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    General Physics 1: Department of Natural Science University of Cebu - Main Senior High School

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    Jay Gee
    This document provides an overview of a General Physics 1 course, including sections on physical quantities and measurement, the metric and English systems of units, converting between units, dimensional analysis, errors in measurement including systematic and random errors, and minimizing errors through techniques like repeated trials and using quality equipment. The document includes examples, questions, and objectives to help students understand fundamental concepts in physics measurements.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    General Physics 1: Department of Natural Science University of Cebu - Main Senior High School

    Uploaded by

    Jay Gee
    53 views41 pages
    This document provides an overview of a General Physics 1 course, including sections on physical quantities and measurement, the metric and English systems of units, converting between units, dimensional analysis, errors in measurement including systematic and random errors, and minimizing errors through techniques like repeated trials and using quality equipment. The document includes examples, questions, and objectives to help students understand fundamental concepts in physics measurements.

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    Physics

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    This document provides an overview of a General Physics 1 course, including sections on physical quantities and measurement, the metric and English systems of units, converting between units, dimensional analysis, errors in measurement including systematic and random errors, and minimizing errors through techniques like repeated trials and using quality equipment. The document includes examples, questions, and objectives to help students understand fundamental concepts in physics measurements.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views41 pages

    General Physics 1: Department of Natural Science University of Cebu - Main Senior High School

    Uploaded by

    Jay Gee
    This document provides an overview of a General Physics 1 course, including sections on physical quantities and measurement, the metric and English systems of units, converting between units, dimensional analysis, errors in measurement including systematic and random errors, and minimizing errors through techniques like repeated trials and using quality equipment. The document includes examples, questions, and objectives to help students understand fundamental concepts in physics measurements.

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    GENERAL

    PHYSICS 1

    Department of Natural Science


    University of Cebu -Main
    Senior High School
    1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
    AND MEASUREMENTS
    PHYSICS: AS THE
    BASIC SCIENCE
    BELL WORK

    Review:
    How do we make a precise
    measurement?
    Objectives
    01 02
    Errors in Measurement
    System Of Units
    and Estimation
    ● make meaningful ● differentiate between
    measurements using systematic errors and
    significant digits and random errors,

    ● apply the SI system of ● estimate errors from multiple


    units. measurements of a physical
    quantity using variance
    SYSTEM OF UNITS
    Questions
    1.What are the two major systems of measurement?
    2.Which unit would you use to measure cups or pints
    in metric system?
    3.Which is a customary unit used to measure length?
    4.Which is a metric unit used to measure weight?
    5.How are units in the metric system divided?
    6.Which system of measurement would be best to
    use in science class? Why?
    MEASUREMENT

    are expressed in
    number values and
    units.
    Ex. 50 m , 2kg, 1 km
    System of Units
    Metric Sytem English Sytem
    ● Used by the rest of the ● Known as customary
    world. system of
    measurement
    ● base-10 system.
    ● Used in the United
    ● Variation : mks and the States, Burma and
    cgs sytem Liberia.
    ● Also known as the fps
    ● mks : meter, kilogram,
    sytem.
    seconds
    ● fps : foot , pounds ,
    ● cgs: centimeter, gram , seconds.
    seconds.
    SI Units
    Based Units Derived Units
    ● length , mass, time , ● speed, acceleration ,
    electric current, density , work and
    temperature, energy .
    amount of
    substance and
    luminous intensity.
    Based Units

    Physical Quantity Unit Name Symbol


    Length meter m
    Mass kilogram kg
    Time second s
    Electric current ampere A
    Temperature kelvin K
    Amount of substance mole mol
    Luminous intensity candela cd
    Derived Units
    Physical Quantity Unit Name Symbol
    Frequency hertz Hz
    Energy joule J
    Force newton N
    Pressure pascal Pa
    Power watt W
    Electric charge coulomb C
    Electric potential volt V
    Electric resistance ohm Ω
    Capacitance farad F
    Inductance henry H
    Magnetic field tesla T
    A unit prefix or metric
    prefix can be used to
    make a new unit larger
    or smaller in the base
    unit.
    HOW DO WE CONVERT UNITS ?
    EXAMPLE :
    Conversion factor
    - Use to change
    units of quantity
    from one unit to
    another.
    Convert the following units:
    Answer :

    1) 10-6 µm to cm 1)
    2) 2.4 x 10-3 km to mm 2)
    3) 3 days to minutes 3)
    4) 1,200 mg to kg 4)
    Convert the following units:
    Answer :

    1) 106 µm to cm 1) 100 cm
    2) 2.4 x 10-3 km to mm 2) 2.4 x 103 mm
    3) 3 days to minutes 3) 4,320 min.
    4) 1,200 mg to kg 4) 1.2 x 10-3 kg
    DIMENTIONAL ANALYSIS
    Quantity Unit Dimension
    - Is a practical way of mass kg [M]
    checking mathematical time s [T]
    equations by finding length m [L]
    out wether they are area m2 [L2]
    consistent in terms of volume m3 [L3]
    �
    their dimensions. velocity �
    [ ]
    �
    �
    acceleration � �
    [ 2]
    �2 �
    Example of dimensionaly correct quantities
    Quantity Unit Dimension

    1) Area = length x length = L2 mass kg [M]

    2) Volume = L3 time s [T]


    ���� � length m [L]
    3) Density = = �
    ������ � area m2 [L2]
    �������� �/�
    4) Acceleration = = volume m3 [L3]
    ���� �
    velocity � �
    � [ ]
    Acceleration = � � �
    � �
    accele- �
    [ 2]
    ration �2 �
    Example

    Proves that this Answer:


    equations are �
    � = ��
    dimentionally correct: �
    �
    L= (T)
    � �
    � = �� L = L ( correct)
    �
    Example

    Proves that this Answer:


    Answer:
    equations are � �
    � =� =
    dimentionally correct: � �
    �/� �/�
    L/TL/T
    2 =2 =
    � � �
    � = L/TL/T
    2 = 2L/T
    = L/T
    2 ( correct)
    2 ( correct)

    �
    Using dimensional analysis , check which of
    following equation is or are correct.

    1) distance = ��

    1
    2) �������� = ��2
    2
    ACTIVITY
    Go to :
    http://www.thephysicsaviary.com/Physics/Programs/Games/Rea
    dtheTripleBeam/index.html
    Enter your first name, read each mass and record it by
    clicking the number that goes into the red outlined space, then
    click “CHECK”. Your goal is to
    have no more than ONE “Incorrect”.
    QUESTIONS :
    1) Are your readings all correct?
    2) If not, what do you think are the reasons for your incorrect
    measurement?
    3) How can we minimize the error/ uncertainty of our
    measurement?
    Triple beam balance : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5q_bwiAdCc
    ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
    AND ESTIMATION
    Errors in Measurement
    Technical terms for uncertainty in reading of a measurement.

    Systematic Errors Random Errors


    § Produce consistent errors. § Produce different values.
    § It causes the measur e d Ex. 148 lbs, 153 lbs, & 132 lbs.
    value to be consistenly § It occurs randomly and
    higher or lower than affects the measurement in
    accepted value. an unpredictable manner.
    § Cannot be reduced by § Cannot be eliminated but
    repeated trials. can reduced by repeated
    trials.
    mass of the Trials mass
    object: 522g
    520 g
    1

    520 g
    2

    3 520 g
    Bioling point of Trials Temperature

    water:100 ℃
    97.8 ℃
    1

    98.9 ℃
    2

    3 99.0 ℃
    Errors in Measurement
    Systematic Errors Random Errors
    Error that are caused by faulty Occurs randomly and affects
    Instrumental or inaccurate apparatus/intru-
    ment.
    the measurement in an
    unpredictable manner.
    Errors that are caused by bias
    Personal
    reading of the observer

    Errors that are caused by


    external environment, e.g.
    External
    temperature , humidity , wind
    and vibrations.
    Errors in Measurement
    Systematic Errors Random Errors
    Common causes : Common causes:
    • faulty calibration of • Changes in environment
    measuring instruments, (condition) during
    • poorly maintained experiment.
    instruments, • Insufficient data
    • faulty reading of
    instruments by the user.
    (parallax)
    Parallax
    Parallax
    10.6 mL

    Observer
    Observer reads
    reads
    aa 10.4 mL

    scale
    scalefrom
    fromanan
    incon-
    incon- 10.2 mL
    sistent
    sistent
    direction.
    direction.
    Preventing Errors

    Systematic Errors Random Errors


    can be reduced by: can be reduced by:
    • using quality equipment, • Increasing sample size.
    • calibrate the equipments • Taking repeated
    properly . measurements to obtain
    • Understand how the an average value.
    experiment works.
    • Well trained lab staff.
    • Controlled environment.
    Identify what type of errors are in the
    following: ( systematic or random)
    1) A plastic tape measure becomes slightly
    stretched over the years, resulting in
    measurements that are slightly too high.

    2) A spring balance shows some variation in


    measurement due to fluctuations in temperature.

    3) A person consistently takes an incorrect


    measurement.
    QUESTIONS :
    1) If you were the researcher, how would
    you handle this problem if you found out
    about it at the end of the study?
    2) What are some things the researcher
    should have done in the first place to avoid
    this problem?
    VARIANCE ( σ2 )
    Used to estimate
    errors from multiple Standard deviation ( σ )
    measurement of a - How far or close
    physical quantity. the data to the
    mean.
    Formula : ∑ ( � − � )�
    σ= �
    ∑ ( � − � )�
    σ2 =
    �
    In estimating errors of measurement, average deviation
    of the mean is calculated using standard deviation.

    A.D of the ������� ���������


    =
    mean �
    ∑�
    Mean =
    n

    Average ∑�
    deviation =
    n
    Example

    Given:

    ∑x = 98.72
    ∑d = 0.16
    n=8

    Asked :
    Average deviation of
    the mean
    Example
    Formulas: Solution:

    ∑� 98.72
    Mean = = = 12.34
    n 8

    Average ∑� 0.16
    = = = 0.02
    deviation n 8

    ���. ���. 0.02


    A.D of the mean = = = 0.01
    � 8

    Answer : 12.34 ± 0.01 cm (0.007)


    A student performed an experiment to measure the
    speed of the ball as it falls down.
    Trials x

    1 2.54 m/s
    Find the mean ,
    2 2.46 m/s average deviation ,
    3 2.65 m/s
    and average
    deviation of the
    4 2.55 m/s mean.
    5 2.39 m/s
    In Summary
    § Reliable measurement can be both precise and accurate.
    § Sytem of measurement uses : Metric System(SI) and English system
    § Conversion factor is use to change unit from another unit.
    § To check if the unit or equation is correct, dimensional analysis is used
    § There will always be uncertainty in measurement.
    § Errors in measurement has two types;

    • Systematic Error - this affects the accuracy of the measurement , can br


    personal , external and instrumental.

    • Random Error - occurs un unpredictable manner, affects the precision of the


    measurement.
    § To estimate errors in measurement , variance is used.
    THANK YOU
    Prepared by : CHERYL R. SERMON, LPT

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