THE NUCLEUS

CHAPTER - 46
1. M = Amp, f = M/V, mp = 1.007276 u
1/3 –15 1/3 –27
R = R0A = 1.1  10 A , u = 1.6605402  10 kg
A  1.007276  1.6605402  10 27 18 17 3
= = 0.300159  10 = 3  10 kg/m .
4 / 3  3.14  R3
14
‘f’ in CGS = Specific gravity = 3  10 .
M M 4  1030 1 1
2. f= V  17
  1013   1014
v f 2.4  10 0.6 6
3
V = 4/3 R .
1 3 3 1 3 1
  1014 = 4/3   R  R =    1014
6 6 4 
3 1 100
 R =   1012
8 
4 4
 R = ½  10  3.17 = 1.585  10 m = 15 km.
3. Let the mass of ‘’ particle be xu.
‘’ particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
2
 Binding energy = (2  1.007825 u  1  1.00866 u – xu)C = 28.2 MeV (given).
 x = 4.0016 u.
7 7
4. Li + p  l +  + E ; Li = 7.016u
4
 = He = 4.0026u ; p = 1.007276 u
7
E = Li + P – 2 = (7.016 + 1.007276)u – (2  4.0026)u = 0.018076 u.
 0.018076  931 = 16.828 = 16.83 MeV.
2
5. B = (Zmp + Nmn – M)C
Z = 79 ; N = 118 ; mp = 1.007276u ; M = 196.96 u ; mn = 1.008665u
2
B = [(79  1.007276 + 118  1.008665)u – Mu]c
= 198.597274  931 – 196.96  931 = 1524.302094
so, Binding Energy per nucleon = 1524.3 / 197 = 7.737.
238 4 234
6. a) U 2He + Th
E = [Mu – (NHC + MTh)]u = 238.0508 – (234.04363 + 4.00260)]u = 4.25487 Mev = 4.255 Mev.
238 234
b) E = U – [Th + 2n0 + 2p1]
= {238.0508 – [234.64363 + 2(1.008665) + 2(1.007276)]}u
= 0.024712u = 23.0068 = 23.007 MeV.
223 209 14
7. Ra = 223.018 u ; Pb = 208.981 u ; C = 14.003 u.
223 209 14
Ra  Pb + C
223 209 14
m = mass Ra – mass ( Pb + C)
 = 223.018 – (208.981 + 14.003) = 0.034.
Energy = M  u = 0.034  931 = 31.65 Me.
1
8. EZ.N.  EZ–1, N + P1  EZ.N.  EZ–1, N + 1H [As hydrogen has no neutrons but protons only]
2
E = (MZ–1, N + NH – MZ,N)c 
9. E2N = EZ,N–1 + 10 n .
2 2
Energy released = (Initial Mass of nucleus – Final mass of nucleus)c = (MZ.N–1 + M0 – MZN)c .
10. P32  S32 + 0v
0
 10
Energy of antineutrino and -particle
= (31.974 – 31.972)u = 0.002 u = 0.002  931 = 1.862 MeV = 1.86.
–
11. In  P + e
We know : Half life = 0.6931 /  (Where  = decay constant).
–4
Or  = 0.6931 / 1460 = 8.25  10 S [As half life = 14 min = 14  60 sec].
2 2
Energy = [Mn – (MP + Me)]u = [(Mnu – Mpu) – Mpu]c = [0.00189u – 511 KeV/c ]
2 2 2
= [1293159 ev/c – 511000 ev/c ]c = 782159 eV = 782 Kev.
46.1
 The Nucleus
226
12. 58 Ra  24   222
26 Rn
19
8 O  19 0 0
9 F  n  0 v
13 25
25 Al  12 MG  01e  00 v
13. 64
Cu  64Ni  e  v
Emission of nutrino is along with a positron emission.
a) Energy of positron = 0.650 MeV.
Energy of Nutrino = 0.650 – KE of given position = 0.650 – 0.150 = 0.5 MeV = 500 Kev.
500  1.6  10 19 –22
b) Momentum of Nutrino =  103 J = 2.67  10 kg m/s.
3  108
40
14. a) 19 K  20 Ca40  1e0  0 v 0
40
19 K  18 Ar 40  1e0  0 v 0
40
19 K  1e0  18 Ar 40
40
19 K  20 Ca40  1e0  0 v 0 .
2
b) Q = [Mass of reactants – Mass of products]c
2
= [39.964u – 39.9626u] = [39.964u – 39.9626]uc = (39.964 – 39.9626) 931 Mev = 1.3034 Mev.
40
19 K  18 Ar 40  1e0  0 v 0
2
Q = (39.9640 – 39.9624)uc = 1.4890 = 1.49 Mev.
40 0 40
19 K  1e  18 Ar
2
Qvalue = (39.964 – 39.9624)uc .
6
15. 3 Li  n  73Li ; 73 Li  r  83Li
8
3 Li  84Be  e  v 
8
4Be  42He  24He
+
16. C  B +  + v
mass of C = 11.014u ; mass of B = 11.0093u
Energy liberated = (11.014 – 11.0093)u = 29.5127 Mev.
For maximum K.E. of the positron energy of v may be assumed as 0.
 Maximum K.E. of the positron is 29.5127 Mev.
17. Mass 238Th = 228.028726 u ; 224Ra = 224.020196 u ;  = 24He  4.00260u
238 224
Th  Ra* + 
224 224
Ra*  Ra + v(217 Kev)
224
Now, Mass of Ra* = 224.020196  931 + 0.217 Mev = 208563.0195 Mev.
226Th 224
KE of  = E – E( Ra* + )
= 228.028726  931 – [208563.0195 + 4.00260  931] = 5.30383 Mev= 5.304 Mev.
12 12 +
18. N  C* + e + v
12 12
C*  C + v(4.43 Mev)
12 12 +
Net reaction : N  C + e + v + v(4.43 Mev)
+ 12 12
Energy of (e + v) = N – (c + v)
= 12.018613u – (12)u – 4.43 = 0.018613 u – 4.43 = 17.328 – 4.43 = 12.89 Mev.
Maximum energy of electron (assuming 0 energy for v) = 12.89 Mev.
19. a) t1/2 = 0.693 /  [  Decay constant]
 t1/2 = 3820 sec = 64 min.
b) Average life = t1/2 / 0.693 = 92 min.
–t
c) 0.75 = 1 e  In 0.75 = – t  t = In 0.75 / –0.00018 = 1598.23 sec.
20. a) 198 grams of Ag contains  N0 atoms.
6  1023  1 10 6
1 g of Ag contains  N0/198  1 g = atoms
198

46.2
 The Nucleus

0.963 0.693  6  1017

Activity = N = N = disintegrations/day.
t1/ 2 198  2.7
0.693  6  1017 0.693  6  1017
= disintegration/sec = curie = 0.244 Curie.
198  2.7  3600  24 198  2.7  36  24  3.7  1010
A0 0.244
b) A =  = 0.0405 = 0.040 Curie.
2t1/ 2 7
2
2.7
21. t1/2 = 8.0 days ; A0 = 20  Cl
a) t = 4.0 days ;  = 0.693/8
= 20  10  e( 0.693 / 8)4 = 1.41  10 Ci = 14  Ci
–t –6 –5
 A = A0e
0.693 –6
b)  = = 1.0026  10 .
8  24  3600
–18 –1
22.  = 4.9  10 s
1 1 1
 10 18 sec.
238
a) Avg. life of U =  
 4.9  1018 4.9
3
= 6.47  10 years.
0.693 0.693 9
b) Half life of uranium =  = 4.5  10 years.
 4.9  1018
A A
c) A = t / t0  0  2t / t1/ 2 = 22 = 4.
2 1/ 2 A
23. A = 200, A0 = 500, t = 50 min
200 = 500  e   
–t –50 60
A = A0 e or
–4
  = 3.05  10 s.
0.693 0.693
b) t1/2 =  = 2272.13 sec = 38 min.
 0.000305
5
24. A0 = 4  10 disintegration / sec
6
A = 1  10 dis/sec ; t = 20 hours.
A A
A = t / t0  2t / t1/ 2  0  2t / t1/ 2  4
2 1/ 2 A'
1/2
 t / t1/ 2 = 2  t = t/2 = 20 hours / 2 = 10 hours.
A0 4  106 6 3
A = t / t1/ 2
 A   = 0.00390625  10 = 3.9  10 dintegrations/sec.
2 2100 / 10
25. t1/2 = 1602 Y ; Ra = 226 g/mole ; Cl = 35.5 g/mole.
1 mole RaCl2 = 226 + 71 = 297 g
297g = 1 mole of Ra.
1 0.1 6.023  1023 22
0.1 g =  0.1 mole of Ra = = 0.02027  10
297 297
–11
 = 0.693 / t1/2 = 1.371  10 .
–11 20 9 9
Activity = N = 1.371  10  2.027  10 = 2.779  10 = 2.8  10 disintegrations/second.
26. t1/2 = 10 hours, A0 = 1 ci
0.693
9
–t
Activity after 9 hours = A0 e = 1 e 10 = 0.5359 = 0.536 Ci.
th
No. of atoms left after 9 hour, A9 = N9
A 9 0.536  10  3.7  1010  3600 10 13
 N9 =  = 28.6176  10  3600 = 103.023  10 .
 0.693
0.693
9
–t
Activity after 10 hours = A0 e = 1 e 10 = 0.5 Ci.
th
No. of atoms left after 10 hour
A10 = N10

46.3
 The Nucleus

A10 0.5  3.7  1010  3600 10 13

 N10 =  = 26.37  10  3600 = 96.103  10 .
 0.693 /10
13 13
No.of disintegrations = (103.023 – 96.103)  10 = 6.92  10 .
27. t1/2 = 14.3 days ; t = 30 days = 1 month
As, the selling rate is decided by the activity, hence A0 = 800 disintegration/sec.
–t
We know, A = A0e [ = 0.693/14.3]
A = 800  0.233669 = 186.935 = 187 rupees.
28. According to the question, the emission rate of  rays will drop to half when the + decays to half of its
original amount. And for this the sample would take 270 days.
 The required time is 270 days.
+ +
29. a) P  n + e + v Hence it is a  decay.
b) Let the total no. of atoms be 100 N0.
Carbon Boron
Initially 90 N0 10 N0
Finally 10 N0 90 N0
0.693
–t
t
Now, 10 N0 = 90 N0 e  1/9 = e 20.3 [because t1/2 = 20.3 min]
1 0.693 2.1972  20.3
 In  tt = 64.36 = 64 min.
9 20.3 0.693
23
30. N = 4  10 ; t1/2 = 12.3 years.
dN 0.693 0.693
a) Activity =  n  N  4  1023 dis/year.
dt t1/ 2 12.3
14
= 7.146  10 dis/sec.
dN 14
b)  7.146  10
dt
14 17 19
No.of decays in next 10 hours = 7.146  10  10  36.. = 257.256  10 = 2.57  10 .
0.693
–t 23
6.16 23
c) N = N0 e = 4  10  e 20.3 = 2.82  10 = No.of atoms remained
23 23
 No. of atoms disintegrated = (4 – 2.82)  10 = 1.18  10 .
2
31. Counts received per cm = 50000 Counts/sec.
16
N = N3o of active nucleic = 6  10
2
Total counts radiated from the source = Total surface area  50000 counts/cm
4 4 9
= 4  3.14  1  10  5  10 = 6.28  10 Counts = dN/dt 1 cm2
dN
We know,  N
dt
6.28  109 –7 –7 –1 1m
Or  = = 1.0467  10 = 1.05  10 s .
6  1016
32. Half life period can be a single for all the process. It is the time taken for 1/2 of the uranium to convert to
lead.
238 6  1023  2  103 12 20
No. of atoms of U = =  10 20 = 0.05042  10
238 238
6  1023  0.6  10 3 3.6
No. of atoms in Pb =   1020
206 206
 12 3.6  20
Initially total no. of uranium atoms =     10 = 0.06789
 235 206 
0.693 0.693
–t 9
N = N0 e  N = N0 e t / t1/ 2  0.05042 = 0.06789 e 4.4710
 0.05042  0.693t
 log  
 0.06789  4.47  109
9
 t = 1.92  10 years.

46.4
 The Nucleus
33. A0 = 15.3 ; A = 12.3 ; t1/2 = 5730 year
0.6931 0.6931 1
=  yr
T1/ 2 5730
Let the time passed be t,
0.6931
We know A = A 0 et   t  12.3 = 15.3  e.
5730
 t = 1804.3 years.
34. The activity when the bottle was manufactured = A0
0.693
8
Activity after 8 years = A 0 e 12.5

Let the time of the mountaineering = t years from the present

0.693
t
A = A0e 12.5 ; A = Activity of the bottle found on the mountain.
A = (Activity of the bottle manufactured 8 years before)  1.5%
0.693 0.693
8
 A0e 12.5 = A0e 12.5  0.015
0.693 0.6938
 t  In[0.015]
12.5 12.5
 0.05544 t = 0.44352 + 4.1997  t = 83.75 years.
9 –1
35. a) Here we should take R0 at time is t0 = 30  10 s
 30  109 
i) In(R0/R1) = In 
 30  109  = 0 30
 
25
 30  109 
ii) In(R0/R2) = In   = 0.63
9 Count rate R(109 s–1) 20
 16  10 
15
 30  109 
iii) In(R0/R3) = In   = 1.35 10
9
 8  10  5

 30  10 9 
iv) In(R0/R4) = In  9  = 2.06 25 50 75 100
 3.8  10  Time t (Minute)
 30  109 
v) In(R0/R5) = In 
 2  109  = 2.7
 
–1
b)  The decay constant  = 0.028 min
c)  The half life period = t1/2.
0.693 0.693
 t1/2 =  = 25 min.
 0.028
9 9
36. Given : Half life period t1/2 = 1.30  10 year , A = 160 count/s = 1.30  10  365  86400
0.693
 A = N  160 = N
t1/ 2
160  1.30  365  86400  109 18
 N= = 9.5  10
0.693
23
 6.023  10 No. of present in 40 grams.
40
6.023  1023 = 40 g  1 =
6.023  1023
18 40  9.5  1018
–4
 9.5  10 present in = = 6.309  10 = 0.00063.
6.023  1023
 The relative abundance at 40 k in natural potassium = (2  0.00063  100)% = 0.12%.

46.5
 The Nucleus
7 -1/2
37. a) P + e  n + v neutrino [a  4.95  10 s ; b  1]
b) f = a(z – b)
7 7 2 14
 c /  = 4.95  10 (79 – 1) = 4.95  10  78  C/ = (4.95  78)  10
3  108 –5 –6 –4
 = = 2  10  10 = 2  10 m = 20 pm.
14903.2  1014
dN dN
38. Given : Half life period = t1/2, Rate of radio active decay = R R=
dt dt
Given after time t >> t1/2, the number of active nuclei will become constant.
i.e. (dN/dt)present = R = (dN/dt)decay
 R = (dN/dt)decay
 R = N [where,  = Radioactive decay constant, N = constant number]
0.693 Rt1/ 2
 R= (N)  Rt1/2 = 0.693 N  N = .
t1/ 2 0.693
39. Let N0 = No. of radioactive particle present at time t = 0
N = No. of radio active particle present at time t.
–t
 N = N0 e [ - Radioactive decay constant]
–t –t
 The no.of particles decay = N0 – N = N0 – N0e = N0 (1 – e )
We know, A0 = N0 ; R = N0 ; N0 = R/
From the above equation
R
N = N0 (1 – e ) = (1  e t )
–t
(substituting the value of N0)

23
40. n = 1 mole = 6  10 atoms, t1/2 = 14.3 days
t = 70 hours, dN/dt in root after time t = N
0.69370
–t 23 23 23
N = No e = 6  10  e 14.324 = 6  10  0.868 = 5.209  10 .
5.209  1023  0.693  0.010510 dis/hour.
23
14.324 3600
–6 23 17
= 2.9  10  10 dis/sec = 2.9  10 dis/sec.
 1ci 
Fraction of activity transmitted =    100%
 2.9  1017 
 1 3.7  108  –11
 
 2.9  1011  100  % = 1.275  10 %.
 
41. V = 125 cm3 = 0.125 L, P = 500 K pa = 5 atm.
8
T = 300 K, t1/2 = 12.3 years = 3.82  10 sec. Activity =   N
23 5  0.125 22
N = n  6.023  10 =  6.023  1023 = 1.5  10 atoms.
8.2  10 2  3  102
0.693 –8 –9 –1
= = 0.1814  10 = 1.81  10 s
3.82  108
–9 22 3
Activity = N = 1.81  10  1.5  10 = 2.7  10 disintegration/sec
2.7  1013
= Ci = 729 Ci.
3.7  1010
212 208
42. 83 Bi  81 Ti  24He( )
212
83 Bi
212
 84 212
Bi  84 P0  e 
t1/2 = 1 h. Time elapsed = 1 hour
212
at t = 0 Bi Present = 1 g
212
 at t = 1 Bi Present = 0.5 g
Probability -decay and -decay are in ratio 7/13.
 Tl remained = 0.175 g
 P0 remained = 0.325 g
46.6
 The Nucleus
108 110 8
43. Activities of sample containing Ag and Ag isotopes = 8.0  10 disintegration/sec.
8
a) Here we take A = 8  10 dis./sec
 i) In (A1/ A 01 ) = In (11.794/8) = 0.389
ii) In (A2/ A 02 ) = In(9.1680/8) = 0.1362 12
10
iii) In (A3/ A 03 ) = In(7.4492/8) = –0.072
8
iv) In (A4/ A 04 ) = In(6.2684/8) = –0.244
6
v) In(5.4115/8) = –0.391 4
vi) In(3.0828/8) = –0.954
2 20 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 500
vii) In(1.8899/8) = –1.443
viii) In(1.167/8) = –1.93
2
ix) In(0.7212/8) = –2.406 Time
b) The half life of 110 Ag from this part of the plot is 24.4 s. 4
110
c) Half life of Ag = 24.4 s.
 decay constant  = 0.693/24.4 = 0.0284  t = 50 sec,
–t 8 –0.028450 8
The activity A = A0e = 8  10  e = 1.93  10
d)
6
4
2

O 20 40 60 80
108
e) The half life period of Ag from the graph is 144 s.
44. t1/2 = 24 h
tt 24  6
 t1/2 = 1 2  = 4.8 h.
t1  t 2 24  6
A0 = 6 rci ; A = 3 rci
A 6 rci t
 A = t / t0  3 rci = t / 4.8h  = 2  t = 4.8 h.
2 1/ 2 2 24.8h
45. Q = qe  t / CR ; A = A0e
–t

Energy 1q2  e 2t / cR


Activity 2 CA 0 e t
Since the term is independent of time, so their coefficients can be equated,
2t 2 1 2 
So, = t or,  = or,  or, R = 2 (Proved)
CR CR  CR C
46. R = 100  ; L = 100 mH
After time t, i = i0 (1  e t / Lr )
–t
N = N0 (e )
i i0 (1  e  tR / L )
 i/N is constant i.e. independent of time.
N N0 et
Coefficients of t are equal –R/L = –  R/L = 0.693/t1/2
–3 –4
= t1/2 = 0.693  10 = 6.93  10 sec.
235 23
47. 1 g of ‘I’ contain 0.007 g U So, 235 g contains 6.023  10 atoms.
6.023  1023
So, 0.7 g contains  0.007 atom
235
6.023  10 23  0.007  200  106  1.6  10 19 –8
1 atom given 200 Mev. So, 0.7 g contains J = 5.74 10 J.
235
48. Let n atoms disintegrate per second
6 –19
Total energy emitted/sec = (n  200  10  1.6  10 ) J = Power
6
300 MW = 300  10 Watt = Power
46.7
 The Nucleus
6 6 –19
300  10 = n  200  10  1.6  10
3 3
 n=  1019 =  1019
2  1.6 3.2
23
6  10 atoms are present in 238 grams
3 238  3  1019 –4
 1019 atoms are present in = 3.7  10 g = 3.7 mg.
3.2 6  1023  3.2
8
49. a) Energy radiated per fission = 2  10 ev
8 7 –12
Usable energy = 2  10  25/100 = 5  10 ev = 5  1.6  10
8 8
Total energy needed = 300  10 = 3  10 J/s
3  108 20
No. of fission per second = = 0.375  10
5  1.6  1012
20 24
No. of fission per day = 0.375  10  3600  24 = 3.24  10 fissions.
24
b) From ‘a’ No. of atoms disintegrated per day = 3.24  10
23
We have, 6.023  10 atoms for 235 g
235
for 3.24  1024 atom = 23
 3.24  1024 g = 1264 g/day = 1.264 kg/day.
6.023  10
2 2
50. a) 1 H  1H  13H  11H
Q value = 2M(12 H) = [M(13 H)  M(13 H)]
= [2  2.014102 – (3.016049 + 1.007825)]u = 4.0275 Mev = 4.05 Mev.
2 2
b) 1 H  1H  32H  n
Q value = 2[M(12 H)  M(32 He)  Mn ]
= [2  2.014102 – (3.016049 + 1.008665)]u = 3.26 Mev = 3.25 Mev.
2 3
c) 1 H  1H  24H  n
Q value = [M(12 H)  M(13 He)  M( 24 He)  Mn ]
= (2.014102 + 3.016049) – (4.002603 + 1.008665)]u = 17.58 Mev = 17.57 Mev.
Kq1q2 9  109  (2  1.6  1019 )2
51. PE = = …(1)
r r
–23
1.5 KT = 1.5  1.38  10  T …(2)
–23 9  109  10.24  10 38
Equating (1) and (2) 1.5  1.38  10 T=
2  10 15
9  109  10.24  10 38 9 10
 T= = 22.26087  10 K = 2.23  10 K.
2  10 15  1.5  1.38  10 23
4 4 8
52. H + H  Be
2
M( H)  4.0026 u
8
M( Be)  8.0053 u
2 8
Q value = [2 M( H) – M( Be)] = (2  4.0026 – 8.0053) u
= –0.0001 u = –0.0931 Mev = –93.1 Kev.
23
53. In 18 g of N0 of molecule = 6.023  10
6.023  1026 25
In 100 g of N0 of molecule = = 3.346  10
18
26
 % of Deuterium = 3.346  10  99.985
25
Energy of Deuterium = 30.4486  10 = (4.028204 – 3.016044)  93
5
= 942.32 ev = 1507  10 J = 1507 mJ


46.8