted line that can be operated on its natural load and power angle of 30
degree without loss of stability is limited .
.these additional equipment are cqrsth'.

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Dr. Kanaan A. Jalal University of Techn of Electrical Eng.

High Voltage Engineering

system in 1888 the obvious advantages of blternating currents combined with

Implementing such voltages for transmission has in practical many

The regulation of the line may be given as:

3. The power transmission capacity of transmission line is p-tgpp:llign to

overall capital cost of transmission decrease

voltage (Disadvan tages) :

I. Corona loss and lladio Interference:

source of interference with radio communication. It can be shown that the

By increasing (.) in equation the value ,,o,f Eu can be reduced, or

Where V,, V,. sending and receiving end voltages .

X series reactance of line (neglecting resistance of line ) fllphase

6 angle between vectors V, and V,(load angle ) .

It is the usual practice to limit (6) to about 30 degree under steady-state

.these additional equipment are cqrsth'.

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