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Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
Introduction
Tokyo Japan, February 19, 2002: Nine leading companies today announced that they
have jointly established the basic specifications for a next generation large c
apacity optical disc video recording format called "Blu-ray Disc". The Blu-ray D
isc enables the recording, rewriting and play back of up to 27 gigabytes (GB) of
data on a single sided single layer 12cm CD/DVD size disc using a 405nm blue-vi
olet laser.
By employing a short wavelength blue violet laser, the Blu-ray Disc successfully
minimizes its beam spot size by making the numerical aperture (NA) on a field l
ens that converges the laser 0.85. In addition, by using a disc structure with a
0.1mm optical transmittance protection layer, the Blu-ray Disc diminishes aberr
ation caused by disc tilt. This also allows for disc better readout and an incre
ased recording density. The Blu-ray Disc's tracking pitch is reduced to 0.32um,
almost half of that of a regular DVD, achieving up to 27 GB high- density record
ing on a single sided disc.
Because the Blu-ray Disc utilizes global standard "MPEG-2 Transport Stream" comp
ression technology highly compatible with digital broadcasting for video recordi
ng, a wide range of content can be recorded. It is possible for the Blu-ray Disc
to record digital high definition broadcasting while maintaining high quality a
nd other data simultaneously with video data if they are received together. In a
ddition, the adoption of a unique ID written on a Blu-ray Disc realizes high qua
lity copyright protection functions.
The Blu-ray Disc is a technology platform that can store sound and video while m
aintaining high quality and also access the stored content in an easy-to- use wa
y. This will be important in the coming broadband era as content
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-1-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
distribution becomes increasingly diversified. The nine companies involved in th
e announcement will respectively develop products that take full advantage of Bl
u-ray Disc's large capacity and high-speed data transfer rate. They are also aim
ing to further enhance the appeal of the new format through developing a larger
capacity, such as over 30GB on a single sided single layer disc and over 50GB on
a single sided double layer disc. Adoption of the Blu-ray Disc in a variety of
applications including PC data storage and high definition video software is bei
ng considered.
Concept of the format establishment :
?To realize the large capacity with 12cm disc
- More than 2-hour high definition video recording
- High capacity of more than 4-hour recording by double layer
technology.
?To cope with digital broadcasting
- High compatibility with digital broadcasting
- To prevent illegitimate duplication of contents
?To enhance the Blu-ray Disc world
- Adoption of the Blu-ray Disc in variety of media and applications
Main Features of physical format:
?Large recording capacity up to 27GB:
By adopting a 405nm blue-violet semiconductor laser, with a 0.85NA field lens an
d a 0.1mm optical transmittance protection disc layer structure, it can record u
p to 27GB video data on a single sided 12cm phase change disc. It
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-2-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
can record over 2 hours of digital high definition video and more than 13 hours
of standard TV broadcasting (VHS/standard definition picture quality, 3.8Mbps)
? Easy to use disc cartridge:
An easy to use optical disc cartridge protects the optical disc's recording
and playback phase from dust and fingerprints
? High-speed data transfer rate 36Mbps:
It is possible for the Blu-ray Disc to record digital high definition broadcasts
or high definition images from a digital video camera while maintaining the ori
ginal picture quality. In addition, by fully utilizing an optical disc's random
accessing functions, it is possible to easily edit video data captured on a vide
o camera or play back pre-recorded video on the disc while simultaneously record
ing images being broadcast on TV.
?Recording format:
Like the DVD, the Blu-ray disc uses phase change recording. This must be good ne
ws for those who plan to make the new format compatible with its wildly popular
predecessor. This recording format will also makes a two-sided disc easily reali
zable because both writing and reading can be executed by a single pickup.
?Multiplexing:
Blu-ray disc utilizes global standards like MPEG-2 Transport Stream compression
technology for video and audio multiplexing. This makes it possible for a Blu-ra
y Disc to record high definition broadcasting and other data simultaneously with
video data if they are received together. Data captured on a video camera while
recording images being broadcast on TV can also be edited simultaneously.
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-3-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
Main Features Of Logical format :
?Highly compatible with digital broadcasting :
MPEG2 transport stream compression technology for video recording can record dig
ital broadcasting including HDTV while maintaining its original picture quality.
?Best data structure for disc recording
Achieving improvement of searching, easy editing functions and play a
list playback functions by adapting logical data structure making the best use o
f
random accessing.
?File system for HDTV real time recording
Adapting the file system which can achieve high bit rate recording and
playback of HDTV and best use of disc space
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-4-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
Main Specifications
Recording capacity:
23.3GB/25GB/27GB
Laser wavelength:
405nm (blue-violet laser)
Lens numerical aperture(NA):
0.85
Data transfer rate:
36Mbps
Disc diameter:
120mm
Disc thickness:
1.2mm
(optical
transmittance
protection layer: 1mm)
Recording format:
Phase change recording
Tracking format:
Groove recording
Tracking pitch:
0.32um
Shortest pit length:
0.160/0.149/0.138um
Recording phase density:
16.8/18.0/19.5Gbit/inch2
Video recording format
MPEG2 video
Audio recording format:
AC3, MPEG1, Layer2, etc.
Video and audio multiplexing format:
MPEG2 transport stream
Cartridge dimension:
Approximately 129 x 131 x 7mm
The Blue Laser
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-5-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
A blue laser operates in the blue range of the light spectrum, ranging from abou
t 405nm to 470nm. Most blue laser diodes use indium gallium nitride as the mater
ial to create the laser light, although the amount of indium included in the mat
erial varies. (Some blue laser diodes use no indium.) Some manufacturers create
blue LEDs (light-emitting diodes), which create light in a manner similar to las
ers with silicon carbide.
Blue laser beams have a smaller spot size and are more precise than red laser be
ams, which lets data on blue laser optical storage discs be stored more densely.
The spot size of a laser beam is one determining factor, along with the materia
ls in the optical disc and the way the laser is applied to the disc, in the size
of the pits the laser makes on an optical disc. Laser beams with larger spot si
zes typically create larger pits than those with smaller pit sizes. Blue lasers
are desirable because blue light has the shortest wavelength among visible light
.
A blue laser operates at a shorter wavelength of about 405nm than a red laser at
about 650nm. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, one- millionth of a
millimeter, and one-thousandth of a micron. One inch is equal to about 25.4 mill
ion nanometers. A human hair is about 50,000nm wide.
Blue Laser Development
Shiju Nakamura is credited with inventing the blue diode laser and blue, green,
and white LEDs. Nakamura was working at Nichia Chemical Industries in Japan when
he developed the blue laser in 1995. It s a technology many large corporations
had
been
trying
to
develop
for
several
years.
Nakamura had worked with LEDs and lasers for several years before tackling blue
lasers in the late 1980s. Because most research at the time focused on using zin
c selenide as the laser material, Nakamura decided to work with
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-6-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
gallium nitride. He spent two years perfecting a technique for growing high- qua
lity gallium nitride crystals, something other researchers had been unable to ac
hieve.
Finally, Nakamura had the materials necessary to create blue LEDs, which he did
in 1993. He followed with green LEDs and a blue laser diode in the next few year
s. He says the biggest commercial use for blue lasers should be DVD players.
Putting Blue Lasers to Work
Blue lasers could appear in a variety of business applications, including
high-density DVDs, laser printers, and lighting situations.
HD DVDs : HD (high-definition) DVDs using blue laser light could lead to five
or six times the storage capacity possible using red laser light on a DVD. Blue
laser light could create HD CDs, too.
Because blue lasers can increase the capacity of optical discs by five-fold or m
ore, they give manufacturers a few options for their digital files. Manufacturer
s could choose to burn additional data onto the disc while keeping the same digi
tal quality, potentially making CDs containing 50 to 75 songs. Manufacturers als
o could choose to use blue laser to increase the quality level of the video or a
udio recording. Keep in mind that nearly all DVDs using the MPEG-2 standard auto
matically contain some compression of the video file, which allows the file to f
it on the disc. With an HD DVD, manufacturers could choose to use no compression
on the video file, which should improve file quality.
Light bulbs : With green and red lasers already available, development of a blue
laser would be the final piece of the laser puzzle among primary colors. By usin
g
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-7-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
all three colors of lasers, a researcher could create a device that would mix th
e laser light and create white light, which, at some point, could replace the co
mmon light bulb. If you combine red, green, and blue laser light, you can produc
e light with greater brilliance and greater efficiency than currently is availab
le with fluorescent lights.
Creating LEDs in this manner can be of particular help in areas where light bulb
s are expensive and difficult to replace. An LED can burn for several times as l
ong as a light bulb for about one-fourth the operating cost because most of the
LED s energy is involved in creating light, rather than creating heat energy. Trad
itional light bulbs create a lot of heat along with the light.
LEDs already are used in many traffic lights, where traditional bulbs usually la
st less than one year, can be tough to see in sunlight, and fail suddenly. LEDs
in a traffic light should last at least five years, remain highly visible in sun
light, and gradually fade in intensity rather than failing suddenly.
Medicine : Scientists already are experimenting with blue lasers in discovering
certain types of cancer. Using an endoscope, researchers have had some success f
inding tumors using a blue laser light inside the patient s stomach and intestinal
tract.
Printing : Laser printers using blue laser light would be smaller and more
precise than today s laser printers, which use red laser light. Because of blue la
ser light s smaller wavelength, the laser mechanism inside a printer that uses blu
e laser light could be smaller, leading to smaller printers. Print resolution us
ing blue lasers would be at least double that of today s top laser printers, too;
some researchers estimate resolution as sharp as 2,400dpi in a blue laser printe
r. Blue laser could play a role in full-color scanners and fax machines, too.
Security : After the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, fears have increased over
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-8-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
additional attacks using biological or chemical weapons. However, blue laser lig
ht causes some chemical and biological agents to give off light, even though tho
se agents are invisible to the naked eye, which might let security screening per
sonnel spot a biological agent during a routine search or as the agent comes thr
ough customs.
Waiting for HD DVD
The unfortunate news is that all of these applications and developments concerni
ng blue lasers remain in the earliest stages. Some of the applications we ve menti
oned here could take until the next decade to become commercially viable. You ar
en t going to be able to buy an HD DVD player for a while for several reasons.
First, blue laser devices like most new types of technology aren t cheap to manufactur
e. It took several years for red and infrared laser devices to become as easily
and inexpensively manufactured as they are today; blue laser devices almost cert
ainly will follow that trend in the next few years.
Second, the reliability and durability of blue lasers, at least when compared to
red and infrared lasers, is a little shaky. The materials used to create lasers
inevitably break down at some point. Although the material in red and infrared
lasers, usually gallium aluminum, can last 10,000 hours or more, material in blu
e lasers, usually indium gallium nitride, typically lasts less than 1,000 hours.
Researchers expect to iron out the problem with materials relatively soon, thou
gh. Cree claimed in February 2002 that it had created a blue laser with a 10,000
-hour lifespan at room temperature. Cree also says its blue laser should be comp
atible with the Blu-ray Disc standard.
Third, the exacting current specifications for creating optical discs will
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-9-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
become even more stringent to account for the smaller pits blue lasers make. Eve
n the tiniest imperfections will be magnified in an optical disc with blue laser
technology. Optical disc manufacturers will need some time to improve manufactu
ring processes.
Finally, consumer demand just isn t there yet. Only a fraction of the population i
s using DVD players or CD burners. Why would someone who s still using a VCR and v
ideotape suddenly begin clamoring for an HD DVD? Such changes in the tastes and
demands of consumers just take time.
Some experts say consumers will be wary of HD DVD, especially those who ve spent h
undreds or thousands of dollars switching their movie collections from videotape
to DVD. Some movie studios might be wary of HD DVD initially, too, waiting for
improved copy protection before adopting the new technology.
Regardless of the reasons, most experts say any form of HD DVD probably is five
to 10 years away from mainstream consumer acceptance. (After all, it might take
consumers that long to restock their DVD-purchasing bank accounts.) You can be s
ure blue laser technology won t sit around waiting for consumer tastes to turn, th
ough. Blue laser has enough potential applications available to keep researchers
busy for the next several years.
The Blu-ray Impact
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-10-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
Blu-ray is expected to challenge DVD's run as the fastest selling consumer-elect
ronics item in history. If that happens, the impact would be too big for the maj
or players to discount. For example, the number of films sold on DVD more than d
oubled last year to over 37 million. In addition, almost 2.4 million DVD players
were bought in the past year. As Blu-ray is not compatible with DVD, its succes
s could upset the applecart of many players. If the new format turns out to be m
uch popular, the demand for DVD players could come down drastically. Not withsta
nding the challenge to DVD makers, the new format is seen as a big step in the q
uest for systems offering higher data storage. It is expected to open up new opp
ortunities for broadcasting industry. Recording of high-definition television vi
deo an application in which more than 10GB of storage space is filled up with just
one hour of video will get a major boost. Conversely, the format could take advan
tage of the spread of high-definition television. As Blu-ray Disc uses MPEG-2 Tr
ansport Stream compression technology, recording for digital broadcasting would
become easier. Its adoption will grow in the broadband era as it offers a techno
logy platform to manage stored content. But the real action will begin when the
companies involved develop products that take full advantage of Blu-ray Disc's l
arge capacity and high-speed data transfer rate. As that happens, Blu-ray will m
ove beyond being a recording tool to a variety of applications. Adoption of Blu-
ray Disc in PC data storage is already being considered.
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-11-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
Characteristics of Ideal Communication
1. Speed: The blue laser technology will allow DVD recording devices to
record data at a speed of 36Mbps. Developing companies such a TDK also stated th
at they will be able to increase the recording speed up to 72Mbps and 144Mbps. D
eveloping companies such as Toshiba and NEC have been working on this technology
and have already developed the blue laser standard.
2. Reliability: Storage mediums used by blue laser burners will provide high
reliable backup at affordable prices. Media types will provide a 50 year data li
fe. They will also employ a new dual shutter cartridge to minimize contamination
and protect valuable data stored on a disc.
3. Quality: Media storage devices using this technology will have a quality
similar to the quality of red laser storage devices. Optical discs have to be us
ed in a safe way. They should be in the case they come in or in the device using
it. This is to avoid scratching of the discs which can cause data on a disc to
be unreadable. Laser printers would me more precise than regular laser printers
that use red laser, because of the shorter wavelength that blue laser has.
4. Ease of Use: DVD recording devices are very simple to use. Even children
can use them. There are no complexities to the use of blue laser recording devic
es. They are used just like any regular red laser DVD recording device. An easy
to use optical disc cartridge protects the optical disc's recording and playback
phase from dust and fingerprints.
5.Cost: The price of an optical disc recording device using blue ray will start
off with a high price tag around $1700. Just like any computer related devices t
hat are new the price will decrease as time passes. It has a high storage capaci
ty which is up to 60 GB on a dual sided DVD.
6.Safety and Security: Blue laser light helps in detecting some chemical and
biological weapons because it causes them to give off light. So it could be used
in airports and other places that have security screening to detect such a weap
on.
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-12-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
Comparison of Storage Technologies
While current optical disc technologies such as CD, DVD, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW an
d DVD+RW use a red laser to read and write data, the new format uses a blue lase
r instead, hence the name Blu-ray. The benefit of using a blue laser is that it
has a shorter wavelength (405 nanometer) than a red laser (650 nanometer), which
means that it's possible to focus the laser beam with even greater precision. T
his allows data to be packed more tightly on the disc and makes it possible to f
it more data on the same size disc. Despite the different type of lasers used, B
lu-ray Disc Recorders will be made compatible with current red-laser technologie
s and allow playback of CDs and DVDs.
The following diagram shows the comparison between different storage
Technologies.
Trends in Storage Technology
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-13-
Seminar Report 03
Blu Ray DVD
The following graph shows the trends in optical storage technology over
the years .
Dept. of CSE
MESCE, Kuttippuram
-14-
BLUERAY DISC
this doc is about technology of future storage capacity....itz cool seminar ....
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 Conclusion
In conclusion the Blue-ray Disc is a technology platform that can store sound an
d video while maintaining high quality and also access the stored content in an
easy-to-use way. Blue lasers have a shorter wavelength, which means the laser be
am can be focused onto a smaller area of the disc surface. In turn, this means l
ess real estate is needed to store one bit of data, and so more data can be stor
ed on a disc. This will be important in the coming broadband era as content dist
ribution becomes increasingly diversified. Companies involved in the development
will respectively make products that take full advantage of Blue-ray Disc's lar
ge capacity and high-speed data transfer rate. They are also aiming to further e
nhance the appeal of the new format through developing a larger capacity, such a
s over 30GB on a single sided single layer disc and over 50GB on a single sided
double layer disc. Adoption of the Blue-ray Disc in a variety of applications in
cluding PC data storage and high definition video software is also being conside
red. There is a lot of talk about blue-laser-based systems being focused around
high-definition television, which has heavy data needs. But Blue-ray Disc groups
are also considering development of write-once and read-only formats for use wi
th PCs.
Prototype blue-laser-based optical disc systems have been around for more than a
year. However, one problem has hampered development of commercial systems: cost
. A sample blue-laser diode currently costs around $1000, making consumer produc
ts based on the parts unrealistic. However, Nichia, the major source for blue la
sers, is expected to begin commercial production this year and the price of a bl
ue-laser diode is expected to tumble once the company begins turning them out in
volume. The DVD forum may or may not invite the blue-ray light into is era but
the 27GB disc is not far off in practically disturbing the DVD wave.