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General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12 (STEM) Learning Activity Sheets Quarter 1 – Week 1:

Simple Separation Techniques

First Edition, 2021

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 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
General Chemistry I, Quarter 1, Week 1D

Simple Separation Techniques

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)

Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation, chromatography.

(STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12)

Learning Objectives:

1. Define distillation and chromatography.

2. Describe different types of chromatography and distillation.
3. Identify important application of distillation and chromatography.

Time Allotment: 1 hour

Key Concepts

Separating Mixture

Mixtures are everywhere and in some situation it is important to separate or isolate one
component of a mixture. Mixtures can be separated through distillation process and
chromatography.

 Chromatography

The word “chromatography” is derived from two Greek words, chroma which means
“colour,” and graphein which means “to write.” In chromatography, mixture to be separated is
applied on a stationary phase which can be solid or liquid. A pure solvent like water or any gas,
the mobile phase, will be allowed to move slowly over the stationary phase and components will
be carried separately depending on their ability to dissolve in the pure solvent.

Types of Chromatography

1. Adsorption Chromatography
In adsorption chromatography, there is adsorption of different compounds on the adsorbent
to different degrees depending on the component’s adsorptivity. Similarly, a mobile phase is
allowed to move over a stationary phase. As a result, components with higher adsorptivity will be
carried to a lower distance than the components with lower adsorptivity.
Adsorption chromatography is used for separation of amino acids, isolation of
antibiotics and identification of carbohydrates.
Solvent
pink pink
orange Mixture containing
Silica/Alumina componenst: X and Y blue
blue pink X
saturated with
solvent blue
green
Y moves down the column
Solvent flows
more quickly than X and
out of column so leaves the column first

Figure 1. Adsorption Chromatography

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Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
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email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
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2. Thin Layer Chromatography
In thin-layer chromatography (TLC), components of
mixture are separated through a glass plate coated with TLC Chamber
adsorbent of a very thin layer like alumnia and silica gel.
Chrome plate is used for this process. Mixture to be separated Spotting
is placed on the chrome plate as a small spot with a distance Line TLC Plate

of 2cm above the lower end of the chrome plate (spotting line).
The chrome plate is placed in a closed jar that contains a
fluid, an eluant. Then the eluant rises up the chrome plate
together with the components of the mixture. Different Figure 2. Thin Layer Chromatography
https://byjus.com/chemistry/
components of the mixture rises at different heights.
Thin layer chromatography is used for qualitative testing of various medicines like
local anaesthetics, sedatives, anticonvulsant tranquilisers, antihistamines, analgesics,
steroids and hypnotics. It is also applied in the cosmetic industry for the separation and
identification of colors and constituent compounds. In addition, it is also used to determine
the presence of preservatives and sweetening agents in the cosmetics products which is
very essential to decipher their formulations.

3. Column Chromatography
In column chromatography, components of mixture are separated using a glass tube packed
with column of suitable adsorbent. The mixture is then placed on the top of the column. An
appropriate eluant is allowed to flow slowly down the column. Different components flow down the
column at different heights depending on the adsorptive ability of the components. The component
with the highest adsorptivity is remained at the top.
Column chromatography is used to determine drug estimation from drug
formulations. It is used in removing impurities and isolating metabolites from biological
fluids.

green Loaded pink Mobile phase pink pink pink

sample orange
blue
green Sample Stronger
blue orange interactions blue
separation
Stationary blue
orange
blue
Weaker
phase blue interactions
green
blue blue
green orange

Fraction Eluted
Collections molecules

Figure 3. Column Chromatography

https://byjus.com/chemistry/

4. Partition chromatography Solvent

Lid front
In partition chromatography,
components of mixtures undergo continues blue

differential partitioning. An example of this Solvent paper

purple
technique can be seen in paper front
chromatography where chromatography paper red
is utilized as the stationary phase suspended
Solvent
in a mobile phase which is the mixture of origin

solvents. A spot of the mixture to be separated

Figure 4. Partition Chromatography
will be placed at the lower part of the https://byjus.com/chemistry/
chromatography paper. Then the solvent rises
up the paper carrying components to different degrees depending on their retention on the paper.
Different components reaches at different hieghts.
Partition chromatography is used to separate and identify tannins, amino acids,
glycosides and alkaloids. It is used to monitor synthesis reaction of chemicals and test
pharmaceuticals’ purity. It can be used for research in forensic investigations and criminal

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte 3
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
2
trials; for DNA and RNA sequencing; and for detecting pollutants in products, beverages, and
other water supply.

 Distillation
Distillation is a process of separating mixtures composed
of two or more pure liquids. Selectively, components of liquid
mixture is vaporized, condensed subsequently and isolated.This
process utilizes boiling point differences of the components in the
liquid mixture by forcing one of components to vaporize.

Figure 5. Distillation apparatus

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Types of Distillation

1. Simple Distillation
In simple distillation, the liquid mixture is heated to boiling
point and the resulting vapor is condensed immediately. This
technique is effective only for mixtures with boiling points of
components are considerably different with a minimum
difference of 250C. Example in distillation of water. The water is
being heated, producing steam or water vapor which is
conducted away through a tube. The tube is looped downward
and below the hump cooling is applied causing the vapor to be
condensed. Distilled water is then produced. Another example
Figure 6. Simple Distillation
is the removal of a volatile substance like water from non- https://media.buzzle.com/
volatile substances such as salts, lime, impurities, etc.

2. Fractional Distillation
In fractional distillation, mixture of liquids with closer boiling points are separated. The mixture
undergoes several vaporization-condensation process that takes place in a fractional column.
Fractional distillation is also called rectification. This method is used in refining crude oil,
alcohol manufacturing, separation of air components, perfume manufacturing, production
of high-purity silicon semiconductors, and in the formulation of active pharmaceutical
ingredients.

Petroleum
gas

Gasoline
Naphtha

Paraffin

Diesel

Fuel Oil

Lubricating
oil

Bitumen

Figure 7. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

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Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte 4
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
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3. Steam Distillation
In steam distillation, components of mixture which are heat-sensitive are separated. Steam is
used to pass through a mixture, which is slightly heated, and vaporize some of the components.
The resulting vapor is then condensed. This process is usually used to extract herbal distillates
and essential oils from aromatic herbs/ flowers.

Cooling
water Condenser
Removable Lid

Steam Boiler Plant Material

Oil

Heat
Oil lighter
than water
Condensate
Direct
Water
Steam

Figure 8. Steam Distillation of Essential oil

https://www.doterra.com/

4. Vacuum Distillation
In vacuum distillation, components of mixtures with very high boiling points are separated. In
this process, the pressure is lowered resulting the components of mixture to boil at lower
temperature. The component is vaporized once the surrounding pressure is equal to the vapor
pressure. The vapors are then condensed and isolated as distillate. This method is utilized to
obtain samples with high purity from compounds that decomposes at high temperature. It
is also used in refining petroleum. In large industrial plants, it is used in desalination, a
method of removing salts from ocean water producing fresh water.

Vacuum
Gauge

Condenser

High level
Switch

Vacuum
Low flow
Tank Pump
Flow switch
Direction
Oil
Condensate lubricator
Discharge Drain
Pump
Inlet
Heater Flow
Filter

Figure 9. Process Circuit for Vacuum Distillation

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Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte 5
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
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Activity 1. Describe Me!

Learning Objective:
Describe the different types of distillation and chromatography.

What you need:

Pen and Paper

What to do:
Match each type of Distillation/Chormatography in Column A with its description in
Column B. Write the letter only on a separate sheet of paper.

I. Distillation
A B
1. Fractional A. This technique is effective only for mixtures with boiling points
Distillation of components are considerably different with a minimum
2. Simple difference of 250C.
Distillation B. In this process, the mixture undergoes several vaporization-
3. Steam condensation process that takes place in a fractional column.
Distillation C. In this process, mixture to be separated is applied on a stationary
4. Vacuum Distillation phase which can be solid or liquid.
D. In this process, the pressure is lowered resulting the components
of mixture to boil at lower temperature.
E. In this process, steam is used to pass through a mixture, which
is slightly heated, and vaporize some of the components.

II. Chromatography
A B
5. Adsorption A. In this technique, components of mixtures are separated using a
Chromatography glass tube packed with column of suitable adsorbent.
6. Column B. In this technique, components of mixture is separated through a
Chromatography glass plate coated with adsorbent of a very thin layer like alumnia
7. Partition and silica gel.
Chromatography C. In this process, components of mixtures undergo continues
8. Thin Layer differential partitioning. An example of this technique can be seen
Chromatography in paper chromatography
D. In this process, components of mixture which are heat-sensitive
are separated.
E. In this process, there is adsorption of different compounds on the
adsorbent to different degrees depending on the component’s
adsorptivity.

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte 6
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
5
Activity 2. Identify Me!

Learning Objective:
Identify important application of distillation and chromatography.

What you need: Pen and Paper

What to do: Read each statement below. Write D if the statement is referring to important
application of distillation and write C if it is referring to chromatography. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
________1. Separate and purify amino acids, proteins and carbohydrates for analysis.
________2. Determine the presence of preservatives and sweetening agents in the cosmetic
products to decipher their formulations.
________3. Determine drug estimation from drug formulations.
________4. Compare sample found at a crime scene to sample from suspects.
________5. Determine level of pollutants in water supply.
________6. Extract herbal distillates and essential oils from aromatic herbs/flowers.
________7. Obtain drinking water from seawater.
________8. Stabilize oil to reduce the vapor pressure of the crude oil, enabling safe storage and
transportation.
________9. Refine petroleum.
_______10. Manufacture alcohol and perfume.

Reflection
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the question below in 2-3 sentences.

Molasses is the dark, sweet, syrupy by-product made during the extraction of sugars from
sugarcane and sugar beets. Molasses will undergo several processes so it can produce by-product
ethanol, which is one of the raw materials in producing 80 % alcohol-based hand sanitizers. How
can you relate the importance of this process in the Covid-19 Pandemic that we are facing at
present?

Rubrics:

3 – Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no misconception.

2 - Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal misconception.
1 – Explanation is consistent with the concepts but with misconceptions.

References for learners:

Byjus.com. “Distillation - Definition, Detailed Process, Types, Uses.” Accessed July 23, 2021.
https://byjus.com/chemistry/distillation/

Byjus.com. “Types of Types of Chromatography - Definition, Principle, Differential Extraction &

FAQs.” Accessed July 23, 2021. https://byjus.com/chemistry/differential-extraction-
chromatography/

Central Mindanao University. 2021. “CMU ETHANOL PRODUCTION TEAM TO PRODUCE

ETHANOL FROM MOLASSES.” Accessed July 23, 2021. https://www.cmu.edu.ph/cmu-
ethanol-production-team-to-produce-ethanol-from-.
molases/#:~:text=Molasses%20will%20undergo%20several%20processes%20like%20ferme
ntation%20and,donated%20two%20drums%20of%20molasses%20in%20the%20university.

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte 7
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
6
HPLC. 2020. “Principle and Application of Partition Chromatography .”Accessed July 23, 2021.
https://whatishplc.com/hplc-basics/principle-and-application-of-partition-
chromatography/

Lumen Chemistry for Non-Majors. “Methods for Separating Mixtures.” Accessed July 23, 2021.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/methods-for-separating-
mixtures/#:~:text=1%20Mixtures%20can%20be%20separated%20using%20a%20variety,m
aterial.%205%20Filtration%20separates%20solids%20of%20different%20sizes.

Southern Living . 2021. “ What is Molasses? Here's Everything You Need to Know.” Accessed
July 23, 2021. https://www.southernliving.com/sweeteners/molasses/what-is-molasses/

Answer Key

8. B spread of the Corona virus.

7. C specially in sanitizing to prevent the
6. A 10. D C 5. present, it plays very important role
5. E 9. D C 4. alcohol and sinitizers in which at
4. D 8. D C 3. important in the production of
3. E 7. D C 2. Distillation process is very
2. A 6. D C 1.
1. B Possible Answer:
Activity 1 Describe Me! Activity 2 Identify Me! Reflection

Author: Charlyn M. Campado

School/Station: Kitcharao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte 8
email address:charlyn.campado001@deped.gov.ph
7