Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and Graphite: Standard Test Method For
Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and Graphite: Standard Test Method For
Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and Graphite: Standard Test Method For
⁄ by 1⁄4
34
34⁄ by 0.3
1⁄2 by 3⁄16C
⁄ by 3⁄16
12
⁄ by 1⁄4
34
⁄ by 3⁄8
34
3⁄4 by 3⁄8
3⁄4 by 3⁄8
3⁄4 by 3⁄8
3⁄4 by 3⁄8
3⁄4 by 3⁄8
1⁄2 by 1⁄4
1⁄2 by 1⁄4
1⁄2 by 1⁄4
1⁄2 by 1⁄4
A
Based on Research Report RR:C05-1000 (see Section 11).
B
Identity of suppliers available from ASTM International Headquarters.
C
Gas-bearings.
Poisson’s ratio for a nonisotropic material. Hence, the strain at 90° angles to monitor axial bending moments on the rod and
sensing devices must be sized and positioned carefully. Note thus on the specimen. The rod shall be sized so that the bending
the limitations on strain gauges mentioned in 6.2.1. moment applied to the specimen being used can be detected to
6.2.3 The diametral strains can be measured by most of the within a 5 % parasitic stress in the outer fiber of the specimen.
devices with limitations mentioned in 6.2.1 and 6.2.2. The parasitic stress shall be calculated elastically by translating
6.3 Parasitic Stress Monitor—An optional parasitic stress the moment and assuming that the specimen is a free-end
monitor can be inserted as an extension of one of the grips. It beam.
shall be a steel rod about 4 in. long with strain gauges mounted
6.4 Gripping Devices—Gripping devices that conform to shank to gauge diameter is important to prevent excessive
those shown in Fig. 2 shall be used. The centerlines of all head-pops or fracture of the specimen at the groove in the
connections must align to within the tolerances shown through- shanks. The ratios shown in Table 2 have been found satisfac-
out the test. tory for this use. It is acceptable to double reduce gauge
6.5 General Test Arrangement—The general arrangement of diameters as necessary (see Fig. 1) to eliminate head pops (or
the specimen, flexible linkages, and crossheads shall be as out-of-gauge fractures) or reduce them to an acceptable 20 %
shown in the schematic of Fig. 3. maximum of the total fractures. However, the reducing radius
must be maintained near the values shown or excessive radii
7. Test Specimens breaks will be obtained. Also, the gauge diameter should not be
7.1 Test specimens shall be produced to the general con- reduced to less than three to five times the maximum particles
figurations shown in Fig. 9. The selection of the proper ratio of size in the material, or the failure mode may be atypical.
Dimensions, Item
in. (mm) 101 115
0.250 ± 0.001 0.312 ± 0.001
A
(6.35 ± 0.03) (7.92 ± 0.03)
8. Procedure
8.1 Calibration—Calibrate the micrometres that are to be
FIG. 3 Schematic of Tensile System for Carbon and Graphite used for measurement of diameters by measuring the dimen-
sions of blocks provided by the NBS that are accurate within
60.0001 in. (0.00254 mm). Calibrate all instrumentation and
7.2 Improperly prepared test specimens often cause unsat- establish shunt calibration for each recorded and each param-
isfactory test results. It is important, therefore, that care be eter. Zero all recorders.
exercised in the preparation of specimens both in minimizing 8.2 Specimen—Adapt to the specimen the appropriate strain
end and side thrusts and in providing a quality surface. Either instrumentation by bonding strain gauges to its surface,
tool cutting or grinding is acceptable. adapting, or any other strain measuring system so that strain
7.3 The gauge length of the specimen will be measured can be measured during the test. Place the specimen within the
from the axial center of the specimen. Gauge marks can be load train. Make sure all instrumentation is properly calibrated
applied with ink or layout dope but no scratching, punching, or and zeroed.
notching of the specimen is permissible. The gauge length is to 8.3 Loading—Apply the load at a predetermined constant
be used in referencing the point of fracture within 0.1 in. (2.5 stress rate by following the appropriate load time curve either
mm). The total gauge length is defined as that section with the manually or automatically. Continuously apply the load until
smaller uniform diameter extending from radius tangent to fracture is induced.
radius tangent plus 10 %. The additional 10 % is intended to
accommodate the normal statistics of fracture for a material 8.4 Recording—During the entire load application duration,
like graphite. However, at least 50 % of the specimens should record the output of the load cell on the vertical axis of an X-Y
fracture within the uniform diameter or the specimen should be recorder and the strain on the horizontal axis, and obtain a
redesigned and the system checked. Acceptable fracture loca- permanent record of the stress-strain curve for the specimen
tions are shown in Fig. 11. being tested during the entire test.
7.4 To determine the cross-sectional area, the diameter of 8.5 Post Test—Observed the specimen fracture surface. If
the specimen at the smaller or constant diameter region shall be the specimen failed outside the gauge length as defined in 6.3
used. The dimension shall be recorded to the nearest 0.001 in. (including head pops), the strength value measured must be
(0.0254 mm). reported but not included in the average.
Dimensions, Item
in. (mm) 103 117
E ⁄
9 16 (14.29) ⁄ (15.88)
58
Dimensions, Item
in. (mm) 107 111 121 127
S 14⁄ (6.35) 14⁄ (6.35) 12⁄ (12.7) 12⁄ (12.7)
T 1.000 ± 0.001 (25.40 ± 0.03) 1.000 ± 0.001 (25.40 ± 0.03) 1.500 ± 0.001 (38.10 ± 0.03) 2.250 ± 0.001 (57.15 ± 0.03)
U 1.500 (38.10) 1.500 (38.10) 1.875 (47.62) 2.750 (69.85)
V 25⁄16 (58.74) 25⁄16 (58.74) 35⁄8 (92.07) 51⁄2 (139.70)
WA 6–32 6–32 10–32 10–32
X 0.510 + 0.002 − 0.000 0.760 + 0.002 − 0.000 1.250 + 0.002 − 0.000 2.000 + 0.002 − 0.000
(12.95 + 0.05 − 0.00) (19.30 + 0.05 − 0.00) (31.75 + 0.05 − 0.00) (50.80 + 0.05 − 0.00)
A
Screw size.
NOTE 1—Refer to Fig. 2, Items 107, 109, 111, 113, 121, 123, and 129.
FIG. 6 Grip Sleeve
Item
Dimensions of Specimen,
in. (mm) 109 and 113 123 129
(Ø 1⁄4 and 3⁄8) (Ø 0.625) (Ø 1.000)
Dimensions of Grip Item
Attachment Yoke, 105 119 125
in. (mm)
L ⁄ (4.76)
3 16 38⁄ (9.52) 38⁄ (9.52)
M 1.000 (25.4) 1.500 (38.10) 1.500 (38.10)
N 0.250 ± 0.001 (6.35 ± 0.03) 0.312 ± 0.001(7.92 ± 0.03) 0.312 ± 0.001 (7.92 ± 0.03)
O 0.500 ± 0.001 (12.70 ± 0.03) 0.625 ± 0.001 (15.88 ± 0.03) 0.625 ± 0.001 (15.88 ± 0.03)
P 1⁄4 (6.35) 1⁄2 (12.7) 1⁄2 (12.7)
R 0.996 ± 0.001 (25.30 ± 0.03) 1.496 ± 0.001 (38.00 ± 0.03) 2.246 ± 0.001 (57.05 ± 0.03)
NOTE 1—Refer to Fig. 2, Items 105, 109, 113, 119, 123, 125, and 129.
FIG. 7 Grip Attachment Yoke
Dimensions, Item
in. (mm) 108 112 122 128
AA 0.996 ± 0.001 (25.30 ± 0.03) 0.996 ± 0.001 (25.30 ± 0.03) 1.496 ± 0.001 (38.00 ± 0.03) 2.246 ± 0.001 (57.05 ± 0.03)
0.510 + 0.002 − 0.000 0.760 + 0.002 − 0.000 1.250 + 0.002 – 0.000 2.000 + 0.002 − 0.000
BB
(12.95 + 0.05 − 0.00) (19.30 + 0.05 − 0.00) (31.75 + 0.05 − 0.00) (50.80 + 0.03 − 0.00)
CC 0.635 (16.13) 0.635 (16.13) 1.250 (31.75) 1.500 (38.10)
DD 0.115 (2.92) 0.115 (2.92) 0.250 (6.35) 0.500 (12.70)
EE 1 (25.4) 1 (25.4) 21⁄4 (57.15) 4 (102)
FF 0.400 (10.16) 0.650 (16.51) 1.000 (25.40) 1.500 (38.10)
GG 0.035 (0.89) 0.035 (0.89) 0.065 (1.65) 0.125 (3.18)
10.1.6 Individual and average strain-to-failure values and 11.1.1 Comparison of the Means—The comparison of the
details on the method of attachment of the strain sensing means by the student t test leads to the conclusion that the
device. If elastic constants are given, the method of determin- average of the strength values measured by each laboratory for
ing them (including the portion of the stress-strain curve used) each material can be considered statistically equal at a 95 %
and their orientation should be reported, confidence level.
10.1.7 Data for all samples tested including the monitored 11.1.2 Repeatability (Single Instrument—The precision
parasitic moment and calculated parasitic stress, within laboratory of two single values of measured strength
10.1.8 A record of all specimens that broke during machin- using the Practice E177 definition with the pooled standard
ing or subsequent handling after they had been reduced to the
deviation calculated using Practice E691:
nominal diameter used in the grips,
10.1.9 Standard deviation, coefficient of variation of all Repeatability within laboratory 5 2 ~ S r ! j (4)
properties, or both. Usually, at least five to ten values are which yields values for the materials used for the round-
required for these numbers to have significance, and robin ranging from 244 to 920 psi (1.68 to 6.34 MPa). These
values convert into strength percentages ranging from 66 to
10.1.10 Axial fracture location (see Fig. 11). 611 depending on the strength variability of the material.
11. Precision and Bias3 11.1.3 Repeatability (Multi-Instrument)—The precision be-
11.1 Precision—The precision statements given in this sec- tween laboratories of two single values of measured strength
tion are based on the comparison of the mean strength by the using the Practice E177 definition with the component of
student t test and carrying out the statistical analysis of the data variance between laboratories calculated using Practice E691:
obtained on materials tested in a round-robin as recommended
Repeatability between laboratories 5 2 ~ S L ! j (5)
by Practice E691.
which yields values for the materials used for the round-
robin ranging from 22 to 168 psi (0.15 to 1.15 MPa). These
3
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may values convert into strength percentages ranging from 60.7
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C05-1000. to 62.2 depending on the strength variability of the material.
Dimensions, Item
in. (mm) 109 113 123 129
0.510 + 0.000 − 0.002 0.760 + 0.000 − 0.002 1.250 + 0.000 − 0.002 2.000 + 0.000− 0.002
HH
(12.95 + 0.00 − 0.05) (19.30 + 0.00 − 0.05) (31.75 + 0.00 − 0.05) (50.80 + 0.00 − 0.05)
JJ 0.390 (9.91) 0.640 (16.26) 0.990 (25.15) 1.490 (37.85)
KK 0.250 ± 0.002 (6.35 ± 0.05) 0.375 ± 0.002 (9.52 ± 0.05) 0.625 ± 0.002 (15.88 ± 0.05) 1.000 ± 0.002 (25.40 ± 0.05)
LL 1 (25.4) 1 (25.4) 2 (50.8) 2 (50.8)
MM 0.635 (16.13) 0.635 (16.13) 1.250 (31.75) 1.500 (38.10)
NN 0.125 (31.75) 0.125 (31.75) 0.255 (6.48) 0.505 (12.83)
OO 23⁄8 (60.32) 23⁄8 (60.32) 47⁄8 (123.82) 73⁄16 (182.56)
PP 7⁄8 (22.22) 7⁄8 (22.22) 11⁄4 (31.75) 2 (50.8)
RR 43⁄4 (120.65) 43⁄4 (120.65) 93⁄4 (247.65) 143⁄8 (365.12)
0.030 + 0.000 – 0.005 0.030 + 0.000 – 0.005 0.060 + 0.000 – 0.005 0.120 + 0.000 – 0.005
SS
(0.76 + 0.00 – 0.13) (0.76 + 0.00 – 0.13) (1.52 + 0.00 – 0.13) (3.05 + 0.00 – 0.13)
11.2 Bias—No true statement on bias can be made because to material variation and not to test method. But, because the
no reference carbon or graphite material exists. Nevertheless, user of the test method cannot distinguish between material,
comparison of the tensile strength of one of the graphite test method, and other imprecisions, the precision statement
materials measured by this test method, with the tensile given in this section is based on the materials tested in the
strength obtained by highly controlled test procedures using round-robin used to establish the reproducibility of the test
highly specialized test equipment especially designed for procedure.
testing of brittle materials, revealed a confidence level of
99.5 %. The two average values compared were equal. Another 11.3 Application—The measurement of strain was not in-
important point brought about by the review of the data and cluded in the round-robin. This precision and bias statement
comparison was that in the other test method, the coefficient of applies to ultimate strength only.
variation was 66 % with an average measured parasitic of less
than 2 %, indicating that the tensile strength of carbon and 12. Keywords
graphite vary widely due only to material variability. 12.1 carbon; graphite; modulus of elasticity; tensile strain to
Therefore, most of the variability revealed by the data is related failure; tensile strength
NOTE 1—Jig align to ensure precision gauge length; mount post or groove to match type of extensometer.
FIG. 10 Attachment for Strain Flags or Extensometers to Provide Minimum Damage to Surface of Specimen
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Subcommittee D02.F0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(C749 – 08 (2010)ε1) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2013.)
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