Mod 1: Lab Safety, Concentration & Dilution

Introduction, physical hazards 5 COMPONENTS

• No one is allowed to work in the laboratory without the LABORATORY GOWN (Preferably with long
personal protective equipment (PPE). sleeves)
THESE MUST BE WORN WHILE INSIDE THE LABORATORY • Prevents contaminants from being shed
• Protects the body against harmful
chemicals
Worn INSIDE the lab
Removed OUTSIDE the lab

GOGGLES
• Safety eye wear protection against
REMOVE PPE WHEN YOU’LL GO OUTSIDE THE LABORATORY harmful chemicals that could
• Borrow all the necessary materials and apparatus before cause eye irritation. (worst case:
proceeding with the experiments. blindness)
o Laboratory requisition form should be • Are recommended any time a
accomplished properly for this purpose. splash of chemicals or infectious
o Usually happens after pre-lab discs and substances could reach the eyes.
the leader must have lab req form with • Enclosed the eye area compared to eyeglasses
ID & is the one who borrows materials
o 1 Lab class is for 2 hours only MASK
• Apparatus issued by the custodian should be • Protection against inhalation of
inspected for chips, scratches, stain and any strong fumes that could cause
defect, and findings should be written in the airway suffocation and irritation
requisition form. • There are a lot of chemicals (strong
• All borrowed apparatus must be returned to the preparation acids and strong bases) that
room, 15 minutes before the end of the class period, produces strong fumes easily.
apparatus should be cleaned and dried before returning it to • Once inhaled it can cause damage to the lungs.
the counter. • Ideally, mask should be discarded after each patient
• Conduct business only through the counter. encountered and after aerosol generating procedures
Students are not allowed to enter the preparation (centrifugation)
room.
• Never start the experiment with personal belongings on the
work area. Only laboratory materials are allowed in the
worktable. Bags should be kept inside the vacant lockers
• All chairs are likewise must be removed from the immediate
work areas. Arrange them appropriately in the proper
location.
• Eating or chewing gum is prohibited; everyone has
unconscious tendency of putting his hands on his mouth while
eating or chewing.
• Try to avoid jabbing your neighbor, which may result in the
spilling of chemicals, the knocking over of apparatus set-ups
• TYPES OF MASKS:
or the breaking of glassware.
 Disposable/Surgical Mask
• No unauthorized experiment should be attempted; disastrous
• Fluid resistant and provides the wearer
result may happen.
protection against large droplets, splashes, or
• Focus on the experiment to be accomplished, plan your work,
sprays of bodily or other hazardous chemical
and maximize your time.
fluids.
• The commonsense care in the kitchen holds true in the
• Protects the patient from the wearer’s
laboratory, especially in the use of burners and the proper
respiratory emissions.
handling of heated projects
• Provides protection against the emission of
other people.
Ppe • Commonly available and cheaper
Personal Protective Equipment • Has multiple layers of non-woven material
• Set of safety gears for people who are working in an • Nose wire for better fit (make sure to adjust!)
environment where hazardous conditions are present
• As medical technologist we are one of the people constantly  N-95
exposed with different hazards • Reduces wearer’s exposure to particles
• These hazards may include: including small particle aerosols and large
 Biological Hazard droplets (only non-oil aerosols)
 Chemical Hazard • Filters out at least 95% of airborne particles
 Physical Hazard including large and small particles
 Radioactive Hazard • Disposed every after used
 Fire Hazard
• It is important to keep in mind that despite being exposed to GLOVES
such hazards we are still protected by wearing a complete set • Prevents skin contamination from toxic
of PPE. substances that can cause burns and
irritation.

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• Provides an extra barrier to prevent direct contact with TOXIC AND NOXIOUS FUMES
chemicals • Compounds that produce toxic fumes
• Common: Latex and Nitrile gloves must be kept inside the fume hood
• Reagents that are kept inside are strog
HAIR CAP acids and bases (HCl and NaOH)

 PROPER ORDER OF PUTTING AND REMOVING PPEs CONTAMINATION

• Use only the spatulas and droppers assigned to specific
reagents
• Avoid cross-contamination between reagents

BREAKAGES
• Check all apparatus for any possible damage before
leaving the counter.
• In case of breakages:
o Fill out the breakages form
o incurred loss / breakages will be deducted from lab
deposit

Proper waste disposal

• According to DOH manual, A proper healthcare waste

management system is the key ingredient to a successful
waste management within a healthcare facility or even in
laboratories.
• When we say Waste management (in general), we are
constantly preparing procedures and extra effort to ensure
that we maintain safe management of our wastes.

 CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTE

CATEGORY DESCRIPTION COLOR CODING
DISPOSAL
Infectious • Contain pathogens • Yellow with
waste and pose a risk of biohazard symbol
disease transmission (highly infectious
• e.g. waste and waste waste should be
water contaminated additionally
with blood and other marked “HIGHLY
body fluids, including INFECTIOUS”
highly infectious waste • Leak-proof
such as laboratory strong plastic bag
cultures and placed in a
microbiological stocks container (bags
for highly
infectious waste
should be
capable of being
autoclaved)
Sharps • Used or unused • Yellow with
waste sharps black band
• e.g. hypodermic, marked “SHARPS”
intravenous or other with biohazard
needles; auto-disable symbol.
reagents and supplies syringes; syringes with • Puncture-proof
• Get only the exact amount of chemical. attached needles; container
• All lab procedures are based on lab manual infusion sets; scalpels;
• We cannot return the exist due to contamination pipettes; knives; blades;
• Do not remove reagents from the reagent's area. broken glass.
• Cannot transfer reagent from one place to another. Pathological • Human tissues, organs • Yellow with
waste or fluids; body parts;

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unused blood Biohazard symbol treated or tested with

products. and marked unsealed
“PATHOLOGICAL radionuclides.
WASTE” sealed sources
• Infectious waste – in sufficient concentration/ quantity, it can Nonhazardo • Domestic waste • Black; or
cause diseases in susceptible host/ weak immune system/ us • Waste that does not Colorless plastic
immunocompromised Or pose any specific liners
• Sharp Waste – whether or not is has been infected such items General biological, (nonbiodegradab
are considered as highly hazardous healthcare waste health care chemical, radioactive or le)
• Pathological waste – Recognizable human/animal body parts waste physical hazard. • Green
are also called as “ANATOMICAL WASTE” (biodegradable)
o Also considered as subcategory of infectious waste, even • Plastic bag
though it is not infected or healthy of the body part being inside a container
disposed or
container which is
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION COLOR CODING disinfected after
DISPOSAL use.
Pharmaceutical •Pharmaceuticals • Purple bag or • Radioactive Waste – there are radioactive waste that needs
waste that are expired or no band to be specially managed in a treatment facility.
longer needed; • Non-hazardous or General health care waste (domestic
Cytotoxic • Cytotoxic waste waste) – do not pose any special handling problem/ hazard
waste containing to human health and environment. These types of waste can
substances with be dealt by the municipal waste disposal system.
genotoxic properties,
e.g. waste containing PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL
cytostatic drugs • Dispose waste products according to their classification.
(often used in cancer WE SHOULD BE RESPONSIBLE ENOUGH IN DISPOSING OUR
therapy); WASTE
genotoxic chemicals. • Broken apparatus should be thrown to the box container
Chemical • Waste containing • Waste bins with provided in each lab. (to avoid getting punctured/infected)
waste chemical substance yellow with black • Acids and alkali solution should be neutralized or diluted prior
• e.g. laboratory band plastic to disposal.
reagents; liners • Non-hazardous solid wastes should be discarded properly.
disinfectants that • Brown or • Each sink shall be cleaned properly after each experiment.
are expired or no amber colored
longer needed; chemical
Emergency procedure and first aid
solvents; waste with resistant and
• First aid is the immediate care of a person who has been
high content of leak proof glass
injured or has suddenly taken ill.
heavy metals, bottles
o Injuries are always bound to happen that is why we are
e.g. batteries; broken
trying to mitigate the chances of such injuries or hazards
thermometers and
to occur.
blood pressure
gauges
Goals of First Aid:
• Pharmaceutical & Cytotoxic waste – includes no only the
expired products but also the unused and contaminated  To restore and maintain vital functions (ABCs if Basic Life
pharmaceutical products, drugs and vaccines. Support)
Cytotoxic waste – these are very harmful to our living cells  A – airway
Genotoxic waste – includes the drugs, vomit, urine, or  B – breathing
feces that are treated with cytostatic drugs some of these  C – compression
are carcinogenic meaning they can cause or induce  To prevent further injury
cancer.  To make the victim comfortable as possible
• Chemical waste – A focus on the chemistry lab, consist of
discarded solid, liquid or gaseous chemicals, such as Order in which First Aid should be provided:
diagnostic and experimental works. Chemical waste can be 1. Assess victim for signs of life. (ex. Breathing)
toxic, corrosive, flammable and genotoxic. 2. Restore respiration if breathing has stopped.
3. Restore heart activity if there is no discernible heartbeat or pulse.
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION COLOR CODING 4. Stop the bleeding. (apply pressure/dress the area)
disposal 5. Treat for shock. (raising patients’ leg above level of heart, with
Radioactive • Waste containing • Orange plastic head flat on the floor, loosen tight clothing on neck, chest and
waste radioactive substances liners labelled waist, provide water and reassure them)
• e.g. unused with radiation
liquids from symbol Fire safety and prevention
radiotherapy or • Lead box GENERAL GUIDELINES TO PREVENT FIRE
laboratory 1. Keep work areas clean and free from debris.
research; 2. Store away flammable and combustible materials in
contaminated appropriate containers far from heat sources.
glassware, packages or 3. Do not overload electrical circuits and check for damages.
absorbent paper; urine 4. Never leave open flames unattended.
and excreta 5. Be knowledgeable and familiar with the fire escape plan and
from patients fire alarms.

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6. Learn how to use the fire extinguisher.

THE NATURE OF FIRE

 HOT
 FAST
 DARK
 DEADLY

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF FIRE

• if you remove one element, fire will cease to exist
FUEL - The vapor from fuel (no vapor, no ignition)
HEAT – the sufficient heat to ignite. Essentially all three
elements must be present for fire to occur a chemical chain
reaction
OXYGEN – at least 16% of oxygen (at the normal
atmosphere, the oxygen is about 21%
 WATER – CLASS A
 FOAM SPRAY – CLASS B
 CO2 – CLASS B&C
 ABC POWDER – CAN EXTINGUISH ALL EXCEPT CLASS K (BEST F.E)
 WET CHEMICALS – CLASS A & K

Classifications of burns
FIRST DEGREE
• Only the epidermis is
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE affected (only the
 CLASS A - Ordinary Combustible or Fibrous Material outer layer of the skin)
 CLASS B(asa) - Flammable or Combustible Liquids • Skin is red and tender
 CLASS C(uryente) - Energized Electrical Equipment • Swelling, but without
 CLASS D – Combustible Meta blistering
 CLASS K(usina) – recently added; cooking media
 FIRST DEGREE
(TREATMENT)
o Rush/flush burned area with
cool water or apply a cool, wet compress.
o Cleanse the burned area
o To alleviate pain: aloe vera, aspirin or ibuprofen

SECOND DEGREE
• Epidermis and dermis is affected.
• Skin is red and tender.
• Significant blistering is seen.
• Prone to Secondary bacterial infection may take place

 SECOND DEGREE (TREATMENT)

o Rinse burned areas with cool water, gently wash with soap
and water, then rinse again.
o Apply antiseptic and sterile dressing.
o Do NOT apply ointments, petroleum jelly, margarine, grease,
oil, butter or other household remedies.
o Avoid breaking blisters as this increases risk of infection.

THIRD DEGREE
• Destruction of full thickness of skin. Underlying tissue may
be damaged.
• Skin is blackened or white and has a leathery feeling.
• No pain due to destruction of nerves.

 FOR MAJOR BURNS (TREATMENT)

o Remove victim from fire or other source of injury. (take to safe
place)
o Lay the victim down and extinguish flames with water or by
covering with a blanket or coat.
o Have the victim roll over slowly.
o Do NOT allow the victim to run.

 FOR MAJOR BURNS (IF CLOTHING IS IGNITED):

o Apply cool compress briefly to bring skin temperature back
to normal.

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o Do NOT remove burned clothing or objects that adhere to • NEVER induce vomiting.
the skin. • Bring the victim and the chemical container to the
o Check for respiration, circulation and signs of Shock nearest hospital.

Types of burns INHALATION

CHEMICAL BURNS • immediately evacuate the area and move the victim to
• Check if the chemical container contains first aid have fresh air and call medical assistance.
instructions  IF THE VICTIM IS NOT BREATHING:
 Find MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) contains the • Perform CPR until the medical team arrives.
hazards of the chemicals as well as first aid Avoid exposure to chemical poisoning via the
instructions CPR procedure
• Place the burned area under cool, running water and  IF THE VICTIM IS BREATHING:
continue flushing for at least 15 minutes • Loosen his/her clothing
and maintain the
ELECTRICAL BURNS airway.
• Treatment is the same as for other types of burns • Lay the victim flat on
 Remove victim from the source of electricity his/her back.
 Apply cold water flush for 15 min • Place one hand under
• All electrical burns must be examined by a physician the neck and cushion
• Victims should be evaluated for other injuries the head with the
• When a person is struck by a lightning or comes in contact other hand to tilt
with a high-tension wire, respiratory muscle paralysis, his/her head backward into maximum extension.
cardiac arrest or bone fracture may result (bring to
physician) SPILLAGE TO THE EYES
• Immediately flush eyes
PREVENTION thoroughly with stream of cool,
clean water for at least 20
• Plan your work. Majority of fires have resulted from
minutes without delay.
procedural errors.
• Hold eyelids apart and roll
• Minimize materials.
eyeball around during washing.
• Keep work area clean and uncluttered.
• Do NOT use neutralizing
• Return unnecessary materials immediately to storage.
solution.
• Wear the prescribed PPE
CHEMICAL BURNS
4 ESSENTIAL STEPS TO TAKE IF YOU DISCOVER A FIRE:
• Check if the chemical
container contains first
aid instructions.
MDMS (Material Safety
Data Sheet) – a
document that contains
information on the
potential hazards (health,
fire, reactivity and
environmental) and how
to work safely with the
chemical product. It is an
essential starting point for
the development of a
complete health and
safety program.
• Place the burned area under cool, running water and
continue flushing for at least 15 minutes.

Chemical hazards and ghs

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Found in the upper right corner od the MSDS
INGESTION
• If the victim is unconscious and not convulsing,
immediately have the person ingest 2 glassfuls of milk or
water to dilute the chemical.

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ELECTRICAL SHOCK INJURY

• Take fast action. Electrical
shock injuries can cause burns
and cause a person's heart
and lungs to stop functioning.
• NEVER approach or touch a
person in contact with live
electrical equipment. Locate
and shut-off the power
source.
• If shut-off is not possible, use non conducting agents (such
as wood or thick cloth) to disconnect the person from the
source

SEIZURES AND CONVULSIONS

• Do not attempt to
restrain the person.
• Move any objects which
may harm them and
pad the patient's head
with clothing or paper.
• Never try to open or
place anything in the
victim's mouth.
• Allow the seizure to take place and monitor the patient's
breathing and pulse rate.
• Document the seizure.

GLOBAL HARMONIZED SYSTEM (GHS)

• system of classification and labeling of chemicals. Defines and
classifies the chemical products and communicates health
and safety information on labels and SDS

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