SAMPLING

Definition and Objectives

Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger
population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on the type of analysis being performed, but it may
include simple random sampling or systematic sampling.
In research terms a sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement.
The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that we can generalise the findings from the research sample to
the population as a whole

Types of Sampling selective objective

Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods with Examples

What is sampling?
Sampling is a technique of selecting individual members or a subset of the population to make statistical
inferences from them and estimate characteristics of the whole population. Different sampling methods are
widely used by researchers in market research so that they do not need to research the entire population to
collect actionable insights.

It is also a time-convenient and a cost-effective method and hence forms the basis of any research design.
Sampling techniques can be used in a research survey software for optimum derivation.

For example, if a drug manufacturer would like to research the adverse side effects of a drug on the
country’s population, it is almost impossible to conduct a research study that involves everyone. In this case,
the researcher decides a sample of people from each demographic and then researches them, giving
him/her indicative feedback on the drug’s behavior.

Select your respondents

Types of sampling: sampling methods 

Sampling in market research is of two types – probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Let’s take
a closer look at these two methods of sampling.

1. Probability sampling: Probability sampling is a sampling technique where a researcher sets a

selection of a few criteria and chooses members of a population randomly. All the members have an
equal opportunity to be a part of the sample with this selection parameter.
2. Non-probability sampling: In non-probability sampling, the researcher chooses members for
research at random. This sampling method is not a fixed or predefined selection process. This
makes it difficult for all elements of a population to have equal opportunities to be included in a
sample.
In this blog, we discuss the various probability and non-probability sampling methods that you can
implement in any market research study.
Types of probability sampling with examples:
Probability sampling is a sampling technique in which researchers choose samples from a larger population
using a method based on the theory of probability. This sampling method considers every member of the
population and forms samples based on a fixed process.

For example, in a population of 1000 members, every member will have a 1/1000 chance of being selected
to be a part of a sample. Probability sampling eliminates bias in the population and gives all members a fair
chance to be included in the sample.

There are four types of probability sampling techniques:

 Simple random sampling: One of the best probability sampling techniques that helps in saving
time and resources, is the Simple Random Sampling method. It is a reliable method of obtaining
information where every single member of a population is chosen randomly, merely by chance.
Each individual has the same probability of being chosen to be a part of a sample.
For example, in an organization of 500 employees, if the HR team decides on conducting team
building activities, it is highly likely that they would prefer picking chits out of a bowl. In this case,
each of the 500 employees has an equal opportunity of being selected.
 Cluster sampling: Cluster sampling is a method where the researchers divide the entire population
into sections or clusters that represent a population. Clusters are identified and included in a sample
based on demographic parameters like age, sex, location, etc. This makes it very simple for a
survey creator to derive effective inference from the feedback.
For example, if the United States government wishes to evaluate the number of immigrants living in
the Mainland US, they can divide it into clusters based on states such as California, Texas, Florida,
Massachusetts, Colorado, Hawaii, etc. This way of conducting a survey will be more effective as the
results will be organized into states and provide insightful immigration data.
 Systematic sampling: Researchers use the systematic sampling method to choose the sample
members of a population at regular intervals. It requires the selection of a starting point for the
sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals. This type of sampling method has
a predefined range, and hence this sampling technique is the least time-consuming.
For example, a researcher intends to collect a systematic sample of 500 people in a population of
5000. He/she numbers each element of the population from 1-5000 and will choose every 10th
individual to be a part of the sample (Total population/ Sample Size = 5000/500 = 10).
 Stratified random sampling: Stratified random sampling is a method in which the researcher
divides the population into smaller groups that don’t overlap but represent the entire population.
While sampling, these groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each group
separately.
For example, a researcher looking to analyze the characteristics of people belonging to different
annual income divisions will create strata (groups) according to the annual family income. Eg – less
than $20,000, $21,000 – $30,000, $31,000 to $40,000, $41,000 to $50,000, etc. By doing this, the
 researcher concludes the characteristics of people belonging to different income groups. Marketers
can analyze which income groups to target and which ones to eliminate to create a roadmap that
would bear fruitful results.
Uses of probability sampling
There are multiple uses of probability sampling:

 Reduce Sample Bias: Using the probability sampling method, the bias in the sample derived from a
population is negligible to non-existent. The selection of the sample mainly depicts the
understanding and the inference of the researcher. Probability sampling leads to higher quality data
collection as the sample appropriately represents the population.
 Diverse Population: When the population is vast and diverse, it is essential to have adequate
representation so that the data is not skewed towards one demographic. For example, if Square
would like to understand the people that could make their point-of-sale devices, a survey conducted
from a sample of people across the US from different industries and socio-economic backgrounds
helps.
 Create an Accurate Sample: Probability sampling helps the researchers plan and create an
accurate sample. This helps to obtain well-defined data.
Types of non-probability sampling with examples
The non-probability method is a sampling method that involves a collection of feedback based on a
researcher or statistician’s sample selection capabilities and not on a fixed selection process. In most
situations, the output of a survey conducted with a non-probable sample leads to skewed results, which may
not represent the desired target population. But, there are situations such as the preliminary stages of
research or cost constraints for conducting research, where non-probability sampling will be much more
useful than the other type.

Four types of non-probability sampling explain the purpose of this sampling method in a better manner:
 Convenience sampling: This method is dependent on the ease of access to subjects such as
surveying customers at a mall or passers-by on a busy street. It is usually termed as convenience
sampling, because of the researcher’s ease of carrying it out and getting in touch with the subjects.
Researchers have nearly no authority to select the sample elements, and it’s purely done based on
proximity and not representativeness. This non-probability sampling method is used when there are
time and cost limitations in collecting feedback. In situations where there are resource limitations
such as the initial stages of research, convenience sampling is used.
For example, startups and NGOs usually conduct convenience sampling at a mall to distribute
leaflets of upcoming events or promotion of a cause – they do that by standing at the mall entrance
and giving out pamphlets randomly.
 Judgmental or purposive sampling: Judgemental or purposive samples are formed by the
discretion of the researcher. Researchers purely consider the purpose of the study, along with the
understanding of the target audience. For instance, when researchers want to understand the
thought process of people interested in studying for their master’s degree. The selection criteria will
be: “Are you interested in doing your masters in …?” and those who respond with a “No” are
excluded from the sample.
 Snowball sampling: Snowball sampling is a sampling method that researchers apply when the
subjects are difficult to trace. For example, it will be extremely challenging to survey shelterless
people or illegal immigrants. In such cases, using the snowball theory, researchers can track a few
categories to interview and derive results. Researchers also implement this sampling method in
situations where the topic is highly sensitive and not openly discussed—for example, surveys to
gather information about HIV Aids. Not many victims will readily respond to the questions. Still,
researchers can contact people they might know or volunteers associated with the cause to get in
touch with the victims and collect information.
 Quota sampling:  In Quota sampling, the selection of members in this sampling technique happens
based on a pre-set standard. In this case, as a sample is formed based on specific attributes, the
created sample will have the same qualities found in the total population. It is a rapid method of
collecting samples.
Uses of non-probability sampling
Non-probability sampling is used for the following:

 Create a hypothesis: Researchers use the non-probability sampling method to create an

assumption when limited to no prior information is available. This method helps with the immediate
return of data and builds a base for further research.
 Exploratory research: Researchers use this sampling technique widely when conducting
qualitative research, pilot studies, or exploratory research.
 Budget and time constraints: The non-probability method when there are budget and time
constraints, and some preliminary data must be collected. Since the survey design is not rigid, it is
easier to pick respondents at random and have them take the survey or questionnaire.
How do you decide on the type of sampling to use?
For any research, it is essential to choose a sampling method accurately to meet the goals of your study.
The effectiveness of your sampling relies on various factors. Here are some steps expert researchers follow
to decide the best sampling method.

 Jot down the research goals. Generally, it must be a combination of cost, precision, or accuracy.
 Identify the effective sampling techniques that might potentially achieve the research goals.
 Test each of these methods and examine whether they help in achieving your goal.
 Select the method that works best for the research.
Select your respondents
Difference between probability sampling and non-probability sampling methods
We have looked at the different types of sampling methods above and their subtypes. To encapsulate the
whole discussion, though, the significant differences between probability sampling methods and non-
probability sampling methods are as below:

Probability Sampling Methods Non-Probability Sampling Methods

Probability Sampling is a sampling Non-probability sampling is a sampling

technique in which samples from a larger technique in which the researcher selects
Definition
population are chosen using a method samples based on the researcher’s subjective
based on the theory of probability. judgment rather than random selection.

Alternatively
Random sampling method. Non-random sampling method
Known as

Population
The population is selected randomly. The population is selected arbitrarily.
selection

Nature The research is conclusive. The research is exploratory.

Since there is a method for deciding the Since the sampling method is arbitrary, the
Sample sample, the population demographics are population demographics representation is
conclusively represented. almost always skewed.
 Takes longer to conduct since the research This type of sampling method is quick since
Time Taken design defines the selection parameters neither the sample or selection criteria of the
before the market research study begins. sample are undefined.

This type of sampling is entirely unbiased This type of sampling is entirely biased and
Results and hence the results are unbiased too and hence the results are biased too, rendering the
conclusive. research speculative.

In probability sampling, there is an

underlying hypothesis before the study In non-probability sampling, the hypothesis is
Hypothesis
begins and the objective of this method is to derived after conducting the research study.
prove the hypothesis.

- Sampling techniques, random aseptic

4.3.6 - ASEPTIC SAMPLE Aseptic sampling is a technique used to prevent contamination by your sampling method.

Aseptic sampling involves the use of sterile sampling implements and containers. Your sampling technique is where the lot or sample is
contacted only by the sampling implements or the container.

Samples collected using aseptic technique, will permit testimony that the bacteriological findings accurately reflect the condition of the lot at
the time of sampling and, ideally, at the time of the original shipment. Whenever possible collect intact, unopened containers.

Aseptic sampling is often used in the collection of in-line samples, environmental samples, product samples from bulk containers and collection
of unpack-aged product that is being collected for microbial analysis.

Note: Products in 55 gallon drums, or similar large containers, either aseptically filled or heat processed, should not be sampled while the
shipment is en route unless the owner accepts responsibility for the portion remaining after sampling. Try to arrange sampling of these products
at the consignee (user) so the opened containers can be immediately used or stored under refrigerated conditions.
Use ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE when sampling these products. For more guidance on aseptic technique, you may consult the course Food
Microbiological Control 10:

Aseptic Sampling, which is available to FDA employees through the ORA U intranet site. 4.3.6.1 - General Procedures If it is necessary to open
containers, draw the sample and submit it under conditions, which will prevent multiplication or undue reduction of the bacterial population.
Follow the basic principles of aseptic sampling technique. Take steps to minimize exposure of product, sampling equipment, and the interior of
sampling containers to the environment. 4.3.6.1.1

Sterilized Equipment Use only sterilized equipment and containers.

These should be obtained from the servicing laboratory or in an emergency, at local cooperating health agencies. Presterilized plastic or metal
tools should be used.

However, if unavailable, the metal tools can be sterilized immediately before use with a propane torch. Permit the tool to cool in the air or inside
a sterile container before using.

Soaking with 70% alcohol and flaming off is an acceptable method of field sterilization, and may be used as a last resort. If it is necessary to drill,
saw, or cut the item being sampled (such as large frozen fish, cheese wheels, frozen fruit, etc.), if at all possible, use stainless steel bits, blades,
knives, etc. Wooden handled sampling instruments are particularly susceptible to bacterial contamination, are difficult to sterilize, and should be
avoided. 4.3.6.1.2

CAUTIONS Be extremely careful when using a propane torch or other flame when sterilizing tools and equipment. Evaluate the conditions
pertaining to explosive vapors, dusty air, flame restricted areas, firm's policy or management's wishes. The use of supportive devices should be
considered when torch is not being hand held. Also be sure all flammable liquids, such as alcohol, in your filth kit are in metal safety cans and not
in breakable containers. If it is necessary to handle the items being sampled, use sterile disposable type gloves (rubber, vinyl, plastic, etc. -
surgeon's gloves are good). Use a fresh glove for each sub and submit an unopened pair of gloves as a control. See IOM 4.3.6.5. 4 4.3.6.1.3

Opening Sterile Sampling Containers When opening sterile sampling containers, work rapidly. Open sterile sampling containers only to admit
the sample and close it immediately. Do not touch the inside of the sterile container, lip, or lid. (See IOM 4.3.5) 4.3.6.1.4 - Dusty Areas Do not
collect samples in areas where dust or atmospheric conditions may cause contamination of the sample, unless such contamination may be
considered a part of the sample. 4.3.6.2

Sampling Dried Powders Cautions - The proper aseptic sampling of dried milk powder, dried eggs, dried yeast, and similar types of products is
difficult because they are generally packed in multilayer poly-lined paper bags. These may be stitched across the entire top, may have filler
spouts, or the top of the poly-liner may be closed or sealed with some type of "twists". The practice of cutting an "X" or "V" or slitting the bag
and folding the cut part back to expose the contents for sampling should not be used because it creates a resealing problem; the opening cannot
be properly repaired. The following procedures have been approved by the scientific units in Headquarters and should be used when sampling
this type product. 4 4.3.6.2.1 –

Bag And Poly-Liner Stitched Together Across Top Seam

1. Remove as much dust as possible from the seam end by brushing and then wiping with a cloth dampened with alcohol. Note: This does
not sterilize the bag as porous paper cannot be sterilized.
2. 2. Remove the seam stitching carefully (and dust cover, if any) and spread the walls of the bag and the poly-liner open enough to permit
sampling being careful that no extraneous material such as dust, bits of twine, paper, etc., drops into the product.
3. 3. Carefully scrape off the surface of the product with a sterile device and aseptically draw the sample from the material below.
4. 4. Carefully reclose the bag and re-stitch by hand, or by machine if firm or FDA portable sewing machine is available. 4.3.6.2.2
5. Bag Stitched Across Top And Poly-Liner Twist-Closed And Sealed With "Twist" Device - Wire, Plastic, Etc. 1. Brush, alcohol wipe, and remove
stitching as described.
6. 2. Remove "twist" seal and carefully open poly-liner using caution that no extraneous material drops into the product.
7. 3. Draw aseptic sample in same manner as in step 3 above.
8. 4. Carefully close the poly-liner with a twisting motion and reseal with "twist" seal arranging it so it will not puncture the poly-liner, and re-
sew bag as in step 4 above.

CHAPTER 4 INVESTIGATIONS OPERATIONS MANUAL 2016 128 4.3.6.2.3 - Bags With Filling Spouts

The filling spout will be located at one side of the top stitching and will either pull out to form a top or side spout.
1. Brush and alcohol wipe the area around the spout and carefully pull it out to reveal the opening. It is better to have the bag on its side
while pulling the spout so any dust in the opening falls outside the bag.
2. Carefully spread the sides of the spout apart and aseptically draw the sample. A trier or long handled device is usually better for this type
opening because of the limited opening.
3. Carefully close the spout with a firm twisting motion and be sure the opening is closed prior to pushing back into the bag. 4.3.6.4 - Sample
Handling For frozen samples, pre-chill sterile containers before use and keep frozen with dry ice.

Use ordinary ice or ice packs for holding and transporting unfrozen samples that require refrigeration.

See IOM 4.5.3.5, 4.5.3.6 and 8.3.3.3. Under normal circumstances dried products may be shipped unrefrigerated except in cases where they
would be exposed to high temperatures, i.e., above 37.8o C (100o F).
 Submit samples subject to rapid spoilage (specimens of foods involved in poisoning

Attribute sampling is defined as the method of measuring quality that consists of noting the presence (or absence) of some
characteristic (attribute) in each of the units under consideration and counting how many units do (or do not) possess it. However, sampling
systems are not restricted to attributes. They may be composed of variable plans as well. The difference lies with the measurement data
utilized.

Acceptance sampling plans indicate the sampling sizes and associated acceptance or non-acceptance criteria to be used.

 In attributes sampling, there are single, double, multiple, sequential, chain, and skip-lot sampling plans that measure discrete data,
such as the number of defects.
 In variables sampling, there are single, double, and sequential sampling plans that measure continuous data, such as time, volume,
and length.

The most commonly used form of acceptance sampling is sampling plans by attributes. This inspection method is generally used for two
purposes:

1. Protection against accepting lots from a continuing process whose average quality deteriorates beyond an acceptable quality
level.
2. Protection against isolated lots that may have levels of nonconformances greater than can be considered acceptable.

The most widely used standard for attributes sampling plans is ANSI/ASQ Z1.4, but this standard can also be used as the first approach.
 Approaches to Process Monitoring: Attribute Sampling Plan (ANSI/ASQ Z1.4)

(American Society of Quality, 2021)

Two Types of Sampling Plans

Presence/absence sampling plans

A presence/absence type of sampling plan is a special case of a two-class sampling plan. In

general, a two-class sampling plan is defined in terms of the number of samples (‘n’) to be
taken from a given lot, the sample size (‘s’), and a threshold concentration (‘m’) above
which a sample is considered to be marginally unacceptable. In a presence/absence type of
sampling plan, the threshold concentration 'm' is set to 0, and any samples with detectable
pathogen result in rejection of the lot.

This type of sampling plan is appropriate when dealing with a pathogen which presents
either a “severe direct” threat to health or one which presents a moderate threat coupled
with potential for extensive spread (ICMSF, 1986; ICMSF, 2002).

Concentration-based sampling plans

For pathogens presenting a lower threat to health, or for indicator organisms, a

concentration-based sampling plan will reduce the likelihood of rejected lots without
appreciably increasing health risk. These plans include two-class plans with a non-zero
threshold, and three-class plans.

In a concentration-based sampling plan the threshold concentration of concern is denoted by

‘m’ (“little-m”), and rejection of the lot follows only if the number of samples having a
concentration higher than this exceeds a pre-set limit for acceptable positives, called ‘c’.

If desired, another parameter ‘M’ (“big-M”) can be defined, creating three-classes. 'M' is the
concentration in the sample above which the lot is automatically rejected. Defining M
can increase stringency of the sampling plan, as can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1 . Comparison of Presence/absence and Concentration-based Sampling Plans

Number of samples (of 10) having Fate of

concentration: Lot
Sampling Plan 1- 20 21 – 100 ≥100
0 cfu/g
cfu/g cfu/g cfu/g
Presence/absence     10 Accepted
(m = 0 cfu/g) 9 1 Rejected
Concentration-based m 5 5 Accepted
= 20 cfu/g;           c = 5 4 6 Rejected
samples;          M not 5 1 4 Accepted
defined
Concentration-based m 5 5 Accepted
= 20 cfu/g;           c = 5 4 6 Rejected
samples;          M = 5 1 4 Rejected
100 cfu/g 9 1 Rejected
With a presence/absence sampling plan, any detection of hazard results in rejection of the
lot from which the samples are drawn. In a concentration-based plan with no ‘M’ defined
(i.e. a two-class concentration-based plan), the only requirement for rejection is that the
number of samples with concentration higher than ‘m’ is greater than ‘c’. In contrast, for a
three-class concentration-based plan (i.e. where ‘M’ has been defined), lot rejection results
when more than ‘c’ samples fall between ‘m’ and ‘M’, and/or where any sample exceeds
‘M’.

The following section describes the principles of sampling of products in the form of
liquids, granules, powders, bulk or retail sale packages, etc. The procedures described
below are applied for such products, unless other specific procedures are required for them.
1. Sampling of Liquids
This section covers the sampling of homogeneous liquid products at ambient temperatures.

If the products are non-homogenous due to their nature, the products must be homogenised
by mixing, shaking, or circulation through liquid pumps, etc. prior to sampling. If
homogenisation is not possible, a larger number of incremental samples must be taken at
various depths to ensure that a representative sample is obtained.

1.1 Sampling from tanks

Dipping vessels (Sampling tool L02-01, L02-02 and L02-03) may be used to draw the
samples. The sampler is lowered through the hatch of the tank until it reaches the desired
level, opened and kept in position until it is filled and then finally hauled up. A vacuum
pump (Sampling tool L01-01) may also be used, if the depth from which the sample is to be
taken does not exceed 4 m, and depending on the viscosity of the liquid. Equal quantities of
upper, middle and lower spot samples should be taken. A sampler used for cross-level
sampling can be also used to take samples from tanks. The incremental samples from all
sampling spots/levels are collected in a mixing vessel, and after they have been thoroughly
mixed an aggregate sample is created. The number of incremental samples to be taken is
determined by the quantity of the aggregate sample to be obtained. Remember that
impurities and/or residual water may be present on the surface of the liquid or at the bottom
of the tanks.
 1.2 Sampling from ships or barges and motor vehicles
The total capacity of a ship or barge for the transport of liquid cargo is usually divided into
a number of independent reservoirs (sections, compartments), which may have different
sizes. The sampling procedures and the formation of aggregate samples are the same as
described for sampling from tanks. Independent samples are taken from each part of the
tank. If we are certain that all tanks of the vessel contain the same product (with equal
qualities), an aggregate sample can be formed for the whole vessel by combining the
incremental samples taken from all tanks.

Railway and truck tankers can be considered as horizontal cylindrical tanks. If we are
certain that all compartments of a railway or truck tanker contain the same product (of equal
quality), an aggregate sample can be formed for the whole tanker by combining the
incremental samples taken from all compartments. If it is not possible to draw
representative samples from the top of a tank, sampling must be done at the time of
discharge or charge (Sampling tool L06-01).

Small vehicle fuel tanks represent one volume.

1.3 Sampling from transport packages

Sampling may be carried out using a vacuum pump (Sampling tool L01-01), various
pipette-type samplers (Sampling tool L03-01) or other appropriate samplers e.g. Sampling
tool L04-01 or Sampling tool L05-01.

If samples are to be taken from only one barrel, the final samples are poured directly from
the sampler into the sample containers. When a set of barrels are to be sampled and we are
certain that they all contain the same product, incremental samples are taken from several
chosen (or if necessary from all) barrels, which are then combined in a receptacle in order to
create the aggregate sample.

1.4 Sampling of liquid fuels at petrol stations

Samples are taken directly from the fuel pumps using the filler nozzle. Prior to sampling, at
least 4 l of fuel is discharged into a separate container in order to fill the pipe of the fuel
pump with fresh fuel. The sample containers for the final samples are directly filled from
the fuel pump or by using a funnel or an extension tube in order to prevent fuel evaporation.
The sample containers should be filled slowly in order to prevent foaming. The sample
container must not be filled to more than 80 % of its capacity in order to allow expansion
due to heat. Depending on the type of fuels to be sampled, the sample containers may be
made of metal, glass or plastic.

1.5 Sampling of liquid fuels from the tanks of motor vehicle

Samples are taken from the neck of the fuel tank using a probe-type sampler or a vacuum
pump (Sampling tool L01-01). The samples are poured directly into the sample containers
for the final samples. If a probe or a vacuum pump cannot be used for sampling, the
samples are taken by other appropriate methods.

1.6 Sampling from moving cargo

If possible, the most representative sample of liquid product transported in bulk can be
obtained when they are being discharged or moved by gravity or using pumps, e.g. by using
of Sampling tool L06-01. The samples must be drawn throughout the discharge or charge.
As a minimum three incremental samples should be taken, at the start, in the middle and
near the end of the discharge or charge, but you should take account of the total quantity of
the consignment and the speed of movement when determining the number of incremental
samples required and the interval between sampling. The aggregate sample is created by
mixing the incremental samples. The final samples can be obtained from the aggregate
sample.

2. Sampling of solids
This section describes the sampling of solid goods in the form of powders, coarse or fine
particles, granules and other types of presentation typical of bulk products. Bulk products
may be transported in packages or in the free bulk state (without packages). During
transport and storage, such products may be packed in sacks, bags of appropriate sizes, etc.
In the unpacked state, these goods may be transported by vessels and cargo carrier barges,
on rail wagons, in lorries, etc. They may be kept in silos and on storage platforms.

2.1 Sampling of bulk products in packages

Take note of the different batch numbers or production runs or production data when you
take samples. You can take fewer different incremental samples when the marks and
numbers on all packages are the same.

Overview of the amount of the consignment and the amount of the sample to be taken is
specified in the sampling procedure cards for each product type. For goods not covered by a
sampling procedure card this table can be used:

Number of Number of packages Amount of Amount of Amount of

packages to be opened for incremental aggregate final sample
sampling sample sample

1-25 1 Max 1 kg Max 4 kg 0.5 kg

26-100 5 Max 1 kg Max 4 kg 0.5 kg

More than 10 Max 1 kg Max 20 kg 0.5 kg
100

You should ensure that the goods being examined consist of a single consignment. If there
are several consignments, they must be identified separately. Check whether the goods to be
sampled come from the same production batch. If there are different batches they must be
sampled separately. An aggregate sample may be formed only from packages contained in
the same consignment. Equal quantities of incremental samples are taken from different
transport packages found at different positions in the transport vehicle or in the storage
facility. They are collected in a mixing vessel and after they have been thoroughly mixed
an aggregate sample is formed. The final sample is obtained using the sample division
system.

Damaged packages should not be used as part of the aggregate sample. They should be set
aside and may, if necessary, be subject to a separate examination and report.

Depending on the product and the transport method, different tools may be used for
sampling: spear-type sampler (Sampling tool S01-01) for piercing the package, various
zone samplers (Sampling tool S02-01), sampling trowels (Sampling tool S03-01), etc.

2.2 Sampling of bulk products

In case of bulk products transported in the unpacked state, equal quantities of incremental
samples are taken from three or more positions throughout the bulk consignment. They are
collected in a mixing vessel and after they have been thoroughly mixed an aggregate
sample is formed. The final sample is obtained using the sample division system.

Overview of the amount of the consignment and the amount of the sample to be taken is
specified in the sampling procedure cards for each product type. For goods not covered by a
sampling card this table can be used:

Amount of Number of Amount of Amount of Amount of

consignment [in incremental incremental aggregate final sample
tonnes] samples sample sample

1-5 7 Max 1 kg Max 7 kg 0.5 kg

5-500 2 per tonne/max Max 1 kg Max 20 kg 0.5 kg

20

More than 500 Max 40 Max 1 kg Max 40 kg 0.5 kg

Where bulk goods are transported in wagons or lorries, samples are drawn from each wagon
or compartment. In this case specific points are chosen to ensure a representative sample is
taken from all parts of the consignment.
  Wagons or lorries up to 15 tonnes
– 5 sampling points
(middle and approx. 500 mm from sides):

 Wagons from 15 to 30 tonnes

– 8 sampling points

 Wagons from 30 to 50 tonnes

– 11 sampling points

2.3 Sampling from moving cargo

If possible, the most representative sample of bulk goods can be obtained when they are
being discharged or moved using conveyors. The samples must be drawn throughout the
discharge or charge. As a minimum three incremental samples should be taken, at the
start, in the middle and near the end of the discharge or charge, but you should take account
of the total quantity of the consignment and the speed of movement when determining the
number of incremental samples required and the interval between sampling. The aggregate
sample is created by mixing the incremental samples. The final sample is obtained using
the sample division system.

2.4 Sampling of products in retail sale packages

A retail package should be considered to be any pack specifically prepared for sale to an
individual for domestic use.

Practical considerations may mean that you would treat a larger package as a retail package
even though it is not classified as such in the Combined Nomenclature/TARIC.

This will apply particularly in the case of heterogeneous products where it will be

necessary to take whole packages in order to obtain a representative sample.

2.5 Sampling of articles

Where the goods are found to be piece goods (e.g. timber, stone and ceramic products,
metal castings or sheets or products such as electronic devices and apparatus) you should
generally take whole items. If the size of the goods is large the representative piece of
goods is divided (by appropriate tool such as saw, axe, and tongs) and sent to the laboratory
examination. Large articles (such as metal tubes or sheets) can be tested immediately using
a mobile laboratory or by means of mobile diagnostic equipment.

3. Sampling of waste
Sampling and analysis of waste can only give evidence of the composition of the waste. It
does not provide evidence that the sampled material is considered to be waste, further
checks or administrative research into the circumstances of the waste should be performed
to confirm the classification as waste.

It is important to establish the purpose of the sampling before commencing:

 Will the sampling be used as evidence?

 Which rules may be violated?
 What will analysis of the sample prove?
 Will it be used as evidence that a shipment was in violation of the Regulation (EC)
No 1013/2006 on shipments of waste.
 Will the evidence be used in court?
For specific environmental purposes a more detailed sampling procedure is necessary. See
for these cases specific environmental sampling procedures or ask an expert for advice.
4. Sampling of gases
This section describes the sampling of miscellaneous chemicals, chemical products and
preparations in gaseous form. However remember that certain chemicals should not be
sampled because of their highly dangerous properties and should only be sampled by
authorised personnel (e.g. a contractor).

4.1 Sampling of moving goods

Where the product is being moved using pipelines or other equipment there may be diverter
valves or by-pass samplers mounted adjacent to the pipeline or mounted directly on the
pipeline, which will allow samples to be drawn at regular intervals determined by the
moving speed. Incremental samples are then collected in a sample cylinder (M10 Metal
Cylinder Gas) over a period, for later analysis in a laboratory. Samples must be drawn
during the whole time the lot is flowing past the sampling point to ensure that the aggregate
sample is representative. Whichever probe you use, the most important thing to remember
is to make sure the tip of the probe must be placed in the middle of the pipeline or, if that is
not possible in the center, in 1/3 of the diameter of the pipe.

Examples of probes for sampling from pipelines (from EN ISO 3170)

 4.2 Sampling from cylinders and similar containers
You should ensure that the goods being checked consist of a single consignment. If there
are several consignments, they should be sampled separately. An incremental sample is
drawn from each container chosen randomly or systematically throughout the consignment.
If a sample is to be taken from only one container it should be fed directly from the sampler
into the sample container (M10 Gas Cylinder). When a set of cylinders are to be sampled
and you are certain that such a set represents an identical lot, incremental samples should be
taken from several randomly chosen cylinders, which are then combined in order to create
the aggregate sample.

4.3 Sampling from the tanks

If a sample is to be taken from a tank it should be fed directly from the sampler into the
sample container. When a set of tanks are to be sampled and we are certain that such a set
represents an identical lot, incremental samples are taken from several randomly chosen
tanks, which are then combined in order to create the aggregate sample. This way of
sampling will only give a sample that is representative at one point in time only.

4.4 General comments

The sampling equipment (M10 Gas Cylinder) should be conditioned by rinsing with the gas
to be sampled. The number of incremental samples is to be agreed to by all parties involved
unless continuous automatic sampling is applied. If the composition is not completely
homogeneous, homogeneity can be increased with a static mixer. The suitability of the
materials used in a sampling system depends on the gas sampled. Generally it is
recommended the use of stainless steel. Valve seats and piston seals must be made of a
material (elastic) suitable for its intended use. It is recommended that the sampling
cylinders used for corrosive gases are coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or epoxy
resin.

Generally, the materials that come into contact with the samples must have the following
characteristics:

 impermeable to all gases;

 minimum absorption;
 chemical inertia towards the constituents which are transferred.
Compatibility of different materials with the components of the gas is shown in the
following table:

Material Stainless PTF

Al Ti Polyamide Glass
Gas steel E

Carbon dioxide x x x - x x

Carbon monoxide x x x - x x

Carbonyl sulfide x x x - x x

Helium x x x - x x

Hydrocarbons x x x - x x

Hydrogen x x x - x x

Hydrogen sulfide - - x x x x

Mercury - - x - - x

Methanol x x x - - x

Oxygen x x x - - x
Tetrahydrothiophen - - x x x x
e

Thiols - - x x x x

Water - - x - - x

Glass is a very inert material, but subject to breakage and unsafe for the sampling above
atmospheric pressure. PTFE is inert but may have adsorbent properties. It is permeable, for
example, to water, to helium and to hydrogen.

The handling and packaging of samples should be carried out in a well-ventilated place.
When no information is available or the information (labelling, hazard and safety symbols,
MSDS, documents) diverges from what you would expect you should treat the goods as
dangerous. The containers must be made of a material suitable for the safe storage of
chemicals and should be sealed to prevent leakage or the absorption of moisture. Sample
containers must be clean and free from all substances which might contaminate the material
being sampled. Glass cylinders must not be exposed to pressure. The cylinders must be
labelled with the volume, pressure and test pressure. The cylinders must be capable of at
least 1.5 times the working pressure. The cylinders and associated equipment must be
inspected and tested periodically to ensure they do not leak. Please refer to your national
legislation and guidelines on health and safety.

In general:
 do not use naked flames;
 do not smoke;
 do not use equipment and tools which can create sparks;
 do not use spark ignition engines;
 do not use equipment that operates at temperatures greater than the flashpoint of gas
mixtures;
 do not use chemicals which may react violently with gas;
 ventilation must be sufficient to prevent the formation of a flammable atmosphere.
European Commission: Taxation and Custom Unit (n.d).
Reference:

ICMSF. 1986. Microorganisms in Foods 2. Sampling for microbial analysis: principles and

specific applications. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
ICMSF. 2002. Microbiologcal testing in food safety management. Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers,
 

American Society of Quality, (2021). ATTRIBUTE & VARIABLE SAMPLING PLANS AND INSPECTION
PROCEDURES.Retrieved from https://asq.org/quality-resources/sampling/attributes-variables-sampling

ASEPTIC SAMPLE Aseptic sampling(n.d). Retrieved from

https://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Regulatory/Committees/Inspection-and-
Sampling/Reports/ISC_Attachment_B_Aseptic_Sampling_from_the_IOM.pdf
WHO/Food and Agricultural United Nation Organisation (n.d). Microbiological Sampling Plan Analysis Tool.
Retrieved from http://www.fstools.org/Sampling/SamplingPlans_TypesofSamplingPlans.aspx

European Commission: Taxation and Custom Unit (n.d). Sampling methods for different types of goods. Retrieved from
https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/SAMANCTA/EN/GeneralProcedures/SamplingMethods_EN.htm