“DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

COMMUNICATION”

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“BLU-RAY DISC”

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY :-
Mrs. Jagmeet Bhatti 1.Rajesh Singh
Panwar (10684)
2.Vakul Gotra
(10711)
3.Vipul Vohra
(10715)
 ACKNOWLEDMENT
I would like to thank everyone who helped me
to complete this report.In particular, I would like
to thank my Communication Skill teacher
Mrs. JAGMEET BHATTI for her moral
support and guidance to complete my report on
time.
I express my gratitude to all my friends and
family members for their support.
Last but not the least I wish to express my
gratitude to God almighty for his abundant
blessings without which this report would not
have been successful.
 ABSTRACT
Optical discs share a major part among the
secondary storage devices. Blu-ray disc is a
next generation optical disc format. The
technology utilizes a blue laser diode operating
at a wavelength of 405nm to read and write
data. Because of the blue laser it can store
enormous amount of data than was ever
possible. Data is stored on a BD in the form of
tiny ridges on the surface of an opaque 1.1mm
thick substrate.This lies beneath a transparent
1mm protective layer. With the help of Blu-ray
recording devices it is possible to record upto
2.5 hrs of veryhigh quality audio and video on a
single BD.Blu-ray also promises some added
security, making ways for copyright protections.
BD can have a unique ID written on them to
have copyright protection inside the
recordedstreams. Blu-ray Disc takes the DVD
technology one step further just by using a laser
with a nice colour.
 Table of Content
INTRODUCTION…………………………………
……………..1-5
1. HISTORY OF BLU-RAY
DISC………………………………..6
1.1
FIRST
GENERATION………………………………….6
1.2
SECOND
GENERATION…………………………….6
1.3
THIRD
GENERATION…………………………………6-7
2.
3. OPTICAL DATA STORAGE FOR DIGITAL
VIDEO
3.1
INTRODUCTION…………………………………
………16
3.2
PARAMETERS FOR HD VIDEO STORAGE
WITH OPTICAL
DISCS………………………………………………
……….16
3.2.1OPTICAL PARA
METER…………………………16-223.2.2DISK
STRUCTURE PARAMETERS……………22-
243.2.3DATA MANAGEMENT
PARAMETERS…….24-26
4.DIFFERENT FORMATS OF
BD………………………………27
5.TWO VERSIONS OF
RECORDING…………………………28
5.1
ONE TIME
RECORDING……………………………..28
5.2
RECORD MANY
TIMES……………………………….28-29
6.BLU-RAY DISC
STRUCTURE………………………………….30-
31
7.BLU-RAY DISC
CHARACTERISTICS………………………..33
7.1
LARGE RECORDING
CAPACITY……………………33
7.2
HIGH
SPEED……………………………………………
…33
7.3
RESISTANCE TO SCRATCHES
7.4
AND
FINGERPRINTS…………………………………..
33
10.HOW DOES BLU-RAY DISC WORK?
……………………………
36-37
11.COMPARISONS………………………………
…………………………
.38
12.BLU-RAY DISC AND HD-
DVD………………………………………
39-40
13.ADVANTAGES
OF
BD………………………………………………….4
1-42
14.THE
BLU-RAY
IMPACT………………………………………........
..43
15.APPLICATIONS………………………………
…………………………
…44
15.1HIGH DEFINITION TELEPHONE
RECORDING………4415.2HIGH DEFINITION
VIDEO DISTRIBUTION……………4515.3HIGH
DEFINITION CAMCORDER
ARCHIVING………4515.4MASS
DATA
STORAGE……………………………………….4
6
15.5DIGITAL ASSET MANAGEMENT AND
PROFESSIONAL
STORAGE…………………………………
…………………………46
16.REQUIREMENTS……………………………
…………………………
……47
17.CHALLENGES…………………………………
………………………
……….47
18.FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS…………………………………
…………….48
19.CONCLUSION…………………………………
………………………
……….49
20.REFERENCES…………………………………
…………………………
………50

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
2.1
HDTV………………………………………………
……….8
2.2
MPEG………………………………………………
………8-9
2.3
GIGABYTE…………………………………………
.9
2.4
LAYER……………………………………………
…………9-10
2.5
SDTV………………………………………………
……….10
2.6
NUMERICAL
APERTURE……………………………10-11
2.7
BLUE
LASER……………………………………………
…11-12
 Introduction
Tokyo Japan, February 19, 2002: Nine leading
companiesannounced that they have jointly
established the basicspecifications for a next
generation large capacity optical discvideo
recording format called "Blu-ray Disc". The Blu-
ray Discenables the recording, rewriting and
play back of up to 27gigabytes (GB) of data on
a single sided single layer 12cmCD/DVD size
disc using a 405nm blue-violet laser.
By employing a short wavelength blue violet
laser, the Blu-rayDisc successfully minimizes its
beam spot size by making thenumerical
aperture (NA) on a field lens that converges the
laser0.85. In addition, by using a disc structure
with a 0.1mm opticaltransmittance protection
layer, the Blu-ray Disc diminishesaberration
caused by disc tilt. This also allows for disc
betterreadout and an increased recording
density. The Blu-ray Disc'stracking pitch is
reduced to 0.32um, almost half of that of
aregular DVD, achieving up to 27 GB high-
density recording on asingle sided disc.
Because the Blu-ray Disc utilizes global
standard "MPEG-2Transport Stream"
compression technology highly compatiblewith
digital broadcasting for video recording, a wide
range ofcontent can be recorded. It is possible
for the Blu-ray disc to record digital high
definition broadcasting while maintaininghigh
quality and other data simultaneously with video
data ifthey are received together. In addition,
the adoption of aunique ID written on a Blu-ray
Disc realizes high qualitycopyright protection
functions.
The Blu-ray Disc is a technology platform that
can store soundand video while maintaining
high quality and also access thestored content
in an easy-to-use way. This will be important
inthe coming broadband era as content
distribution becomesincreasingly diversified.
The nine companies involved in
theannouncement will respectively develop
products that take fulladvantage of Blu-ray
Disc's large capacity and high-speed
datatransfer rate. They are also aiming to
further enhance theappeal of the new format
through developing a larger capacity,such as
over 30GB on a single sided single layer disc
and over50GB on a single sided double layer
disc. Adoption of the Blu-ray Disc in a variety of
applications including PC data storageand high
definition video software is being considered.

Main Features of physical

format:

➢Large recording capacity up

to 27GB:
By adopting a 405nm blue-violet semiconductor
laser, with a0.85NA field lens and a 0.1mm
optical transmittance protectiondisc layer
structure, it can record up to 27GB video data
on asingle sided 12cm phase change disc. It
can record over 2hours of digital high definition
video and more than 13 hours ofstandard TV
broadcasting (VHS/standard definition
picturequality, 3.8Mbps)
➢Easy to use disc cartridge:
An easy to use optical disc cartridge protects
the optical disc's
recording and playback phase from dust and
fingerprints.

➢High-speed data transfer rate

36Mbps:
It is possible for the Blu-ray Disc to record
digital high definitionbroadcasts or high
definition images from a digital videocamera
while maintaining the original picture quality.
Inaddition, by fully utilizing an optical disc's
random accessingfunctions, it is possible to
easily edit video data captured on avideo
camera or play back pre-recorded video on the
disc whilesimultaneously recording
images being broadcast on TV.

➢Recording format:
Like the DVD, the Blu-ray disc uses phase
change recording. Thismust be good news for
those who plan to make the new
formatcompatible with its wildly popular
predecessor. This recordingformat will also
makes a two-sided disc easily realizable
becauseboth writing and reading can be
executed by a single pickup.

➢Multiplexing:
Blu-ray disc utilizes global standards like
MPEG-2 Transport Streamcompression
technology for video and audio multiplexing.
Thismakes it possible for a Blu-ray Disc to
record high definitionbroadcasting and other
data simultaneously with video data if theyare
received together. Data captured on a video
camera whilerecording images being broadcast
on TV can also be editedsimultaneously.
Main Features Of Logical
format:
➢Highly compatible with digital
broadcasting:

MPEG2 transport stream compression

technology for videorecording can record digital
broadcasting including HDTV whilemaintaining
its original picture quality.

➢Best data structure for disc recording

Achieving improvement of searching, easy
editing functionsand play a list playback
functions by adapting logical datastructure
making the best use of random accessing.

➢File system for HDTV real time recording

Adapting the file system which can achieve high
bit rate
recording and playback of HDTV and best use
of disc space

1.History of Blu‐ray Disc

1. First Generation
When the CD was introduced in the early 80s, it
meant an
enormous leap from traditional media. Not only
did it offer a
significant improvement in audio quality, its
primary
application, but its 650 MB storage capacity
also meant a giant
leap in data storage and retrieval. For the first
time, there was
a universal standard for pre‐recorded,
recordable and
rewritable media, offering the best quality and
features
consumers could wish for themselves, at very
low costs.
2. Second Generation
Although the CD was a very useful medium for
the recording
and distribution of audio and some modest
data‐applications,
demand for a new medium offering higher
storage capacities
rose in the 90s. These demands lead to the
evolution of the
DVD specification and a five to ten fold increase
in capacity.
This enabled high quality, standard definition
video distribution. and recording. Furthermore,
the increased capacity accommodated more
demanding data applications. At the same time,
the DVD spec used the same form factor as the
CD, allowing for seamless migration to the next
generation format and offering full backwards
compatibility.
3.Third Generation
Now High Definition video is demanding a new
solution. History proved that a significant five to
ten time increase in storage capacity and the
ability to play previous generation formats are
key elements for a new format to succeed. This
new format has arrived with the advent of Blu‐
ray Disc, the only format that offers a
considerable increase in storage capacity with
its 25 to 50 GB data capacity. This allows for
the next big application of optical media: the
distribution and recording of High Definition
video in the highest possible quality. In fact, no
other proposed format can offer the data
capacity of Blu‐ray Disc, and no other format
will allow for the same high video quality and
Interactive features to create the ultimate user
experience. As with DVD, the Blu-ray Disc
format is based on the same, bare disc physical
form factor, allowing for compatibility with CD
and DVD. The Blu‐ray Disc specification was
officially announced in February 2002. Blu‐ray
Disc recorders were first launched in Japan in
2003.
• 1982 ‐First working CD player developed by
Philips. Philips and Sony developed CD
standard – 12cm disk, 74 minutes on a single
spiral
• 1983 ‐First CD players sold
• 1985 ‐CD‐ROM introduced – not popular at
first. More powerful PCs lead to demand for
multimedia, image processing and larger
applications. Growth in sales brings prices
down.
• 1990’s ‐ CD‐R and CD‐RW introduced – big
success.
• 1996 ‐DVD introduced
• 1999 ‐DVD becomes mainstream
• 2003 ‐BD introduced.

2. Optical Data Storage for

Digital Video

 . Introduction
Optical data storage is commercially successful
in the form of Compact Discs (CDs) for audio
and software distribution and Digital Versatile
Discs (DVDs) for video distribution. CDs and
DVDs look very similar because the
fundamental optical technology for both devices
is the same. This similarity is also true for the
next generation of optical data storage, which
may be used for digital home theater recording
and HDTV distribution. However, CDs, DVDs
and next generation products are different in
terms of specific optical components in the
drive, in how data are managed and in details
of the disk structure used to store the
information. These differences allow a larger
volume of data to be recorded on each
successive generation. Larger data volumes
translate into higher quality video and longer
playing time.

 Parameters for HD Video

Storage with Optical Disks
➢ Optical Parameters
➢ Disk Structure Parameters
➢ Data Management Parameters
Optical parameters include laser wavelength,
objective lens numerical aperture, protective
layer thickness and free working distance. Data
management parameters include data rate,
video format, HDTV play time and bit‐rate
scheme. Disk structure parameters are user
data capacity, minimum channel bit length and
track‐to‐track spacing.
  Optical parameter
Digital information is stored on optical disks in
the form of arrangements of data marks in
spiral tracks. The process for exposing data
marks on a recordable optical disk is shown in
Fig. 1, where an input stream of digital
information is converted with an encoder and
modulator into a drive signal for a laser source.
The laser source emits an intense light beam
that is directed and focused onto the surface by
the objective lens. As the surface moves under
the scanning spot, energy from the intense
scan spot is absorbed,and a small, localized
region heats up. The surface, under the
influence of heat
beyond a critical writing threshold, changes its
reflective properties. Modulation of the intense
light beam is synchronous with the drive signal,
so a circular track of data marks is formed as
the surface rotates.The scan spot is
moved slightly as the surface rotates to allow
another track to be written on new media during
the next revolution. Data marks on prerecorded
disks are fabricated by first making a master
disk with the appropriate data‐mark pattern.
Masters for prerecorded CDs and DVDs are
often exposed in a similar manner to exposing
data marks on recordable optical disks,
except that the light‐sensitive layer is designed
to produce pits in the master that serve as data
marks in the replicas. Inexpensive replicas of
the master are made with Injection‐molding
equipment. Readout of data marks on the disk
is illustrated in Fig.2, where the laser is used at
a constant output power level that does not
heat the data surface beyond its thermal writing
threshold. The laser beam is directed through a
beam splitter into the objective lens, where the
beam is focused onto the surface. As the data
marks to be read pass under the scan spot, the
reflected light is modulated. Modulated light is
collected by illumination optics and directed by
the beam splitter to servo and data optics,
which converge the light onto detectors. The
detectors change light modulation into current
modulation that is amplified and decoded to

Fig 2
produce the output data stream. A fundamental
limitation to the number of data marks per unit
area is due to the size of the focused laser
beam that illuminates the surface. Small laser
spots are required to record and read out
small data marks. More data marks per unit
area translate into higher capacity disks, so
evolution of optical data storage is toward
smaller spot sizes.
Figure 3 shows a detailed picture of the laser
irradiance approaching the surface, where
irradiance is defined as the laser power per unit
area. Ideally, maximum irradiance is located at
the recording material, along with the smallest
spot sizes. As the distance increases away
from the ideal focus, the spot size increases
and the peak irradiance decreases. A defocus
distance δz of only a few micrometers
dramatically reduces peak irradiance and
increases spot size. An approximate formula
used to estimate the ideal spot size at
best focus is s = λ/(sin θ), where θ is the
marginal ray angle of the illumination optics, as
shown in Fig. 1. Spot size s is the full width of
the irradiance distribution at the 1/e2 (13.5%)
irradiance level relative to the peak. The value
of sin q is often called the numerical aperture or
NA of the optical system.
 Fig 3
Instead of focusing directly on the recording
surface, optical disks focus through a protective
layer, as shown in Fig.4 for a simple CD‐ROM.
The protective layer prevents dust and other
contamination from directly obstructing the laser
spot at the data marks. Instead, the out‐offocus
contamination only partially obscures the laser
focus cone, and data can usually be recovered
reliably. If the protective layer is scratched or
damaged, it can be cleaned or buffed.As the
protective layer gets thinner, the error rate
increases to an unacceptable threshold due to
obscuration of the laser beam. This sensitivity
decreases as NA increases, due to the smaller
defocus range associated with these systems.
In addition, the free working distance separates
the objective lens from the spinning disk. This
separation protects the disk against accidental
contact between the objective lens and the
disk. In order to maximize disk capacity, the
optical system uses high NA and short
wavelength. For maximum contamination
protection, the protective layer should be as
thick as possible.
However, the combination of thick protective
layer and high NA is not easily accomplished.
High NA systems are sensitive to changes in
substrate thickness and disk tilt. Manufacturing
variations create thickness no uniformities,
which are usually a small percentage of the
total disk thickness. Motor instabilities induce tilt
as the disk spins. Energy from the central
portion
 Fig 4

of the spot is redistributed to concentric rings,

which degrade the quality of the read out
signal. This Degrades the read out signal. Tilt
causes coma, which is another form of
aberration effect, is called spherical aberration.
Sensitivity of the spot to degradation from
thickness variation and disk tilt is plotted in
Fig. 5 as a function of total protective layer
thickness for two values of NA. In order to limit
these effects, the substrate is made as thin as
possible without sacrificing contamination
protection. The most conservative technology is
the Video CD. Its thick protective layer,
relatively low NA and long laser wavelength
produce a stable system that is not very
sensitive to environmental factors like dust and
scratches. The ideal spot size is about
0.78/0.5= 1.6 micrometers. Although the cover
layer is thick at 1.2 mm, the sensitivity to
thickness.
variations and disk tilt is low because of the low
NA. DVD technology uses a shorter wavelength
laser, higher NA optics and a thinner protective
layer. The combination of short wavelength and
higher NA produce a spot size of about 1.1
micrometers. The protective layer had to be
made thinner, because the sensitivity to
thickness variations and disk tilt is too high
otherwise. DVDs are slightly more sensitive to
dust and scratches than CDs. The net effect is
not great, because higher NA reduces the focal
depth and DVDs have a more robust error
management strategy. The Advanced Optical
Disk and Blu‐Ray systems both use a new blue
laser source that emits 0.405 micrometer light.
The Advanced Optical Disk system uses the
same protective layer thickness as a DVD, and
it uses the same NA objective lens. Due to the
short wavelength, the spot size for the
Advanced Optical Disk is about 0.62
micrometers. Sensitivity to dust and scratches
is about the same as a DVD, as well as the
sensitivity to thickness variations and disk tilt.
The Blu‐Ray system uses both higher NA and
thinner cover layer. The spot size is
0.405/0.85= 0.48 micrometers, which is the
smallest spot size of all the technologies.
However, because of the high NA, the
protective layer had to be made thin to limit
sensitivity to thickness variations and disk tilt.
Therefore, Blu‐Ray disks are sensitive to dust
and scratches. The free working distance is
nearly is same for all technologies except Blu‐
Ray. Blu‐Ray systems utilize more
complicated lens systems due to the high NA,
so working distance had to be
reduced. The integrity of this reduced working
distance is not clear at this time.

 Disk Structure Parameters

The spot size created from the NA and
wavelength parameters is the most important
factor to determine the track‐to‐track spacing
and the minimum channel bit length along the
track. Several channel bits are encoded into
each data mark. The number of channel bits
per data mark depends on the modulation
scheme. The relatively large spot produces
relatively large data marks and correspondingly
wide tracks and large channel‐bit lengths.
Progressively smaller spot sizes enable smaller
track spacing and shorter channel bit lengths.
 Fig 6
To the user, all generations of optical disks look
very similar. They all are round disks that are
approximately 120 mm in diameter, have a
central mounting hole and are approximately
1.2 mm thick. Through many years of
experience with CDs, this format has proven
effective and mechanically reliable. However,
the manner in which data layers are arranged
on the disk depends on the technology used.
For example, the CD uses a simple 1.2 mm
thick substrate, as shown in Fig. 6A. Data
are recorded on only one side of the disk,
through the clear 1.2 mm substrate, which also
serves as the protective layer. DVDs, Warner
HD‐DVDs and Advanced Optical Disks use the
format shown in Fig. 6B, where two 0.6 mm
substrates are bonded together and the data
are recorded on the bond side of each
substrate. DVDs also allow more two layers per
side (A, B in Fig.6B), where the layers are
separated by a thin adhesive spacer. The two
layers are fabricated before bonding at the
same time as the individual 0.6 mm substrates.
Like the CD, data are recorded and read
through the clear substrates. It is likely that
the Warner HDDVD and Advanced Optical Disk
will also take advantage of this multiple‐layer
concept. A potential implementation of the Blu‐
Ray disk is shown in Fig. 6C, where the
protective layers on each side are very thin at
0.1 mm. In this case, data are recorded on the
substrate, which does not serve as the
protective layer. Instead, a protective layer resin
is spun on and hardened or a thin protective
sheet is bonded on each side of the substrate.
Because of the thin protective layer, the Blu‐
Ray disk must also be used with a cartridge.
The only optical disk technology that plans to
use a Cartridge is the Blu‐Ray system. The Blu‐
Ray cartridge is necessary for contamination
Protection,The technology for making disks is
very similar to existing DVD
technology. Higher‐resolution mastering
machines and finer control over the injection
molding process should produce the required
changes without substantially retooling the
industry. The Blu‐Ray system requires the most
changes of the three, including a blue laser,
detector, and advanced objective lens.Blu‐Ray
also requires new disk and cartridge
manufacturing technology, which may be
difficult to implement in a short time frame.

3. Different Formats of Blue‐ray

Disc :----
1. BD‐ROM : A read only format
developed for prerecorded content.

2. BD‐R: A write once format developed for

PC storage.
 3. BD‐RW : A rewritable format developed
for PC storage.

4. BD‐RE : A rewritable format developed

for HDTV Recording

4. Two Versions of Recording

a) One Time Recording
Making permanent changes to a disc. If we use
BD‐R the material on the disc itself is changed
forever. There is no way to get the material
back into its old state. The recording material is
crystalline in nature. As scan spot falls on the
surface it changes to amorphous. We cannot
change it back to crystal state.
b) Record Many Times
If we use a BD‐RW the material on the disc
itself changes, but can be changed back
again .We can do this as long as the material
doesn’t get worn out. By heating up the
crystals, they
change form. Now when we quickly cool them,
they stay in that form itself. That is the material
is changed from crystal state to amorphous
state. Now, if we want to erase the BD‐RW, we
have to make sure that we lose all the data. So
we want to get rid of that amorphous state. By
heating up the material again, but this time
taking more time and less heat, the material
gradually wants to take its old form again, and
thus the information is erased. This state is
called the crystalline state. So, by very quickly
heating it and very quickly cooling it, give
the crystal another state (Amorphous state)
which thus contains the data and by very quite
slowly heating it and cooling it, we can give the
crystals their old form back (crystalline state)
which contains no more data. It’s a constant
change of phases. And so it is called as phase
change recording.

Data is stored in the form of grooves, on an

optical disc. Next to the grooves, there are
lands. Lands are the borders between the
grooves. Grooves and lands have a sinus form.
This is called a wobbled groove. In the groove,
pits are formed to store data.

5. Blu‐ray Disc Structure

The structure of the BD is as shown. The
0.1mm transparent cover layer is made of a
spin‐coated UV resin. It is formed by
sandwiching a transparent layer between a
protective coating and a bonding layer. This
layer offers excellent birefringence.
Beneath, there is a layer of Antis layer acts as a
heat sink, dissipating the excess heat during
the write process. A spacer layer made of ZnS‐
SiO2 comes next. Then, the recording layer
made of Ag, In, Sb, Te, Ge comes. Grooves are
formed on this layer for recording reflective
layer of Ag alloy falls beneath and
finally a plastic substrate comes. The key
features of the technology are introduced as
follows:

 Highly flat and smooth

cover layer:
At the high speed recording rate involved, the
linear velocity of
the disc reaches 20m/s or more and as a result
accurate focus
control becomes difficult. Various experiments
showed that
flatness and smoothness of the transparent
cover layer have a
marked influence on the focus control
capability. This end is
achieved by using the spin coating method for
obtaining the
transparent cover layer. Thus stable record
ability at high
speed recording is secured.

 Phase change film for high

speed recording:
The phase change film should have high re-
crystallization speed to enable direct recording
at the high linear velocities involved. A
recording layer made of Ag, In, Sb, Te, Ge
meets this purpose.

 Super advanced rapid

cooling structure:
The excess heat from the LASER irradiation
causes distortion of the recorded mark edge.
So, to diffuse the remaining excess heat, a
transparent di‐electric film of high thermal
conductivity, for example, AlN is used.
 6. Basic Blu‐ray Disc
Characteristics

I. Large Recording Capacity :-

The Blu‐ray disc enables the recording,

rewriting and playback
of HD video unto 27 GB of data on a single
sided single layer. It
is enough to put 2.5 hours of HDTV recording
on it. It also can
record over 13 hours of standard TV
broadcasting using the
VHS/ standard definition picture quality.

II. High Speed:-

It has a data transfer rate of 36 Mbps. Because

of this high speed transfer rates it can also
record the data in very little time. In a perfect
environment it would take about 2.5 hours to
fill the entire BD with 27 GB of data. More than
enough transfer capacity for real time recording
and playback.
III. Resistant to Scratches and
Fingerprints:-
The protective layer is hard enough to prevent
accidental
abrasions and allows fingerprints to be removed
by wiping the
disc with a tissue.

7. Characteristics of Ideal
Communication

I. Speed: The blue laser technology will allow

DVDrecording devices to record data at a
speed of 36Mbps.Developing companies
such a TDK also stated that they will beable
to increase the recording speed up to 72Mbps
and144Mbps. Developing companies such as
Toshiba and NEChave been working on this
technology and have alreadydeveloped the
blue laser standard.
II. Reliability: Storage mediums used by
blue laser burners will provide high reliable
backup at affordable prices.Media types will
provide a 50 year data life. They will
alsoemploy a new dual shutter cartridge to
minimize contamination and protect valuable
data stored on a disc.

III. Quality: Media storage devices using this

technology will have a quality similar to the
quality of red laser storage devices. Optical discs
have to be usedin a safe way. They should be in
the case they come in or in the device using it.This
is to avoid scratching of the discs which can cause
data on a disc to beunreadable. Laser printers
would me more precise than regular laser
printersthat use red laser, because of the shorter
wavelength that blue laser has.
IV. Ease of Use: DVD recording devices are
very simple to use. Even children can use
them. There are no complexities tothe use of
blue laser recording devices.They are used
just likeany regular red laser DVD recording
device.An easy to useoptical disc cartridge
 protects the optical disc's recording
andplayback phase from dust and
fingerprints.

V. Cost: The price of an optical disc recording

device using blue ray will start off with a high
price tag around $1700. Just like any
computer related devices that are new the
price willdecrease as time passes. It has a
high storage capacity whichis up to 60 GB on
a dual sided DVD.
VI. Safety and Security: Blue laser
light helps indetecting some
chemical and biological
weaponsbecause it causes them to
give off light. So it could beused in
airports and other places that have
securityscreening to detect such a
weapon.
8. How does Blu-ray
disc work?
 History of Technology
The challenge to write more information on disk
ShijuNakamura is credited with inventing the
blue diode laser andblue, green, and white
LEDs.
Nakamura was working at Nichia Chemical
Industries in Japan when he developed the blue
laser in 1995.

 Description of how this

technology works

Blue lasers have a wavelength of 405

nanometers, shorter thanthat of red lasers,
which have a wavelength of around
650nanometers and are used for reading and
writing DVD and CDdiscs. The shorter
wavelength means that the laser canregister
smaller dots on a disc and more data can be
stored. As 11. Comparisons
While current optical disc technologies such as
CD, DVD, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW and
DVD+RW use a red laser to read andwrite data,
the new format uses a blue laser instead, hence
thename Blu-ray. The benefit of using a blue
laser is that it has ashorter wavelength (405
nanometer) than a red laser (650nanometer),
which means that it's possible to focus the
laserbeam with even greater precision. This
allows data to bepacked more tightly on the
disc and makes it possible to fitmore data on
the same size disc. Despite the different type
oflasers used, Blu-ray Disc Recorders will be
made compatiblewith current red-laser
technologies and allow playback of CDsand
DVDs.The following diagram shows
the comparison between different
storage Techn.
9. Advantages
The main advantages of the Blu‐ray
disc are----

➢More storage capacity on a disc

of the same size:-
The data storage capacity on a Blu‐ray disc is
27GB on a single layer and 54GB on dual layer,
which is about five to six times the capacity of a
DVD. It would mean about 2.5 hours of HDTV
video and about 13 hours of SDTV video.

➢ High data transfer rate:-

The basic data transfer rate in Blu‐ray disc is
about 36Mbps which is about three times that of
a DVD and thirty times that of a CD
➢ Available in different versions
like ROM, R and RE:
The BD is available in different versions like the
ROM (write
once), R (read only), RE (rewritable).

➢ Backward compatible :-
The BD drives are designed to be backward
compatible, i.e. CDs and DVDs work equally
well with the BD drives.

➢ Strong content protection

The features of the content
protection system are:-
• Format Developed with Input from Motion
Picture Studios.
• Strong Copy Protection.
• Renewability with Renewal Key Block and
Device Key.
• Enhanced Encryption Algorithm: AES 128 bit.
• Physical Hook against Bit by Bit Encrypted
Content Copy.
• Title‐based Expandable Content Control File.
• Production Process Control Works against
Professional Piracy.
• Public Key Based Authentication in PC
Environment.
➢ Compatible with analog and
digital transmission:-
The BD fares well with analog as well as digital
transmission. It offers the only means to the
recording and reproducing of digital HDTV
video. Format for encoding analog signals also,
called SESF (Self Encoded Stream Format) is
also incorporated into the BD.
➢ Higher disc life :-
In the case of ordinary discs, the disc life is less
fir the rewritable versions, as re‐writing is done
repeatedly to one area of the disc most
probably, the inner perimeter. This limits the
disc life. But, the BDFS(Blu‐ray Disc File
Structure is designed so as to avoid this
problem, by using a system that uses free
disc spaces with equal frequency.
10. The Blu-ray Impact
Blu-ray is expected to challenge DVD's run as
the fastestselling consumer-electronics item in
history. If that happens,the impact would be too
big for the major players to discount.For
example, the number of films sold on DVD
more thandoubled last year to over 37 million.
In addition, almost 2.4million DVD players were
bought in the past year. As Blu-ray is not
compatible with DVD, its success could upset
the applecartof many players. If the new format
turns out to be muchpopular, the demand for
DVD players could come downdrastically. Not
withstanding the challenge to DVD makers,
thenew format is seen as a big step in the quest
for systemsoffering higher data storage. It is
expected to open up newopportunities for
broadcasting industry. Recording of high-
definition television video—an application in
which more than10GB of storage space is filled
up with just one hour of video—will get a major
boost. Conversely, the format could take
advantage of the spread of high-definition
television. As Blu-rayDisc uses MPEG-2
Transport Stream compression
technology,recording for digital broadcasting
would become easier. Itsadoption will grow in
the broadband era as it offers atechnology
platform to manage stored content. But the
realaction will begin when the companies
involved developproducts that take full
advantage of Blu-ray Disc's largecapacity and
high-speed data transfer rate. As that
happens,Blu-ray will move beyond being a
recording tool to a variety of applications.
Adoption of Blu-ray Disc in PC data storage is
already being considered.

11. Applications
➢ High Definition Television Recording

➢ High Definition Video Distribution

➢ High Definition Camcorder Archiving

➢ Mass Data Storage

➢ Digital Asset Management and

Professional Storage
The Blu‐ray Disc format was designed to
offer the best performance and features for
a wide variety of applications. High
Definition video distribution is one of the
key features of Blu‐ray Disc, but the
format’s versatile design and top‐of‐the‐line
specifications mean that it is suitable for a
full range of other purposes as well.

i. High Definition Television

Recording:-
 High Definition broadcasting is vastly
expanding in the US and Asia. Consumers are
increasingly making the switch to HDTV
sets to enjoy the best possible television
experience. The Blu‐ ray Disc format offers
consumers the ability to record their High
Definition television broadcasts in their original
quality for the first time, preserving the pure
picture and audio level as offered by the
broadcaster. As such it will become the next
level in home entertainment, offering an
unsurpassed user experience. And since the
Blu‐ray Disc format incorporates the
strongest copy protection algorithms of any
format or proposal to date, the format allows for
recording of digital broadcasts while meeting
the content protection demands of the
broadcast industry

ii. High Definition Video

Distribution:-
Due to its enormous data capacity of 25 to
50 GB per (single sided) disc, the Blu‐ray
Disc format can store High Definition
video in the highest possible quality.
Because of the huge capacity of the disc,
there is no need to compromise on picture
quality. Depending on the encoding method,
there is room for more than seven hours of
the highest HD quality video. There is even
room for additional content such as special
features and other bonus material to
accompany the High Definition movie.
Furthermore, the Blu‐ray Disc movie format
greatly expands on
traditional DVD capabilities, by incorporating
many new interactive features allowing
content providers to offer an even more
incredible experience to consumers.
An Internet‐connection may even be used to
unlock additional material that is
stored on the disc, as there is enough room on
 the disc to include premium
material as well.

iii. High Definition Camcorder

Archiving

As the market penetration of High Definition TV

sets continues to grow, so does the demand of
consumers to create their own HD recordings.
With the advent of the first HD camcorders,
consumers can now for the first time record
their own home movies in a quality level unlike
any before. As these camcorders are tape‐
 based, consumers cannot benefit from the
convenience and direct access features they
are used to from the DVD players and
recorders. Now, the Blu‐ray Disc format, with its
unprecedented storage capacity, allows for the
HD video recorded with an HD camcorder to be
seamlessly transferred to a Blu‐ray Disc. When
the HD content is stored on a Blu‐ray Disc, it
can be randomly accessed in a way
comparable to DVD. Furthermore, the Blu‐ray
Disc can be edited, enhanced with interactive
menus for an even increased user experience
and the disc can be safely stored for many
years, without the risk of tape wear.

iv. Mass Data Storage

In its day, CD‐R/RW meant a huge increase in
storage capacity compared to traditional
storage media with its 650 MB. Then DVD
surpassed this amount by offering 4.7 to 8.5 GB
of storage, an impressive 5 to 10 times
increase. Now consumers demand an even
bigger storage capacity. The growing number of
broadband connections allowing consumers to
download vast amounts of data, as well as the
ever increasing audio, video and photo
capabilities of personal computers has lead to
yet another level in data storage requirements.
In addition, commercial storage requirements
are growing exponentially due to the
proliferation of e‐mail and the migration to
paperless processes. The Blu‐ray Disc format
again offers 5 to 10 times as much capacity as
traditional DVD resulting in 25 to 50 GB of
data to be stored on a single rewritable or
recordable disc. As Blu‐ray Disc uses the same
form factor as CD and DVD, this allows for Blu‐
ray Disc drives that can still read and write to
CD and DVD media as well.

v. Digital Asset Management and

Professional Storage:-
Due to its high capacity, low cost per GB and
extremely versatile ways of transferring data
from one device to another (because of Blu‐ray
Disc’s extremely wide adoption across the
industry), the format is optimized for Digital
Asset Management and other professional
applications that require vast amounts of
storage space. Think of medical archives that
may contain numerous diagnostic scans in the
highest resolution, or catalogs of audio visual
assets that need to be instantly retrieved in a
random access manner, without the need to
“restore “data from a storage carrier. One Blu‐
ray Disc may replace many backup tapes, CDs,
DVDs or other less common or proprietary
storage media. And contrary to network
solutions, the discs can be physically stored in
a different location for backup and safekeeping.

12. Challenges
  High cost:-
The technology is not that popular and hence,
the price of the BD recorders and players
available in the market is very high.

 HD-DVD :-
The HD‐DVD (High Definition DVD) based on
the Advanced Optical System championed by
Toshiba and NEC is the primary rival to BD in
the market. Though its data storage density is
lower, it has lower manufacturing costs also,
which may prove challenging to the Blu‐ray
disc.

13. Future Developments:-

Efforts are progressing on many fronts to make
the Blu‐ray discs, players and recorders
cheaper. On 15 April 2004 for instance, Sony
and Toppan Printing announced the successful
development of a Bluray Disc that is 51% (by
mass) composed of paper, which could reduce
production costs and improve its environmental
friendliness. The cost would come down as BD
becomes more and more popular. TDK has
been researching the hard coat technology that
will provide protection against fingerprints and
scratches. Colloidal silica dispersed UV‐curable
resin is being used for the researches and
results are encouraging.
Figure shows the cross section of the disc
being developed.
14. Conclusion

In conclusion the Blue-ray Disc is a technology

platform that can store soundand video while
maintaining high quality and also access the stored
content inan easy-to-use way.Blue lasers have a
shorter wavelength, which means thelaser beam can
be focused onto a smaller area of the disc surface. In
turn, thismeans less real estate is needed to store one
bit of data, and so more data can bestored on a
disc.This will be important in the coming broadband
era as contentdistribution becomes increasingly
diversified.Companies involved in thedevelopment
will respectively make products that take full
advantage of Blue-ray Disc's large capacity and
high-speed data transfer rate. They are also aimingto
further enhance the appeal of the new format
through developing a largercapacity, such as over
30GB on a single sided single layer disc and over
50GB on a single sided double layer disc. Adoption
of the Blue-ray Disc in a varietyof applications
including PC data storage and high definition video
software isalso being considered.There is a lot of
talk about blue-laser-based systemsbeing focused
around high-definition television, which has heavy
data needs.But Blue-ray Disc groups are also
considering development of write-once andread-only
formats for use with PCs.
Prototype blue-laser-based optical disc systems have
been around for more thana year. However, one
problem has hampered development of
commercialsystems: cost. A sample blue-laser diode
currently costs around $1000, makingconsumer
products based on the parts unrealistic. However,
Nichia, the majorsource for blue lasers, is expected
to begin commercial production this year andthe
price of a blue-laser diode is expected to tumble
once the company beginsturning them out in
volume.The DVD forum may or may not invite the
blue-ray light into is era but the 27GB disc is not far
off in practically disturbing theDVD wave.
15. REFERENCES
Research Papers:

1)
“Wobble-address format of the blu-ray
disc”.By S.Furumiya, S. Kobayashi, B. Stek, H.
Ishibashi, T. Yamagami, K.Schep: Presented at
ISOM/ODS Hawaii, July 2002 .
2)
“Millipede”- Nanotechnology Entering Data
Storage”, By
P. P. Vettiger, G. Cross, M. Despont, U.
Drechsler, U. Dürig, B Gotsmann, W. Häberle,
M. A. Lantz, H. E. Rothuizen, R. Stutz,and G. K.
Binnig:
3)
“34 GB Multilevel-enabled Rewritable
System using BlueLaser and High NA
Optics”.ByH. Hieslmair, J. Stinebaugh, T.Wong,
M. O’Neill, M. Kuijper, G. Langereis: Published
atISOM/ODS Hawaiï, July 2002.
 16. Bibliography:
http://www.licensing.philips.com/
http://www.almaden.ibm.com/st/di
sciplines/storage/
http://www.bluraydisc.com/
http://www.blu-raytalk.com/

17. Glossary of Terms

 HDTV (High Definition Video):-

This high resolution 16:9 ratio, progressive scan
format can now be recorded to standard mini
DV cassettes. Consumer high definition
cameras are becoming available but this is
currently an expensive, niche market. It is also
possible to capture video using inexpensive
webcams. These normally connect to a
computer via USB. While they are much
cheaper than DV cameras, webcams offer
lower quality and less flexibility for editing
purposes, as they do not capture video in DV
format. Digital video is available on many
portable devices from digital stills cameras to
mobile phones. This is contributing to the
emergence of digital video as a standard
technology used and shared by people on a
daily basis.

 MPEG
MPEG, the Moving Picture Experts Group,
overseen by the International Standards
Organization (ISO), develops standards
for digital video and digital audio compression.
MPEG‐1 with a default resolution of 352x240
was designed specifically for Video‐CD and
CD‐media and is often used in CD‐ROMs.
MPEG‐1 audio layer‐3 (MP3) compression
evolved from early MPEG work. MPEG1 is an
established, medium quality format (similar to
VHS) supported by all players and platforms.
Although not the best quality, it will work well on
older specification machines. MPEG‐2
compression (as used for DVD movies and
digital television set‐top boxes) is an excellent
format for distributing video, as it offers high
quality and smaller file sizes than DV.Due to the
way it compresses video MPEG‐2‐encoded
footage is more problematic to edit than DV
footage. Despite this, MPEG2 is becoming
more common as a capture format. MPEG 2
uses variable bit rates allowing frames to be
encoded with more or less data depending on
their contents. Most editing software now
supports MPEG2 editing. Editing and encoding
MPEG2 requires more processing power than
DVD and should be done on well specified
machines. It is not suitable for internet delivery.
MPEG‐4 is a set of video and audio standards
intended to deliver quality video over limited
bandwidths that also support a range of other
media types such as text, still image and
animation. MPEG‐4 offers high quality, scalable
streaming over a range of bandwidths, including
those provided by mobile networks.

 Gigabyte (GB):-
A gigabyte equals about 1,000 megabytes
(MB). A Blu‐ray Disc capable of recording 50
GB therefore stores about 50,000
Megabytes.
 Layer:-
In Blu‐ray Disc, data is recorded on a single
side of the disc.However, a disc can store two
data layers, both at the same side. The readout
or recording laser of the Blu‐ray Disc device
will first read from or record to one layer, and
then re‐focuses on the second layer. All this is
done automatically without any user
interference. A double layer Blu‐ray Disc can
store upto 50 GB of data.

 SDTV :-
It stands for “Standard Definition Television.”
Generic term used for conventional television
sets, based on the NTSC or PAL standards. SD
television consists of 480 to 570 visible lines.

 Numerical Aperture and

Resolution:-
The numerical aperture of a microscope
objective is a measureof its ability to gather light
and resolve fine specimen detail at afixed
object distance.Image‐forming light waves pass
through the specimen and enter the objective in
an inverted cone as illustrated in Fig1. A
longitudinal slice of this cones of light shows the
angular aperture, a value that is determined by
the focal length of the objective.The angle μ is
one‐half the angular aperture (A) and
is related to the numerical aperture through the
following equation:
Numerical Aperture (NA) = n (sin μ)
Where n is the refractive index of the imaging
medium between the front lens of the objective
and the specimen cover glass, a value that
ranges from 1.00 for air to 1.51 for specialized
immersion oils. Many authors substitute the
variable μ for μ in the numerical aperture
equation. From this equation it is obvious that
when the imaging medium is air (with a
refractive index, n = 1.0), then the numerical
aperture is dependent only upon the angle μ
whose maximum value is 90°. The sin of the
angle μ, therefore, has a maximum value of 1.0
(sin90° = 1), which is the theoretical maximum
numerical aperture of a lens operating with air
as the imaging medium (using “dry” microscope
objectives).
 THE BLUE LASER:-
The laser used with the Blu‐ray disc has a
wavelength of 405nm.Though the red and the
green lasers were discovered much earlier, it
was only in 1996 that the blue laser was
discovered. Actually, the wavelength 405nm
would correspond to the blue‐violet part of the
visible light, in the spectrum. The device utilizes
a GaN diode as its laser source. The operating
current is kept between 60mA and 70mA for
optimum performance. For writing into the disc,
the power of the laser used is about 6mW. For
reading from the disc, much lesser power is
required, only about 0.7mW.The GaN source
can give a power of about 65mW. So, it is an
ideal choice for the laser source to be used
with the Blu‐ray disc. Due to the much lower
wavelength involved, the amorphous mark size
(bit size) is small, leading to higher storage
capacity on disc of the same size, about five to
six times the capacity of a DVD. A blue laser
operates in the blue range of the light
spectrum,ranging from about 405nm to 470nm.