Plant and Animal Immune System

Plant and Animal Immune System
1. Describe the innate and adaptive immune responses as they would occur after someone coughs on
you.
Nonspecific defensive mechanisms that kick in immediately or within hours of an antigen's
presence in the body are referred to as innate immunity. Physical barriers, such as skin,
chemicals in the circulation, and immune system cells that target foreign cells in the body are
examples of these systems. When someone coughs on you, the cilia present in your nose and
respiratory tract traps dirt and bacteria and prevents it from invading your respiratory
system. Antigen-specific immune response is referred to as adaptive immunity. The adaptive
immune response is more sophisticated than the innate immune response. First, the antigen
must be processed and identified. The adaptive immune system develops an army of immune
cells specifically designed to target an antigen after it has been identified. Adaptive immunity
also includes a "memory" that improves the efficiency of future responses to a specific
antigen.
2. Why is protection resulting from a vaccination considered active immunity rather than passive
immunity?
Active immunity is immunity to a pathogen that develops after exposure to the infection.
When the body is exposed to a new disease agent, B cells produce antibodies that aid in the
destruction or neutralization of the pathogen. Following a vaccination, a person can develop
a resistance to a disease. Vaccines elicit an immune response by using a pathogen that has
been weakened or killed. This tricks the body into thinking there is a threat, even though the
pathogen is not capable of infecting the body in its state. When a person's immune system
recognizes this pathogen, the body then responds by eliminating it. This includes the
production of new antibodies and memory cells that are specific to the infection.
3. Compare the development of B cells and T cells

Within the bone marrow, stem cells differentiate into a variety of blood cells in a process
called hematopoiesis. Before developing into their separate lymphocyte types, all
lymphocytes begin from a common lymphoid progenitor. Differentiation of lymphocytes into
different types follows a variety of hierarchical and more plastic paths. Lymphopoiesis is the
process of lymphocyte production. B cells mature into B lymphocytes in the bone marrow,
whereas T cells travel to the thymus, where they mature. After maturation, lymphocytes enter
the bloodstream and peripheral lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, where
they search for invading pathogens and/or tumor cells.
4. What does the graph mean? Provide a brief translation.

The graph shows the primary and secondary immune responses associated to antibody
formation after initial and subsequent antigen exposure. Specificity and memory are two
crucial properties of adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system's ability to target
specific infections is referred to as specificity, while its ability to respond promptly to
pathogens to which it has previously been exposed is referred to as memory. As shown in the
graph, the immune system’s response upon second exposure occurred much faster and
results in a substantially larger antibody concentration as compared to the first exposure to
the antigen.
ESSAY
Situation: A plant biologist observed a peculiar pattern when a tropical shrub was attacked by caterpillars.
After a caterpillar ate a leaf, it would skip over nearby leaves and attack a leaf some distance
away. Simply removing a leaf did not trigger the same change nearby. The biologist suspected
that a damaged leaf sent out a chemical that signaled other leaves. How could this hypothesis
be tested?
Consider the following issues and questions: Is the substance safe for humans to consume?
What impact does it have on the environment?
Could it produce dangerous contaminants or wastes as a result of its production? What types
of testing are required to prove its safety? What is the cost of making and using it? Do the
advantages outweigh the expenses and risks? Is it worth it to use an artificial chemical on
food just to make it look better? A scientist could investigate the chemical's stability in a
range of laboratory models of natural circumstances. Laboratory studies could be conducted
to evaluate the chemical's toxicity, as well as the components utilized to make it and its
breakdown products.

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Plant and Animal Immune System

3. Compare the development of B cells and T cells

4. What does the graph mean? Provide a brief translation.

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