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Design and analysis of energy-efficient solar panel cooling system using

computational fluid dynamics
To cite this article: Sarthak Vaishnav et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1128 012033

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

Design and analysis of energy-efficient solar panel cooling system

using computational fluid dynamics
Sarthak Vaishnav, Vivek Kapadiya, R. Harish*, R. Mohan
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu 600127, India
*
Corresponding author E-mail address: harish.r@vit.ac.in

Abstract
This paper highlights the design of an effective liquid cooling system that utilizes the heat generated
from the solar panel as a cooling medium to maintain the optimal desired temperature of the solar
panel. The coolant for this finned cooling system is selected based on its vaporizing temperature range
and thermal cycle characteristics. For analysis purposes, a CAD model is generated in Solidworks
CAD package, and further meshing and numerical simulations are performed using Ansys Fluent
software. Flow and heat transfer characteristics of the cooling system are investigated by plotting
stream functions, velocity, and temperature distributions inside the system. Probing of variations in
temperature, pressure and turbulent kinetic energy along vertical as well as longitudinal direction is
graphically analysed. Thus, elucidating characteristic of parametric conditions under observation. This
study's results can be the potential background for designing an efficient solar panel cooling system
with superior thermal performance.

1. Introduction

Even though, in the presence of surplus sunlight, high-temperature regions fail to exploit their
maximum potential due to high thermal generations in the solar panel.. The temperature has an
adverse effect on panel output. Advanced cooling technology uses external thermal absorbent to
reduce panel temperature. This research paper has proposed a model to use low vaporization point
liquid chemical as a heat absorbent to reduce solar panel surface temperature. Without any external
source energy and by using material properties to our advantage, we accomplished the same. The
paper includes a simulation study conducted using Ansys fluent. Peng et al. [1] carried out an
experiment in two different phases. In the first phase, they analyzed the relation between the effect of
solar radiation, power output, and efficiency of the solar panel. In the second phase, they conducted a
cooling experiment and concluded that it increases solar output efficiency. Agarwal [2] main idea
behind the study is to review the literature on photovoltaic cooling techniques with the help of phase
change materials (PCM), including PV-thermal systems and building integrated photovoltaic systems.
The objective is to identify important research areas to verify the reliable performance and commercial
viability of the technology. Various parameters need to be evaluated and optimized for the
geographical location of interest for getting the best output, a hike in electrical efficiency as high as
5% is observed with PV-PCM integrated systems. Moharram et al. [3] objective of his research was to
minimize the amount of water and electrical energy required for cooling solar panels, especially in hot
arid regions, e.g., desert areas of Egypt. A cooling system was developed based on a water spraying
mechanism for PV panels. With the help of the mathematical model, the cooling of the solar panel is
determined. A cooling model is proposed to determine how long it takes to cool down the PV panels
to their normal operating temperature. Bhaskar et al. [4] Objective of the present work is to design a
Water-cooling system for the solar cell to optimize electrical efficiency and to extract heat energy. A
hybrid system that simultaneously generates both electrical energy and heat energy is considered. This

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

hybrid system contains photovoltaic cells attached to an absorber plate with fins attached to its reverse
side. A simulation model is prepared, and performance curves are obtained for a single pass, single
duct solar collector with fins. Waqas [5] discussed the electrical and thermal management of PV
systems integrated with Phase Changing Materials. The purpose of this article is to provide current
know-how of PV-PCM technology, simultaneously stating research gaps and challenges faced. They
provided a detailed elaboration of different aspects such as PCM selection, system development,
performance evaluation, simulation, and heat transfer enhancement, along with cost estimation.
Rajvikram M. et al. [6] proposed solution focuses on the efficiency of PV panels with Phase Changing
Materials and aluminum sheet as TCE. This experiment was performed under direct sun rays for three
months. They performed an experiment using two 5 W panels, and results were compared with
naturally ventilated panels without PCM and aluminum. Li et al. [7] Research demonstrate a high
operating temperature of crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) module would eventually lead to
a decrease in efficiency and lifetime. They attached PCM at the back of the PV module in PV-PCM
system format in order to absorb excess heat. Kang et al. [8] heat transfer performance of silicon oil
immersion cooling densely packed solar cells were studied and analyzed, with and without fin
structure, using experiment and simulation methods. The results showed that solar cells temperature
declined and distributed fairly as silicon oil inlet flow rate increases; however, the temperature of the
solar cells improved linearly. Mehrotra et al. [9] In this research paper author says that If we
submerged PV cells in water, that is beneficial to maintain its surface temperature. It's also provided
better efficiency at very high or extreme temperatures. The author calculated the electrical parameter
and the cooling factor. This calculation elaborates upon the cooling factor that also favors electrical
efficiency enhancement. Here temperature variation is from 304-312K. Abdulgafar et al. [10]
Photovoltaic cell cooling is studied in distilled water immersion conditions of a polycrystalline panel
at different depths. With the increase in depth, an evident increase in efficiency was observed. Thakur
et al. [11] In this research paper author proposed the utilization of heat generated by the panel with a
heat pump, and it can be used in various fields. He supported his conclusion through mathematical
relationships. Haller et al. [12] In this paper, the author proposed two methods to increase the
efficiency of a solar panel system. First, by liquid immersion, and secondly, he proposed a design that
utilizes an air blower to curb temperature surge. Singh and Kumar [13] a shell and heat exchanger tube
are considered where; hot water is flowing through a tube, and cold water runs outside but still in the
shell. CFD technique resolves the heat exchanger in individual elements to find the temperature
gradients, pressure distribution, and velocity vectors. Egon et al.[14] this research paper answers all
quires related to CFD analysis along with information about boundary conditions, numerical grid, and
initial condition information. Chen et al. [15] give a detailed 3-D computational fluid dynamics
analysis of gas particles that are falling on the solar receiver panel using the Euler-langrage method
and also give momentum analysis of these particles. Cho et al.[16]used CFD and DEM (discrete
element method) to analyze the flow of gas-solid particle collision model. There are also numerous
experimental [16-20] and analytical models [21-25] developed to estimate the flow and heat transfer
characteristics in enclosures. Sumedha et al.[26]mentioned that because of using the non-renewable
resources people have noticed the bad impact of it on Earth pollution, Climate Change so people are
forced to use renewable resources like solar panel. He has mentioned drawback of the solar cells like it
will not work in the night time , cleaning problems etc and mentioned innovative ways and
technologies to solve this problem. Arifin et al.[27] mentioned the bad impact of using conventional
resources. When solar cell is placed where sun intensity is too high its efficiency decrease with the
increase in temperature. Author has proposed passive cooling system where we use heat sink and fins
to increase the efficiency of the solar panel. Author has carried out experiment with different number

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

of fins with heat sink and finds out that if anybody use 15 number of fins with heat sinks it will where
temperature is 10 degree Celsius efficiency will increase by 2.74%.

Our concept idea aim is to iterate and perform CFD analysis for a system that can be a potential
candidate for an efficient cooling system by using material’s characteristic properties to our advantage.
While comparing other materials, carbon disulphide‘s boiling point is not too high that may turn it
into vapour immediately nor too low that may resist it’s vapour generation at experimentation
conditions. From the experimental data we have collected carbon disulphide show optimum chemical
properties for this experiment. Even though it being a bit reactive material when exposed to hot
surfaces, it’s reactivity can be undermined by mixing it with water and that may increase the boiling
point/ vapourizing point of the liquid.

Molar mass 76.13 g·mol−1

Appearance: Colourless liquid
Impure Appearance light-yellow
Melting point -111.61 °C
Boiling point 46.24 °C (115.23 °F; 319.39
K)
Refractive index (nD) 1.627
82.4 kPa (40 °C) 82.4 kPa (40 °C)
Table 1: Properties of carbon disulphide:

Thus, performing a virtual simulation and obtaining expected results for the same. Though, no
physical experimentation was performed using carbon disulphide, a guideline to follow for handling
and using carbon disulphide is as follows.
Handling – Keep it away from any flammable source, wear a body suit before operating hence avoid
breathing vapours. Use personal equipment like gloves and shoves to cover whole body.
Solar panels are made of material that are highly corrosion resistant. Modules of the solar panels are
sealed with the help of the vacuum between their sheet and materials. This sealing will prevent any
corrosion due to carbon disulphide until and unless there is crack in your panel. Our system is a solar
panel enclosed and immersed it in carbon disulfide liquid with the top of enclosing being transparent
for sunlight to enter. The transparent surface has augmented surface area by incorporating a step
patterned surface, facilitating heat transfer rate enhancement. Due to low vaporization temperature, the
liquid absorbs heat and starts evaporating in the range of 45-50-degree Celsius. In the upper section of
the casing, due to increased surface area, the heat transfer rate accelerates, and vapors start
condensing. This liquid confluence and adds up to the liquid source at the bottom of the case, adhering
to the slope of the enclosure. For this process, we analyze heat flow, vapor velocity, pressure, and heat
transfer with the assist of ANSYS fluent software.

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

2. Methodology

Augmented surface area

Casing

Solar panel

Liquid

Figure1: Cross-section of the enclosure

The solar panel is enclosed and fixated to the bottom of an aluminum casing (thermal conductivity 205
W/mK) of net volume 0.03m3 of base length and width being 0.577m and 0.354m respectively.
Covered by transparent glass (thermal conductivity 0.8 W/mK) for inflow of sunlight, with enhanced
surface area; dimensioned - 0.366m, 0.019m and 0.024m for length, breadth and height respectively of
the fins. immersed in carbon-disulfide, which has a boiling point of 46 degrees Celsius. Thermal
energy is harnessed by the liquid, and when the temperature approaches boiling point, the liquid starts
vaporizing. These vapors move upwards, clings, and amalgamate on the wall of the case. These
droplets slide over the slant surface and flow back into the sink. This cycle repeats until the
temperature falls below 35 degrees Celsius. The system utilizes heat energy generated by solar panels
to cool panels and thereby increasing efficiency.
The system is designed to automatically regulate solar panel surface temperature by using low
vaporization temperature liquid and augmented surface area. The lower section of the system is filled
with Carbon disulfide with a panel immersed in it.

2.1.1 Calculation

As shown in the figure in the c1 are material will go through conduction:

(1)
R=resistance

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

K=thermal conductivity of material

A=surface area

Figure 2: dimensional diagram of an outer surface of the case

In the C2 region, material will go through convection: (Air and glass surface convection)

Case 1:
Laminar-turbulent constant wall temperature

(2)
Re=Reynold number
Nu-Nusselt number
Critical Reynold number =5*105 < Pr < 60

Case 2:
High-speed flow, constant wall temperature:
Q=hA [Tw-Tat]

And our final C3 region will go under conduction: (vapour glass surface contact)

(3)
Using C1, C2, C3, we will find
Total heat transfer/Area by C1, C2, C3

Amount of heat required to be transferred to maintain the temperature at 40 degree Celsius at an

ambient temperature of 30 degree Celsius (at steady state). In the final step, we will equate both to get
the amount of surface area required at a steady state.

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

( )
Grashof Number -
( | | (( ) )) / ((0.298^2))
G = 2401778.936
= 2.40 x 106

Abbreviations Nomenclature

R Resistance (K⋅m^2/W )

K Thermal conductivity of material(W/m⋅K)

A Surface area(m^2)

Re Reynold number

Nu Nusselt number

Pr Prandtl number

Tw Wall temperature(0 C)

h Heat transfer coefficient (W/m^2k)

Tat Temperature of surrounding

C1 Region for heat flow

C2 Region for heat flow

C3 Region for heat flow

Re Reynolds number

Q Heat transfer rate(W)

G Grashof Number

g Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

β Coefficient of volumetric expansion

Ts Temperature at the surface (oC)

T∞ Temperature far from surface (oC)

L Characteristic length (m)

v Kinematic viscosity of fluid (m2/s)

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

3. Results and Discussions:

Figure 3-CFD analysis boundary nomenclatures, mesh, and results

Figure 4: Mesh design of solar PV cell cooling system model

Figure 3 indicates the schematic diagram of the solar panel cooling system and meshed geometry is
shown in Fig. 4. Figure 5 shows the velocity distribution of carbon disulphide inside the solar panel
enclosure and multi recirculating convective cells are seen evolving inside the solar panel cooling
system. Figure 6 and 7 indicates the turbulent kinetic energy and energy dissipation rate inside the
solar panel system. Since excited vapours tend to move upwards due to high kinetic potential and exert
force on each other by random collision, high turbulent kinetic energy is observed in the gas filled
section of the chamber compared to lower liquid filled section. Moreover, due to smaller volume
availability to vibrate and collide freely near the fins due to walled boundaries, more turbulence is

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

observed in the middle section of gas volume then in upper section adjoin to fin’s upper section.
Similarly, due to the very same reason higher dissipation is observed on the lower fin section then
upper fin section. Figure 8 shows the temperature distribution due to convective heat transfer and
carbon disulphide near the hot panel surface absorbs heat and diffuses the heat inside the solar panel
system.

Figure 5: Y directional velocity flow of carbon disulfide

Figure 6: Turbulent kinematic energy flow in the enclosure

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

Figure 7: Turbulent Dissipation rate in the enclosure

Figure 8: Temperature variation of the enclosure

Figure 9 and 10 indicates the temperature and pressure variation inside the solar panel along the
longitudinal direction for different inclination angles of solar panel. It is seen that the temperature
distribution inside the enclosure decreases with increase in the inclination angles of solar panel.

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IConACES 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

However, an opposite trend is observed in the pressure distribution inside the enclosure. Figure 11 and
12 represents the pressure and turbulent kinetic energy variation for different solar panel elevations.
Table shown in Figure 13 is tabulated by probing variations in temperature, pressure and kinetic
turbulent energy along vertical as well as longitudinal axis at specific intervals.

336
334 50 degree
332
55 degree
330
Temperature(K)

328 60 degree
326
324
322
320
318
316
314
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Height (x 0.02m)

Figure 9: Temperature variation along the longitudinal direction

50 degree

55 degree
Pressure (pascal)

60 degree

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-5.00E-15
Height(x 0.2 m)

Figure 10: Pressure variation along the longitudinal direction

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

height at 1
height at 3
height at 4
height at 6
pressuree(pascal)

height at 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-4.00E-15
distance from enclosing's extreme end

Figure 11: Pressure variation inside solar panel

0.016 height at 1
0.014 height at 3

0.012 height at 4
height at 6
Turbulance

0.01
height at 8
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
distance from enclosing's extreme end

Figure 12: Turbulence kinetic energy variation inside solar panel

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

X (m) Y (x0.1m) Temperature (K) Pressure (P) Turbulent K E (J/Kg)

0.1 1 331.27 -7.46E-16 0.007691876
0.1 3 332.38 -1.06E-15 0.005234927
0.1 4 332.41 -2.91E-15 0.006809396
0.1 6 331.67 -3.26E-15 0.012323185
0.1 8 321.96 -3.60E-15 0.000978513
0.2 1 332.06 -3.23E-16 0.000320973
0.2 3 332.99 -1.82E-15 0.002436296
0.2 4 332.49 -2.91E-15 0.007264425
0.2 6 331.8 -3.26E-15 0.013181454
0.2 8 315.32 -3.60E-15 0.000266505
0.3 1 332.12 -2.03E-16 0.000317751
0.3 3 332.99 1.46E-15 0.002485905
0.3 4 332.49 -2.91E-15 0.007275655
0.3 6 331.81 -3.25E-15 0.013414463
0.3 8 316.29 -3.60E-15 0.000355239
0.4 1 332.06 -1.55E-17 0.000358472
0.4 3 332.99 -3.63E-16 0.002419203
0.4 4 332.49 -2.91E-15 0.007262155
0.4 6 331.81 -3.25E-15 0.013435755
0.4 8 321.86 -3.60E-15 0.001005924
0.5 1 331.17 1.07E-16 0.00603221
0.5 3 332.49 -4.37E-16 0.004244912
0.5 4 332.47 -2.91E-15 0.006890195
0.5 6 331.73 -3.26E-15 0.012328816
0.5 8 313.04 -3.60E-15 0.000121543

Table 2 : Tabulation of Temperature, Pressure and T.K.E. with respect to X-Y plane

4. Conclusion:
Using carbon-disulfide as a phase changing heat absorption material, panel heat could be absorbed,
and the efficiency of the system could be increased. The numerical simulation is performed using
finite volume method to analyse the heat and flow characteristics inside the solar panel with carbon-
disulfide as phase change material. Based on the graphical interpretation of data, we can conclude that
pressure, kinetic turbulence energy, and the ambient temperature inside the enclosure increase with the
increase in panel temperature and is maximum above the panel and minimum along the sides of the
casing. In the vertical direction, the temperature and pressure are maximum at the liquid-gas interface
and minimum on the condensing boundary. Contrasting to it, the turbulent kinetic energy is maximum
in the air-vapor phase region. The results from the present study will be useful in designing an
effective solar panel cooling system.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1128 (2021) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012033

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