Experiment 08 Finalx

Experiment Name: Determination of Chloride in water.
Introduction: In all natural waters chlorides occur in widely varying

concentration, the chloride content normally increases as the mineral content
increases. Upland and mountain supplies usually are quite low in chlorides,
whereas river and groundwater usually have a considerable amount. Sea and
ocean waters represent the residues resulting from partial evaporation of natural
waters that flow into them and chloride levels are very high. The solvent power
of water dissolves chlorides from topsoil and deeper formations. Human
excreta, particularly urine, contain chloride in an amount about equal to the
chlorides consumed with food and water. This amount average about 6 gm of
chlorides per person per day and increases the amount of CC in municipal
wastewater about 15 mg/l above that of the carriage water. Thus, wastewater
effluents add considerable chlorides to receiving streams.
Environmental significance: Chlorides in reasonable concentrations are not

harmful to humans. At concentrations above 250 mg/L they give a salty taste to
water, which is objectionable to many people. For this reason, chlorides are
generally limited to 250 mg/L in supplies intended for public use. In many areas
of the world where water supplies are scarce, source be containing as much as
2,000 mg/L are used for domestic purposes without the development of adverse
effects, once the human system becomes adapted to the water. According to
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules (1997), drinking water standard
for chloride is 150 - 600 mg/L; but for coastal regions of Bangladesh, the limit
has been relaxed to 1000 mg/L.
Reagents:
1. Potassium chromate indicator
2. Silver nitrate solution (0.0141 N)
Apparatus:
1. Burette
2. Measuring cylinder
3. Beaker
4. Dropper
5. Stirrer
\
Procedure:
1. Take 50 mL of the sample in a beaker and add 5 drops (about 1 mL) of
potassium chromate indicator to it.
2. Add standard (0.0141 N) silver nitrate solution to the sample from a
burette, a few drops at a time, with constant stirring until the first
permanent reddish color appears. This can be determined by comparison
with distilled water blank. Record the mL of silver nitrate used.
3. If more than 7 or 8 mL of silver nitrate solution are required, the entire
procedure should be repeated using a smaller sample diluted to 50 ml
with distilled water.
Assignment
1. "Chlorides can introduce into natural waters in many ways" --explain.

Ans: Chlorides gain access to natural waters in many ways. The solvent power
of water dissolves chlorides from topsoil and deeper formations. Spray from the
ocean is carried inland as droplets or as minute salt crystals, which result from
evaporation of the water in the droplets. These sources constantly replenish the
chlorides in inland areas where they fall. Ocean and seawaters invade the rivers
that drain into them, particularly the deeper rivers.
2. Why it is necessary to dilute sample if end point does not obtained even
after adding more than 7 or 8 mL silver nitrate to the original sample?
Ans: If the sample has a high concentration of chloride ion, then it is not
possible to detect the end point after adding more then 7/8 ml silver nitrate to
the original sample. So then, it is necessary to dilute the sample and use a
portion of the sample to obtain the end point.
3. In determination of chloride, why an indicator "blank" or "error" is

subtracted from the amount of silver nitrate used in titration? Explain.
Ans: The end point of titration cannot be detected visually unless an indicator
capable of demonstrating the presence of excess Ag+ is present. The indicator
normally used is potassium chromate, which supplies chromate ions. As the
concentration of CI- ions becomes exhausted, the silver ion concentration
increases and a reddish brown precipitate of silver chromate is formed.
2Ag++CrO42- = Ag2CrO4 (reddish brown precipitate)
This is taken as evidence that all chloride has been precipitated. Since an excess
Ag+ is needed to produce a visible amount of Ag2CrO4 , the indicator error is
subtracted from all titrations.
The indicator error or blank varies somewhat with the ability of individuals to
detect a noticeable color change. The usual range is 0.2 to 0.4 mL of titrant. An
error of 0.2 mL will be used in the class.

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Experiment Name: Determination of Chloride in water.

Introduction: In all natural waters chlorides occur in widely varying

Environmental significance: Chlorides in reasonable concentrations are not

1. "Chlorides can introduce into natural waters in many ways" --explain.

3. In determination of chloride, why an indicator "blank" or "error" is

2Ag++CrO42- = Ag2CrO4 (reddish brown precipitate)

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