PROJECT REPORT

ON
“LAPLACE TRANSFORM”

Submitted by:
BABINA (DU2020MSC0140)
CENCILFLOID(DU2020MSC0134)

Under the guidance of:

Prof. Parag Bhattacharya
Department of physics, ABDU
February,2021
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction on Laplace transform.
2. Necessary and sufficient condition for
the existence of Laplace transform.
3. Properties of Laplace transform with
various examples.
4. Some standard Laplace transform
5. Inverse Laplace transform
6. Properties of inverse Laplace transform
7. Some standard inverse Laplace
transform
8. Fourier and Laplace transform.
9. Applications of Laplace transform
10. Limitations and conclusion.
11. Referrences.
What is Laplace Transform?

Introduction
The Laplace transform takes a function of time and transforms it to a function of a complex
variable s. Because the transform is invertible, no information is lost and it is reasonable to
think of a function f(t) and its Laplace transform F(s) as two views of the same phenomenon.
Each view has its uses and some features of the phenomenon are easier to understand in
one view or the other. We can use the Laplace transform to transform a linear time
invariant system from the time domain to the s-domain. This leads to the system function
G(s) for the system –this is the same system function used in the Nyquist criterion for
stability. One important feature of the Laplace transform is that it can transform analytic
problems to algebraic problems.

Definition.
The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is defined by the integral
for those s where the integral converges. Here s is allowed to take complex values.

Important note. The Laplace transform is only concerned with f(t) for t ≥ 0. Generally,
speaking we can require f(t) = 0 for t < 0.

Standard notation. Where the notation is clear, we will use an upper case letter to
indicate the Laplace transform, e.g, L(f; s) = F(s). The Laplace transform we defined is
sometimes called the one-sided Laplace transform. There is a two-sided version where the
integral goes from −∞ to ∞.
Existence of Laplace Transform:
a)

b)

To understand the topic more thoroughly, let us discuss about

The piecewise condition as well as the exponential condition respectively on
Laplace transform.
Properties of Laplace transform:
1)

2)First shifting property:

Example:
3)Second shifting property:

4)Differentiation of Laplace property:

5)Integration of Laplace transform:

6)Laplace transform of periodic functions:

7)Unit step function:

8)Dirac delta function

SOME BASIC LAPLACE TRANSFORM:

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM AND ITS PROPERTIES
Definition:

Properties:
Some basic inverse Laplace transform:
RELATION OF POWER SERIES TO LAPLACE TRANSFORM:
The Laplace transform can be viewed as a continuous analogue of a power series. If a(n) is a
discrete function of a positive integer n, then the power series associated to a(n) is the series

where x is a real variable . Replacing summation over n with integration over t, a continuous
version of the power series becomes

where the discrete function a(n) is replaced by the continuous one f(t).
Changing the base of the power from x to e gives

For this to converge for, say, all bounded functions f, it is necessary to require that ln x < 0.
Making the substitution −s = ln x gives just the Laplace transform:

In other words, the Laplace transform is a continuous analog of a power series, in which the
discrete parameter n is replaced by the continuous parameter t, and x is replaced by e−s.
FOURIER AND LAPLACE TRANSFORM:
The Laplace transform is similar to the Fourier transform. While the Fourier transform of a
function is a complex function of a real variable (frequency), the Laplace transform of a
function is a complex function of a complex variable. The Laplace transform is usually
restricted to transformation of functions of t with t ≥ 0. A consequence of this restriction is
that the Laplace transform of a function is a holomorphic function of the variable s. Unlike the
Fourier transform, the Laplace transform of a distribution is generally a well-
behaved function. Techniques of complex variables can also be used to directly study
Laplace transforms. As a holomorphic function, the Laplace transform has a power
series representation. This power series expresses a function as a linear superposition
of moments of the function. This perspective has applications in probability theory. The
continuous Fourier transform is equivalent to evaluating the bilateral Laplace transform with
imaginary argument s = iω or s = 2πfi when the condition explained below is fulfilled,

This definition of the Fourier transform requires a prefactor of 1/(2π) on the reverse Fourier
transform. This relationship between the Laplace and Fourier transforms is often used to
determine the frequency spectrum of a signal or dynamical system.
The above relation is valid as stated if and only if the region of convergence (ROC)
of F(s) contains the imaginary axis, σ = 0.
For example, the function f(t) = cos(ω0t) has a Laplace transform F(s) = s/(s2 + ω02) whose
ROC is Re(s) > 0. As s = iω is a pole of F(s), substituting s = iω in F(s) does not yield the
Fourier transform of f(t)u(t), which is proportional to the Dirac delta-function δ(ω − ω0).
However, a relation of the form

holds under much weaker conditions.

EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE

TRANSFORM:

The Laplace transform is used frequently in engineering and physics; the output of a linear
time-invariant system can be calculated by convolving its unit impulse response with the
input signal. Performing this calculation in Laplace space turns the convolution into a
multiplication; the latter being easier to solve because of its algebraic form. The Laplace
transform is invertible on a large class of functions. Given a simple mathematical or
functional description of an input or output to a system, the Laplace transform provides an
alternative functional description that often simplifies the process of analyzing the behavior
of the system, or in synthesizing a new system based on a set of specifications.
The Laplace transform can also be used to solve differential equations and is used
extensively in mechanical engineering and electrical engineering. The Laplace transform
reduces a linear differential equation to an algebraic equation, which can then be solved by
the formal rules of algebra. The original differential equation can then be solved by applying
the inverse Laplace transform. English electrical engineer Oliver Heaviside first proposed a
similar scheme, although without using the Laplace transform; and the resulting operational
calculus is credited as the Heaviside calculus.

Evaluating improper integrals

Let

then

In the limit , one gets

provided that the interchange of limits can be justified. Even when the interchange cannot
be justified the calculation can be suggestive. For example, with a ≠ 0 ≠ b, proceeding
formally one has

The validity of this identity can be proved by other means. It is an example of a Frullani
integral.

Another example is Dirichlet integral.

Complex impedance of a capacitor.

In the theory of electrical circuits, the current flow in a capacitor is proportional to the
capacitance and rate of change in the electrical potential (in SI units). Symbolically, this is
expressed by the differential equation

where C is the capacitance (in farads) of the capacitor, i = i(t) is the electric
current (in amperes) through the capacitor as a function of time, and v = v(t) is
the voltage (in volts) across the terminals of the capacitor, also as a function of time.
Taking the Laplace transform of this equation, we obtain

where

And

Solving for V(s) we have

The definition of the complex impedance Z (in ohms) is the ratio of the complex
voltage V divided by the complex current I while holding the initial state V0 at zero:
Partial fraction expansion.

The unknown constants P and R are the residues located at the corresponding poles of the
transfer function. Each residue represents the relative contribution of that singularity to the
transfer function's overall shape.
By the residue theorem, the inverse Laplace transform depends only upon the poles and
their residues. To find the residue P, we multiply both sides of the equation by s + α to get

Then by letting s = −α, the contribution from R vanishes and all that is left is

Similarly, the residue R is given by

Note that

and so the substitution of R and P into the expanded expression for H(s) gives

Finally, using the linearity property and the known transform for exponential decay
(see Item #3 in the Table of Laplace Transforms, above), we can take the inverse Laplace
transform of H(s) to obtain
which is the impulse response of the system.

Convolution
The same result can be achieved using the convolution property as if the system is a series
of filters with transfer functions of 1/(s + a) and 1/(s + b). That is, the inverse of

is

Phase delay

Starting with the Laplace transform,

we find the inverse by first rearranging terms in the fraction:

We are now able to take the inverse Laplace transform of our terms:

This is just the sine of the sum of the arguments, yielding:

We can apply similar logic to find that

Statistical mechanics
In statistical mechanics, the Laplace transform of the density of states

defines the partition function. That is, the canonical partition

function is given by

and the inverse is given by

LIMITATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM:

It is used to solve differential equations with known constant only. An equation
without the known constants, the method is useless.

CONCLUSION
Laplace transformation is powerful tool using in different areas of
mathematics, physics and engineering.
With the ease of application of Laplace Transform in many applications, many
research software have made possible to simulate the Laplace Transformable
equations directly which have made a good advancement in various research
fields.

REFERENCES: Books ,Wikipedia and slideshares.

THANKING YOU.