SIPROTEC 5 Application Note Distancia

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SIPROTEC 5 Application Note

SIP5-APN-016:
Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot protection) on an OHL
feeder
Answers for infrastructure and cities.

SIPROTEC 5 Application
Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot protection) on an OHL feeder
SIPROTEC 5 - Application:
SIP5-APN-016
Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot
protection) on an OHL feeder
Content
1 Application: Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot protection) on an OHL feeder 3

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Overview 3
1.3 Application Data 4
1.4 General Settings 7
1.4.1 Device Settings 8
1.4.2 Power System Settings 9
1.4.3 Recording 11
1.5 Function Group Line 12
1.6 Distance Protection 16
1.6.1 Zone 1 Settings 20
1.6.2 Zone 2,3 and 5 Settings 24
1.7 Tele-Protection POTT (85-21) 28
1.8 Auto re-close 29
1.8.1 Single Pole Trip / Operate 30
1.9 Conclusion 31
SIP5-APN-016 2
1 Application: Distance protection with tele-

protection (pilot protection) on an OHL feeder
1.1 Introduction
This application note provides a graphic road map for a typical application of the distance protection with
tele-protection (pilot protection) on an OHL feeder. Numerous screen shots from DIGSI are used to help the
reader apply the information to his own project.
The general configuration of SIPROTEC 5 is described in the overview separately.
The applicable SIPROTEC5 device Manual should be consulted for detailed information.
This application example covers the details with regard to distance protection only. Related subjects such as
e.g. auto re-close, sync check and breaker fail are covered in separate application descriptions.
1.2 Overview
Every protection engineer has his own preference when calculating settings. Some prefer calculations in
primary, others secondary and some in per unit quantities. The finer details of distance protection setting co-
ordination are also not addressed here as this is typically obtained with special software tools. The zone
reaches are therefore predefined in Table 1 without further calculation.
Single pole tripping will be permitted for faults cleared by the under-reaching zone 1 and the tele-protection.
For the tele-protection the forward over-reaching time delayed Zone 2 will be applied with a POTT scheme.
Bus1
Bus3
LS1 VT1
Line 2
CT1
ISO1
Line 1
VT2 Line3
CT2
LS2
ISO2
Feeder 2
CT3 VT3
LS3
Bus2
VT4
Figure 1:Single line diagram of protected feeder
3 SIP5-APN-016
The distance protection is applied to protect Line1 in Figure 1 above with the zone reaches defined in Table 1
below.
The values given in the table below are typically obtained by protection co-ordination studies using software
tools (e.g. PSS®SINCAL). For this application example the zone reaches as defined below will be used:
Zone number Function Reach Time delay
Zone 1 Fast underreach protection for Line 1 80% Line 1 0.00 sec
Zone 2 Forward time delay backup, overreach 20% less than Z1 1 time step
reach on Line 3
Zone 3 Reverse time delay backup 50% Z Line 1 2 time steps
Zone 5 Non-directional 120% Line 2 3 time steps
Table 1
Although the configuration in Figure 1 shows a breaker-and-a-half application, this has no significant impact
on the general application of distance protection as explained in this example. For this general case it is
assumed that the two CT’s are identical so that they may be replaced by a single CT which is equivalent to the
double busbar application with only one CT. The allocation of the CT’s and VT’s to the various measuring
points as well as the circuit breakers to the relevant function groups is covered in a separate application
description.
1.3 Application Data

The application data below, consisting of the line parameters as well as instrument transformer data are
required. In order to calculate the settings some values with regard to load and short circuit levels are also
needed. The following table lists the data for this application:
SIP5-APN-016 4
Parameter Value
System data Nominal system voltage phase-phase 400 kV
Power system frequency 50 Hz
Maximum positive sequence source impedance 10 + j100
Maximum zero sequence source impedance 25 + j200
Minimum positive sequence source impedance 1 + j10
Minimum zero sequence source impedance 2.5 + j20
Maximum ratio remote infeed / local infeed (IRem/ILoc) 3
Instrument Voltage transformer ratio (LINE) (VT2) 380 kV / 100 V
transformers
Voltage transformer ratio (BUS) (VT1) 400 kV / 110 V
CT1 and CT2: Current transformer ratio 1000 A / 1 A
CT1 and CT2: Current transformer data 5P20 20VA Pi=3VA
CT1 and CT2 secondary connection cable 2.5 mm2 50m
CT ratio / VT ratio for impedance conversion 0.2632
Line 1 - length 80 km
Maximum load current 250% of full load
Line data Minimum operating voltage 85% nominal voltage
Sign convention for power flow Export = negative
Full load apparent power (S) 600 MVA
Line 1 – positive seq. impedance per km Z1 0.025 + j0.21 Ω/km
Line 1 – zero seq. impedance per km Z0 0.13 + j0.81 Ω/km
Line 2 – total positive seq. impedance 3.5 + j39.5 Ω
Line 2 – total zero seq. impedance 6.8 + j148 Ω
Line 3 – total positive seq. impedance 1.5 + j17.5 Ω
Line 3 – total zero seq. impedance 7.5 + j86.5 Ω
Maximum fault resistance, Ph-E 250 Ω
Average tower footing resistance 15 Ω
Earth Wire 60 mm2 steel
Tower data Distance: Conductor to tower (ground) 5m
Distance: Conductor to conductor (phase-phase) 12 m
Circuit breaker 1 Trip operating time 60 ms
and 2
Close operating time 70 ms
Table 2: Power system and line parameters
5 SIP5-APN-016
Based on the source and line impedance, the following minimum fault current levels can be calculated for
faults on Line 1:
U source
I fault = with Usource = 400 kV
3 ⋅ Z tot
If fault resistance is neglected for 3 phase faults:
Ztot = sum of positive sequence source and line impedance (as only current magnitudes are being calculated,
only the magnitude of the impedance is relevant)
Z tot = (10 + 80 ⋅ 0.025) + j (100 + 80 ⋅ 0.21)

Z tot = 12 + j116.8
Z tot = 117.4Ω
The minimum three phase fault current is therefore:
400kV
I 3 phmin =
3 ⋅ 117.4
I 3 phmin = 1967 A
If fault resistance is neglected then for single phase faults:

Ztot = 1/3 (sum of positive, negative and zero sequence source and line impedance)
2 ⋅ [(10 + 80 ⋅ 0.025) + j (100 + 80 ⋅ 0.21)] + (25 + 80 ⋅ 0.13) + j (200 + 80 ⋅ 0.81)

Z tot =
3
Z tot = 19.8 + j166.1
Z tot = 167.3
The minimum single phase fault current without fault resistance is therefore:
400kV
I1 phmin =
3 ⋅ 167.3
I1 phmin = 1380 A
If fault resistance is included then for single phase faults:

Ztot_R = Ztot + RF
Z tot _ R = RF + Z tot
Z tot = 250 + 19.8 + j166.1
Z tot = 316.8
The minimum single phase fault current with high resistance is therefore:
SIP5-APN-016 6
400kV
I1 phmin_ R =
3 ⋅ 316.8
I1 phmin_ R = 729 A
1.4 General Settings

The creation of a project, adding devices to the project and selection of templates is described in a separate
application note. For the explanations in this application note the Function Groups Line1 and Circuit breaker 1
are used.
Figure 2: Typical scope of function included in template

In this application note only the following will be covered in detail:
21 Distance prot. 1 Distance protection

85-21 Perm.overr. Tele-protection with POTT
Before the settings for the individual functions are applied the general settings such as Device Settings and
Power System data must be applied.
7 SIP5-APN-016
1.4.1 Device Settings

The device settings are the first item under settings and include some parameters that are relevant to the
distance protection application:
Figure 3: Device Settings

In the Edit mode the selection “Primary”, “Secondary” or “Percent” is made. In order to maintain default
settings that are in relation to the rated secondary current/voltage, it is recommended to select “Secondary”
before CT and VT parameters are changed. This prevents overwriting all current/voltage threshold settings
when the CT/VT ratios are set. When the CT/VT data has been entered the Edit mode can be set according to
the individual preference (it may also be changed at any time during application of the settings).
The minimum operating time has a default setting of 0 s. This does not have to be changed. Only in
applications where the “operate” of a protection function is intentionally not associated with a configured
Circuit Breaker can this time be changed to obtain a defined minimum operate time. The minimum tripping
time for the trip command to the circuit breaker is set in the FG Circuit breaker.
SIP5-APN-016 8
For the distance protection the residual compensation factors “Kr and Kx” must be set for the ground loop
measurement. The default setting format “Kr, Kx” is used in this application note. Alternatively the complex
“K0” factor may also be used.
The setting of “Block monitoring dir.” should remain “off”. It can be changed to “on” during testing and
commissioning to avoid a flood of test related signals arriving in the control centre. This blocking can also be
activated via binary input.
1.4.2 Power System Settings
Figure 4: Initial Settings in the setting tree

The CT and VT parameters are part of the settings under Power system. These must be set according to the
given data. Please note that the device may have several current and voltage measuring points. Be sure to
select the correct one for the application of the following settings.
Meas. point CT Settings
he setting mask for the CT parameters (e.g. Meas. Point I-3ph 1) is as follows (refer to the comment above
regarding “Edit mode” – it is recommended to be in “secondary” when changing CT ratio parameters):
Figure 5: CT setting entry

Tracking is set to active if the signals measured at this measuring point may be used to determine the power
system frequency. The power system frequency determined in this manner is used to establish the re-
9 SIP5-APN-016
sampling frequency so that a fixed number of samples per cycle are available. Although the distance
protection does not use re-sampling the tracking is set to “active” for the line current measurement because
other functions in the device may use frequency tracking.
The rated primary and secondary current are set according to the application data given in Table 2.
The Current range setting for distance protection is fixed at 100 x IR.
The CT polarity is selected by correct application of the star point. This is done with the selection of the CT
neutral point direction which may be towards the protected object (line) or not. The correct setting must be
checked during commissioning or with “on-load” direction check.
The setting “Inverted phases” is only relevant when a there is the possibility of reversed phase rotation. For
example the phase sequence in the generator bay of a pumped storage plant has a phase sequence change
when it switches from pumping to generating. In this application the phase sequence is fixed so that this
parameter is set to “none”
The other settings such as e.g. CT error are not applicable to this application. For Line Differential protection
these have significance.
The settings for the 2nd CT, Meas.point I-3ph 2, are exactly the same as the CT’s are identical.
Meas. Pont VT Settings
For the VT the mask for applying the settings is as follows:
Figure 6: Line VT setting entry

For the line side VT the settings are entered as shown in Figure 9. Here the primary rated voltage is 380kV.
The sync check VT has a different primary rated voltage in this example so that it will have a different setting.
SIP5-APN-016 10
1.4.3 Recording
The fault recording in SIPROTEC 5 is in the first place provided by the fault log. In the Information Routing the
selection for the fault log can be applied. The oscillographic recording (records) also contain bimary traces
that are selectable in the Information Routing matrix. The following settings cn be applied for the Fault
recorder:
Figure 7: Settings for Fault Recording

Setting the Fault recording with AR cycle (with pickup & AR cyc.) ensures that both the Fault Log and Recorder
covers the fault from pre-fault through to the close command following the AR-cycle under a single entry
number.
The SIPROTEC 5 devices can store long records in the internal memory so that in general all events (even
those that do not result in a trip output) are stored. If the risk exists that, due to high fault incidence or long
intervals before extracting the records from the device, records that resulted in trip and reclose are
overwritten by other events, the storage mode can be changed to “with trip” instead of “always”. Alternatively
the sampling rate can be reduced to less than 8kHz for longer fault recordings – refer to manual for details on
the storage capacity.
11 SIP5-APN-016
1.5 Function Group Line

In the function group line the individual function are grouped. Here there are also some general settings that
are located under the heading General and Process monitor:
General
Figure 8: General Settings for FG Line

The Rated current and voltage should be set to the nominal value of the line. In most cases these parameters
are set the same as the primary rating of the CT and VT. The rated power is automatically derived from these
two settings. All FG Line settings and indications in percent are related to these settings. Protection settings
are not affected unless they are applied in percent.
The further settings in this window should be set according to the line data. The line capacitance (C1 and C0)
are only required if 2-ended fault location or charge compensation are applied together with line differential
protection. The X per length unit is also required by the fault location and should be set according to the line
data in Table 2.
The Line angle setting is calculated from the positive sequence line impedance data. In this example:
Z1 = 0.025 + j0.21
⎛X ⎞
Line _ angle = arctan⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟
⎝ RL ⎠
Line angle = 83.21ْ
SIP5-APN-016 12
Although the residual compensation factors can be set for each zone separately, the setting based on the line
data should be set here.
R E 1 ⎛ R0 ⎞ XE 1 ⎛ X0 ⎞
= ⋅ ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ = ⋅ ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟
RL 3 ⎝ R1 ⎠ X L 3 ⎝ X1 ⎠
RE 1 ⎛ 0.13 ⎞ X E 1 ⎛ 0.81 ⎞
= ⋅⎜ − 1⎟ = ⋅⎜ − 1⎟
RL 3 ⎝ 0.025 ⎠ X L 3 ⎝ 0.21 ⎠
RE XE
= 1.4 = 0.95
1116
RL XL
Apply setting RE/RL equal to 1.40, and XE/XL equal to 0.95
If the fault current (with transients) can cause CT saturation, the setting for CT saturation detection should be
set to yes. This ensures that appropriate stabilization measures are applied to prevent mal-operation due to
CT saturation during faults. When this setting is “yes” the CT saturation threshold must be set. This current
level can be calculated with the given CT data:
n'
CT _ Saturation _ Threshold = ⋅ I nom
5
PN + Pi
with: n' = n ⋅ = actual _ overcurrent _ factor
P'+ Pi
P’ = the actual burden connected to the CT secondary
P’ = relay burden + CT secondary connection cable burden
In this example only the 7SA87 relay is connected to the CT, so that the relay burden is 0.05 VA per phase.
Due to the Holmgreen connection, the maximum burden for earth currents is therefore twice 0.05VA =0.1VA.
The CT secondary cable connection burden is calculated as follows:
2 ⋅ l cable ⋅ ρ CU
Rcable =
a cable
lcable = 50 m
ρcu = 0,0179 Ωmm2/m
acable = 2,5 mm2
13 SIP5-APN-016
therefore:
2 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 0.0179
Rcable =
2 .5
Rcable = 0.72
at 1 A nominal secondary current, this relates to:
2
P ' = Rcable ⋅ InomCT + Prelay
P ' = 0.72 ⋅ 12 + 0.1
P ' = 0.82VA
From Table 2, the CT data is 5P20 20VA, therefore:
20 + 3
n' = 20 ⋅
0.82 + 3
n' = 120
with this value, the setting can then be calculated:

120
CT _ Saturation _ Threshold = ⋅ 1A
5
CT _ Saturation _ Threshold = 24 A
The applied setting in this case is therefore 24.0A
SIP5-APN-016 14
Process monitor
Figure 9: Process monitor Settings for FG Line

The Closure detection settings relate to the “Switch On To Fault” function. For most applications the default
settings can be applied.
The 1-pole open detection is important when single pole tripping is possible. During the single pole dead time
some protection functions are blocked (stabilized). The default setting “with measurement” is recommended.
In this context the settings for the Voltage Criterion arise. To illustrate this the following diagram from the
manual is shown below:
15 SIP5-APN-016
Figure 10: General Settings for FG Liner

The voltage criterion should only be used for line/pole open detection if the voltage transformers are located
on the line side of the circuit breakers – as is the case in this example.
1.6 Distance Protection

The distance protection settings start off with a general setting block:
Figure 11: Distance Protection General Settings

The “Zone timer start” is set to “on dist. pickup” so that the timers are all triggered at the same time when the
distance protection picks-up in any zone. This ensures tripping with the correct (shortest allowed) time delay
during remote faults with fault resistance. See example below:
SIP5-APN-016 16
X Z2 Z4
I2
R I1 R
nceda
mpe
Z1
line i
weak I1 I2
strong
source
relay Fault source
resistance
Figure 12: Example, sequential tripping with back-up stage during remote faults
Although the fault is in the Zone 2 range (according to reach co-ordination) it is initially not seen in zone 2
due to the fault resistance and strong remote infeed. The remote end with strong infeed will trip according to
its setting (reach and time delay). When the remote infeed is open the current (I2) resets so that the fault
impedance is seen in Zone 2. With the applied setting, the zone 2 timer was already started on distance
pickup, and zone 2 will trip in the desired time although the fault was initially outside zone 2.
The Line Angle setting must be calculated from the positive sequence line parameters:
Z1 = 0.025 + j0.21
⎛X ⎞
Line _ angle = arctan⎜⎜ L ⎟⎟
⎝ RL ⎠
Line angle = 83.2°
The remaining settings in Figure 10 can remain on the default values. For details refer to the manual or online
help function.
The distance protection has a Z< pickup characteristic:
Figure 13: Distance Protection Pickup Settings
17 SIP5-APN-016
For the distance protection a minimum current is required for operation. It is typically left unchanged on the
default value corresponding to 10% of secondary nominal current. As this setting is not relevant for the reach
grading and is generally much smaller than typical load current it is not based on a fault current calculation. If
however weak in-feed conditions exist which may result in internal faults having fault current flow below this
threshold, a special “Weak In-Feed” protection may have to be applied.
The load cut-out is typically only required on long lines where the set zone reaches may include load
impedances. If this is the case the load cut-out should be activated – not the case in this example.
X
Z poly
Maximum Zphi
Load Load
area area R
Minimum Zload
Figure 14: Load Cut-out area

In this application 4 Zones are applied, Zone 1, 2, 3 and 5. The Zone 2 is a forward overreach zone and will
also be used by the tele-protection POTT scheme.
Zone number X reach Reach Time delay
Zone 1 80% XLine 80% Line 1 0.00 sec
Zone 2 20% less than Z1 reach on Line 3 20% less than Z1 1 time step
reach on Line 3
Zone 3 50% Z Line 1 50% Z Line 1 2 time steps
Zone 5 120% Line 2 120% Line 2 3 time steps
Table 3
The applied template is pre-configured with the following distance protection zones:
Z1, Z1B, Z3 and Z4. These can be renamed, deleted or supplemented with additional inserted stages. In this
case the zones will be renamed by entering the desired name in the “Details” window as shown below:
SIP5-APN-016 18
Figure 15: Rename Z1B to Z2

The distance protection zones are treated as stages of the distance protection function. All stages (zones)
have the same setting options.
19 SIP5-APN-016
1.6.1 Zone 1 Settings
Figure 16: Settings for Zone 1

The Zone 1 (Z1) is set as non delayed selective zone in forward direction with a reach of 80% of the line
length. It will trip single pole for ph-gnd faults and three pole for ph-ph faults. As under-reaching zone it will
not use Zone specific residual compensation factors because the parameters set for the line can be applied.
The reactance reach is calculated based on the grading margin of Z1 (80%):
X ( Z1) = 0.8 ⋅ X Line1

X ( Z1) = 0.8 ⋅ 80 ⋅ 0.0.21
X ( Z1) = 13.44Ω( prim)
This is converted to a secondary value by multiplying with the conversion factor in Table 2:
X ( Z1) = 13.44 ⋅ 0.2632

X ( Z1) = 3.537Ω(sec)
The setting for Z1 X reach is therefore 3.537 Ohm secondary.
A separate resistance reach setting is available for ph-ph measured loops and ph-g measured loops. With the
“Distance characteristic angle” under General above the angle of inclination of the distance characteristic is
set equal to the line angle. The resistance settings of the individual zones therefore only have to cover the
fault resistance at the fault location (faults on the protected line). For the Z1 setting only arc faults will be
SIP5-APN-016 20
considered. For this purpose the arc resistance will be calculated with the following equation.
U arc
Rarc =
IF
The arc voltage (Uarc) will be calculated using the following rule of thumb which provides a very conservative
estimate (estimated Rarc is larger than actual value):
U arc = 2500V ⋅ l arc whereby larc is the length of the arc.
The length of the arc is greater than the spacing between the conductors (ph-ph) because the arc is blown
into a curve due to thermal and magnetic forces. For estimation purposes it is assumed that larc is 1.5 times
the conductor spacing. To obtain the largest value of Rarc , which is required for the setting, the smallest value
of fault current must be used (calculated earlier):
For the earth fault, not only the arc voltage must be considered, but also the tower footing resistance. From
the graph in Figure 20 it is apparent that although the individual tower footing resistance is 15 Ω (Table 2)
the resultant value due to the parallel connection of multiple tower footing resistances is less than 1.5 Ω.
Figure 17: Combination of arc voltage and tower footing resistance

From Figure 17: Combination of arc voltage and tower footing resistance it can be seen that the remote in-
feed (I2) will introduce an additional voltage drop across the “effective tower footing resistance” which will be
measured in the fault loop by the relay (this effect is also shown in Figure 15). To make allowance for this the
maximum value (not weak in-feed conditions) of the ratio of I2/I1 is required. This is provided for this
application in Table 2 with the value 3. The maximum tower footing resistance that is measured by the relay
(with consideration of remote in-feed) in the fault loop is therefore:
⎛ I2⎞
RTF = ⎜1 + ⎟ ⋅ effective _ tower _ footing _ R
⎝ I1 ⎠
RTF = (1 + 3) ⋅ 1.5
RTF = 6Ω( prim)
21 SIP5-APN-016
Figure 18: Effective tower footing resistance

The arc voltage for the earth faults is calculated as follows using the conductor to tower/ground spacing given
inTable 2:
SIP5-APN-016 22
U arc = 2500V ⋅ l arc

U arc = 2500V ⋅ 1.5 ⋅ 5m
U arc = 18.75kV
To obtain the largest value of Rarc , which is required for the setting, the smallest value of fault current must
be used (calculated earlier):
18.75kV
Rarc =
1380 A
Rarc = 13.6Ω
The total resistance that must be covered during earth faults is the sum of Rarc and RTF . A safety factor of 20%
is included and the result is converted to secondary values (division by factor (1 + RE/RL) because Rarc and RTF
appear in the loop measurement while the setting is done as phase impedance or positive sequence
impedance). :
1.2 * (13.6 + 6) * 0.2632

RE ( Z1) =
(1 + 1.4)
RE ( Z1) = 2.58Ω(sec)
The setting for Z1 R(ph-g) is therefore 2.58 Ohm secondary.
The phase to phase fault resistance reach is calculated along the same lines as the setting for ph-ph resistance.
Initially calculate the ph-ph arc resistance
2500V ⋅ 1.5 ⋅ 12m

Rarc =
1967 A
Rarc = 23Ω
By addition of a 20% safety margin and conversion to secondary impedance (factor from Table2) the
following minimum setting is calculated (division by 2 because Rarc appears in the loop measurement while
the setting is done as phase impedance or positive sequence impedance):
1.2 * 23 * 0.2632
R ( Z1) =
2
R ( Z1) = 3.63Ω(sec)
The setting for Z1 R(ph-ph) is therefore 3.63 Ohm secondary.
23 SIP5-APN-016
1.6.2 Zone 2,3 and 5 Settings

The settings for zones 2 to 5 are done in a similar manner. The zone reach as defined in Table 1 is used with
the line data from Table 2 to calculate the various zone reaches:
X reach Calculation
Definition Calculation Result
Ohm (sec)
Z1 0.8 x Xline1 0.8 x 80 x 0,21 x 0,2632 3,537
Z2 0.8 x (Xline1 + 0.8 x Xline3) 0.8 x( 80 x 0,21 + 0.8 x 4.606) x 0.2632 6,485
Z3 0.5 x XLine1 0.5 x 80 x 0,21 x 0,2632 2,211
Z5 1.2 x (XLine1 + XLine2) 0.8 x 80 x 0,21 x 0,2632 17,78
The resistance reaches are simply increased proportional to the resistance reaches calculated for Zone Z1:
R reach Calculation (ph-G)

Ohm
(sec)
Z1 Calculated from arc voltage + Rtf see above 2,580
Z2 ( X2 / X1 ) x R1G ( 6.485 / 3,537 ) x 2,58 4,730
Z3 ( X3 / X1 ) x R1G ( 2.211 / 3,537 ) x 2,58 1,613
Z5 ( X5 / X1 ) x R1G ( 17.78 / 3,537 ) x 2,58 12,97
R reach Calculation (ph-ph)

Ohm
(sec)
Z1 Calculated from arc voltage see above 3,63
Z2 ( X2 / X1 ) x R1 ( 6.485 / 3,537 ) x 3.63 4,854
Z3 ( X3 / X1 ) x R1 ( 2.211 / 3,537 ) x 3.63 1,655
Z5 ( X5 / X1 ) x R1 ( 17.78 / 3,537 ) x 3.63 13,31
For the Z2 zone specific residual compensation factors will be used. If the parameter is selected for this
purpose, the required settings are accessible:
SIP5-APN-016 24
Figure 19: Z2 settings with Zone specific residual compensation

The residual compensation for Z2 is calculated with the positive and zero sequence impedance of line 1 plus
line 3 up to the Z2 reach. The following calculations are done with primary impedances:
Positive sequence reactance of Z2 reach (Line 1 + 80% Line3):
X 21 = 0.8 ⋅ ( X Line1 + 0.8 ⋅ X Line 3 )

X 21 = 0.8 ⋅ (80 ⋅ 0.21 + 0.8 ⋅ 17.5)
X 21 = 24.64
The corresponding positive sequence resistance:
( X 21 − X Line1 )
R 21 = RLine1 + ⋅ RLine 3
X Line 3
24.64 − 80 ⋅ 0.21
R 21 = 80 ⋅ 0.025 + ⋅ 1 .5
17.5
R 21 = 2.672
The corresponding zero sequence reactance and resistance:
25 SIP5-APN-016
( X 2 − X Line1 ) ( X 2 − X Line1 )
X 2 0 = X 0 Line1 + ⋅ X 0 Line 3 R 2 0 = R 0 Line1 + ⋅ R0 Line 3
X Line 3 X Line 3
24.64 − 80 ⋅ 0.21 24.64 − 80 ⋅ 0.21
X 2 0 = 80 ⋅ 0.81 + ⋅ 86.5 R 2 0 = 80 ⋅ 0.13 + ⋅ 7.5
17.5 17.5
X 2 0 = 103.4 R 2 0 = 13.76
This is shown below in graphic form:
Figure 20: Graphic illustration of positive and zero sequence impedance for Z2
The Kr and Kx factors for Z2 can then be directly calculated using the above results:
1 ⎛ R0 ⎞ 1 ⎛ X0 ⎞
Kr = ⋅ ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ Kx = ⋅ ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟
3 ⎝ R1 ⎠ 3 ⎝ X1 ⎠
1 ⎛ 13.76 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 103.4 ⎞
= ⋅⎜ − 1⎟ = ⋅⎜ − 1⎟
3 ⎝ 2.672 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 24.64 ⎠
= 1.38 = 1.07
Graphic output of the set zones:
SIP5-APN-016 26
Figure 21: Graphic illustration of the set zone reaches

It is recommended to check the zone graphic shown in Figure 21 to make sure there are no severe setting
errors
27 SIP5-APN-016
1.7 Tele-Protection POTT (85-21)

With SIPROTEC 5 the 85-21 does not require a dedicated zone it can use any of the applied distance
protection zones. For POTT an over-reaching forward zone is required. In this application Z2 will be used as
shown in Figure 24:
Figure 22: Setting window for 85-21

A send prolongation is used to ensure that the send signal is maintained long enough following a trip to allow
the remote end to securely pick-up and trip with the received signal in case of weak in-feed at remote end.
As the application is not on a parallel line the transient blocking does not need special consideration. The
default settings can be left unchanged.
The 85-21 is a selective protection, clearing internal faults without delay. It should therefore be set to trip
single pole is single pole auto re-closure is possible.
The 85-21 is generally set without any intentional operate delay. Only special back-up constellations require a
time delay setting here.
If the 85-67N scheme is sharing the same communication channel with 85-21, the transient block condition
from 85-67N should be applied to prevent maloperation of the 85-21 when there is a ground fault on a
parallel line followed by current reversal. As there is no parallel line in this application this selection is not
made.
SIP5-APN-016 28
1.8 Auto re-close

The auto re-close function on the breaker-and-a-half configuration requires special attention. In this
application fixed leader/follower logic is implemented. The bus circuit breaker (CB1) is Leader while the Tie
circuit breaker (CB2) is Follower. The following table defines the required AR response:
Pre fault state Description AR response
CB1 CB2 CB1 CB2
Closed Closed Normal Operation with Close with set dead Run normal dead time
both CB closed prior to time as leader and then wait for release by
fault then release leader before AR close
Follower
Closed Open Tie breaker (follower) is Close with set dead AR detects CB open and
open prior to fault time as leader and does not start = no AR
then release close
Follower
Open Closed Bus breaker (leader) is AR detects CB open Close with set dead time
open prior to fault and does not start = as leader does not block
no AR close the follower
Closed Closed Normal Operation with Close with set dead Run normal dead time
both CB closed prior to time - Trip – then wait – no release
fault – AR not successful – definite trip no by Leader – then new
permanent fault further AR trip indication – no AR
and definite trip
Table 4
A simple logic will be applied in the Function charts to achieve the above response:
Figure 23: CFC Logic to delay Follwer Re-Close command

The above logic is implemented in the Function Charts. The Flip-Flop is set when the Auto re-close function in
the Leader = Circuit Breaker 1 (Bus Circuit breaker – CB1) is in progress. As the initiation of the AR function in
both circuit breakers is at the same time from the same source (the protection functions in FG Line), the AR in
progress of CB1 is a clear indication that CB1 is in service and taking the role as leader. Is CB1 is open for
maintenance or the AR function is selected Off, the AR in progress will not assert.
When the Flip-flop is set, the output sets (via the Build SPS block) the signal Delay Close Command in CB2 the
Follower. The AR function in CB2 will go through all the normal states until the AR Close command is due. If
the signal Delay Close Command is active the AR close will not be issued until this signal resets. If the
maximum dead time extension (Setting Parameter) has expired before the release is given the AR will be
terminated with a definite trip.
29 SIP5-APN-016
The Leader will reset the Flip-Flop when the leader Cycle is successful. This is indicated with the Remote Close
Command from CB1 which is issued when there is no further protection operation within a set time after the
re-close of CB1.
Figure 24: AR Function General Settings

The General settings for the AR function in both circuit breakers can be the same. The Leader must have a set
time for “Send delay for remote close” as this determines how long after the Leader close command the
follower is released.
In the Follower the “Max. dead time extension” must be set longer than the release delay from the leader as
set above.
1.8.1 Single Pole Trip / Operate

As the two circuit breakers execute their AR cycles independently, they can be individually set to trip and AR:
1-pol, 3-pol or 1- and 3-pol.
SIP5-APN-016 30
1.9 Conclusion
The breaker-and-a-half application with SIPROTEC5 can be achieved with flexible combination of the available
functions. A logical grouping of protection and control functions is possible to cover the special requirements
of all users.
31 SIP5-APN-016
Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden.
Published by and copyright © 2013:
Siemens AG
Infrastructure & Cities Sector
Smart Grid Division
Humboldtstr. 59
90459 Nuremberg, Germany
Siemens AG
Infrastructure & Cities Sector
Smart Grid Division
Energy Automation
Humboldtstr. 59
90459 Nuremberg, Germany
www.siemens.com/protection
Printed on elementary chlorine-free bleached paper.
All rights reserved.
If not stated otherwise on the individual pages of this catalog, we reserve

the right to include modifications, especially regarding the stated values,
dimensions and weights. Drawings are not binding.
All product designations used are trademarks or product names of Siemens

AG or other suppliers.
If not stated otherwise, all dimensions in this catalog are given in mm.
Subject to change without prior notice.

The information in this document contains general descriptions of the
technical options available, which may not apply in all cases. The required
technical options should therefore be specified in the contract.
For more information, please contact Application note: SIP5-APN-016

our Customer Support Center.
Tel.: +49 180 524 8437
Fax: +49 180 524 24 71
(Charges depending on provider)
E-mail: support.ic@siemens.com
SIP5-APN-016 32

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SIPROTEC 5 Application Note

Answers for infrastructure and cities.

1 Application: Distance protection with tele-protection (pilot protection) on an OHL feeder 3

1 Application: Distance protection with tele-

Figure 1:Single line diagram of protected feeder

1.3 Application Data

Z tot = (10 + 80 ⋅ 0.025) + j (100 + 80 ⋅ 0.21)

If fault resistance is neglected then for single phase faults:

2 ⋅ [(10 + 80 ⋅ 0.025) + j (100 + 80 ⋅ 0.21)] + (25 + 80 ⋅ 0.13) + j (200 + 80 ⋅ 0.81)

If fault resistance is included then for single phase faults:

1.4 General Settings

Figure 2: Typical scope of function included in template

 21 Distance prot. 1 Distance protection

1.4.1 Device Settings

Figure 3: Device Settings

1.4.2 Power System Settings

Figure 4: Initial Settings in the setting tree

Figure 5: CT setting entry

Figure 6: Line VT setting entry

Figure 7: Settings for Fault Recording

1.5 Function Group Line

Figure 8: General Settings for FG Line

Line angle = 83.21ْ

Apply setting RE/RL equal to 1.40, and XE/XL equal to 0.95

P’ = the actual burden connected to the CT secondary

P’ = relay burden + CT secondary connection cable burden

The CT secondary cable connection burden is calculated as follows:

at 1 A nominal secondary current, this relates to:

From Table 2, the CT data is 5P20 20VA, therefore:

with this value, the setting can then be calculated:

The applied setting in this case is therefore 24.0A

Figure 9: Process monitor Settings for FG Line

Figure 10: General Settings for FG Liner

1.6 Distance Protection

Figure 11: Distance Protection General Settings

Line angle = 83.2°

The distance protection has a Z< pickup characteristic:

Figure 13: Distance Protection Pickup Settings

Figure 14: Load Cut-out area

Figure 15: Rename Z1B to Z2

1.6.1 Zone 1 Settings

Figure 16: Settings for Zone 1

The reactance reach is calculated based on the grading margin of Z1 (80%):

X ( Z1) = 0.8 ⋅ X Line1

X ( Z1) = 13.44 ⋅ 0.2632

The setting for Z1 X reach is therefore 3.537 Ohm secondary.

U arc = 2500V ⋅ l arc whereby larc is the length of the arc.

Figure 17: Combination of arc voltage and tower footing resistance

Figure 18: Effective tower footing resistance

U arc = 2500V ⋅ l arc

1.2 * (13.6 + 6) * 0.2632

The setting for Z1 R(ph-g) is therefore 2.58 Ohm secondary.

2500V ⋅ 1.5 ⋅ 12m

The setting for Z1 R(ph-ph) is therefore 3.63 Ohm secondary.

1.6.2 Zone 2,3 and 5 Settings

R reach Calculation (ph-G)

R reach Calculation (ph-ph)

Figure 19: Z2 settings with Zone specific residual compensation

Positive sequence reactance of Z2 reach (Line 1 + 80% Line3):

21 Distance prot. 1 Distance protection