Notes Ver 0.3 - 2

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Network Kings | www.networkkings.org | info@networkkings.org | Watch Videos: https://www.youtube.com/networkkingss and www.nwkings.com

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CCNA :- Cisco Certified Network Associate

Congratulations! you’ve probably already decided to go for your Cisco certification. If you want to succeed as a technical person in the networking industry,
you need to know Cisco. Cisco has a ridiculously high market share in the router and switch marketplace, with more than an 80 percent share in some
markets. In many geographies and markets around the world, networking equals Cisco. If you want to be taken seriously as a network engineer, Cisco
certification makes perfect sense
Cisco company name derived from SANFRANCISCO
Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San

Jose, California, United States, that designs, manufactures, and sells networking
equipment.
Important Websites:
Video Lessons : www.nwkings.com
Official Website: www.networkkings.org
Download packet tracer

Register in netcad account : https://goo.gl/pWbLFU
Gns3 ( First make account and download )

https://www.gns3.com/software

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Tips for Study :-
Basics of Networking
What is a network anyway?
A network is just a collection of devices and end systems connected to each other and able
to communicate with each other. These could be computers, servers, smartphones, routers
etc.
A network could be as large as the internet or as small as your two computers at home
sharing files and a printer.

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What is Networking ?
Whenthe devices which are connected together share data and resources is known as network.
Some of the components that make up a network:
Personal Computers (PC): These are the endpoint of your

network, sending and
receiving data.
Interconnections: These are components that make sure
data can travel from one
device to another, you need to think about:
Network Cards: they translate data from your computer in a readable format
for the network.it is also known as NIC (Network interface card)
Media Cables and connectors : network cables, perhaps wireless,

Connectors: the plug you plug in your network card ,
RJ 45 is commond for ethernet cable , RJ 11 connector for landline telephones.
Routers: Routers interconnect networks and choose the best path to each network
Destination, router makes its routing table for best path.

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• It is an internetworking device used to connect two or more different networks
• It works on layer 3 i.e. network layer
• It Performs Routing
The Difference Between Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Messages

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Some Command Prompt for CCNA !
1. ping :- packet internet gopher

it uses icmp ( internet control message protocol) protocol
For verification the other device is reachble to me or not ??
2. ipconfig :- to check the ip address of a computer
3. ipconfig /all :- to check the ip address + mac address
4. getmac :- to check the mac address of a computer
5. netstat :- to check the session's
6. nslookup :- to check the all servers of a website
7. arp -a :- to check arp table
8. arp –d :- to delete arp table ( run as administrator)
9. To check public ip
Visit :- www.whatismyipaddress.com to check your public ip
How To assign address to your PC ?
1.windows button + R
2. type ncpa.cpl to go to your network connections
3.choose your lan adapter and go to properties and click on IPV4
4.Assign Ip address
Or visit :- http://www.wikihow.com/Configure-a-Static-Internet-Protocol-(IP)-Address-on-a-Computer

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HUB SWITCH
• which connects two or more
• Known as Dummy Device. computers together
• ALWAYS do Broadcast • Many no of ports
• Layer 1 device • Learn mac address
• Shared bandwidth • Two types of switch :-
• Less no of ports ➢ Manageble switch
• Doesn’t learn mac address ➢ unmanageable switch
• Its is a Layer 2 Device

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IP networks require two types of addresses. MAC and IP. Each station stores it's MAC address and IP address in it's own IP stack. It stores MAC and IP
addresses of other stations on it's LAN or subnet in the ARP cache.
• When the packet is being sent out to a station that is on the same network LAN segment, only the MAC address is needed.
• When the packet goes beyond, to different networks and travels through routers, the MAC address is still contained in the packet, but only the IP
address is used by the routers.

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Ethernet Frame Form

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IPv4 Addressing
• IP Address is Logical Address.It is a Network Layer address (Layer 3), IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers that are typically displayed in dotted
decimal notation. A 32-bit address contains two primary parts: the network prefix and the host number.
• All hosts within a single network share the same network address. Each host also has an address that uniquely identifies it. Depending on the
scope of the network and the type of device, the address is either globally or locally unique
• IP addresses are assigned by a central numbering authority called the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Two Versions of IP:

IP version 4 is a 32 bit address
IP version 6 is a 128 bit address

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IP Addresses are divided into 5 Classes, These are divided by IANA :- Internet Assigned Number authority.

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Network & Broadcast Address

➢ The network address is represented with all bits as ZERO in the host portion of the address
➢ The broadcast address is represented with all bits as ONES in the host portion of the address
➢ Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address and the Broadcast Address.
➢ Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients
Private IP Address
There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are reserved for Private Networks. These addresses are called private addresses.
Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

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Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask:-Its an address used to identify the network and host portion of the ip address
Class A N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0

Class B N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
Class C N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0
Note:- "255" represents the network and "0" represents host.
Network:- collection / group hosts

Host:- Single PC/ computer.
Default Gateway:- Its an entry and exit point of the network.

ex:- The ip address of the router ethernet address.

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It is the process of Dividing a Single Network into Multiple Networks.

Converting Host bits into Network Bits i.e. Converting 0’s into 1’s

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Subnetting can be perform in two ways.
1. FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask)

2. VLSM (Variable Length subnet mask)
Subnetting can be done based on requirement .
Requirement of Hosts ? 2h - 2 >= requirement

Requirement of Networks ? 2n >= requirement
What is Supernetting or CIDR?

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) merges or combine network addresses of same class into one single address to reduce the size of the routing table.
It is done on core router to reduce the size of routing table.
It is implemented by ISP (internet service providers).
21 = 2 210 = 1024
22 = 4 2 11 = 2048
23 = 8 2 12 = 4096
24 = 16 213 = 8192
25 = 32 214 = 16384
2 6 = 64 215 = 32768
27 = 128 2 16 = 65536
28 = 256 217 = 131072

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29 = 512
FLSM : Example-- 1
Req = 40 hosts using C-class address network 192.168.1.0/24
1. 2h - 2 >= req
26 – 2 >= 40
64 – 2 >= 40
62 >= 40
Host bits required (h) = 6
2.Converted network Bits (n) = Total. H. Bits -- req. H. Bits

= 8 --- 6 = 2 (n)
4.Total . Network Bits =total network bits + converted bits = 24 + 2 = /26

subnet mask = (/26)= 255.255.255.192
5.Blocksize = 2h = 26 = 64
6.Subnets = 2n = 22 = 4 Subnets
7.Range :
Network ID --- Broadcast ID

192.168.1.0/26 ----- 192.168.1.63/26
192.168.1.64/26 ----- 192.168.1.127/26
192.168.1.128/26 ----- 192.168.1.191/26
192.168.1.192/26 ----- 192.168.1.255/26

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FLSM : Example-- 2
1.Req = 500 hosts using B-class address network 172.16.0.0/16
2h - 2 >= req
29 – 2 >= 500
512 – 2 >= 500
510 >= 500
2.Host bits required (h)= 9

3. Converted network Bits (n) = Total. H. Bits -- req. H. Bits
= 16 --- 9 = 7 (n)
3. Total . Network Bits = total network bits + converted bits = 16 + 7 = /23

subnet mask = (/23)= 255.255.254.0
6. Blocksize = = 2h = 29 = 512
Range
172.16.0.0/23 ---- 172.16.1.255/23
172.16.2.0/23 ---- 172.16.3.255/23
172.16.4.0/23 ---- 172.16.5.255/23
172.16.6.0/23 ---- 172.16.7.255/23
FLSM : Example-- 3
1.Req = 2000 hosts using A-class address network 10.0.0.0/8

2h - 2 >= req
211 – 2 >= 2000
2048 – 2 >= 2000
2046 >= 2000
2.Host bits required (h)= 11

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3.Converted network Bits (n) = Total. H. Bits -- req. H. Bits
= 24 --- 11 = 13 (n)
4. Converted network Bits (n)= 13
5.Total . N. Bits = 8+ 13 = /21

subnet mask = (/21) = 255.255.248.0
6.blocksize = 2h = 211 = 2048

8.Range:
10.0.0.0/21 … 10.0.7.255/21
10.0.8.0/21 … 10.0.15.255/21
10.0.16.0/21 … 10.0.23.255/21
…
…
10.0.248.0/21 … 10.0.255.255/21
10.1.0.0/21 --- 10.1.7.255/21
10.1.8.0/21 --- 10.1.15.255/21
10.1.16.0/21 --- 10.1.23.255/21
….
10.1.248.0/21 … 10.1.255.255/21
10.2.0.0/21 --- 10.2.7.255/21
10.2.8.0/21 --- 10.2.15.255/21

10.2.16.0/21 --- 10.2.23.255/21
…
…
10.2.248.0/21 … 10.2.255.255/21
….
…
….
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10.255.0.0/21 --- 10.0.7.255/21
10.255.8.0/21 --- 10.0.15.255/21
10.255.16.0/21 --- 10.0.23.255/21
….
…
10.255.248.0/21 … 10.255.255.255/21
OSI Reference Model
➢ OSI was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and introduced in 1984.
➢ It is a layered architecture (consists of seven layers).
➢ Each layer defines a set of functions in data communication.
All People Seem To Need Data Processing
Physical Layer: This layer describes stuff like voltage levels, timing, physical data
rates, physical connectors and so on. Everything you can “touch” since it‟s physical.
Data Link: This layer makes sure data is formatted the correct way, takes care of
error detection and makes sure data is delivered reliably. This might sound a bit
vague now, for now try to remember this is where “Ethernet” lives. MAC Addresses
and Ethernet frames are on the Data Link layer.
Network: This layer takes care of connectivity and path selection (routing). This is
where IPv4 and IPv6 live. Every network device needs a unique address on the
network.
Transport: The transport layer takes care of transport, when you downloaded this
book from the Internet the file was sent in segments and transported to your
computer.

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o TCP lives here; it‟s a protocol which send data in a reliable way.
o UDP lives here; it‟s a protocol which sends data in an unreliable way.
o ICMP lives here; when you send a ping you are using ICMP.
Session: The session layer takes care of establishing, managing and termination of
sessions between two hosts. When you are browsing a website on the
internet you
are probably not the only user of the webserver hosting that website. This
webserver
needs to keep track of all the different “sessions”.
Presentation: This one will make sure that information is readable for the
application layer by formatting and structuring the data. Most computers
use the
ASCII table for characters. If another computer would use another character
like
EBCDIC than the presentation layer needs to “reformat” the data so both
computers
agree on the same characters.
Application: Here are your applications. E-mail, browsing the web (HTTP),
FTP and
many more.
Port Numbers
TCP/UDP :- Both have 65535 ports
1- 1023 well known

1024 - 49151 registered ports

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49152 - 65535 dynamic ports ( generated by host)
The major functions described at the Transport Layer are..
• Identifying Service
• Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
• Segmentation
• Sequencing & Reassembling
• Error Correction
• Flow Control

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Identifying a Service : Services are identified at this layer with the help of Port No’s. The major protocols which takes care of Data Transportation at
Transport layer are…TCP,UDP
Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol
• Connection Oriented • Connection Less

• Reliable communication( with Ack’s • Unreliable communication ( no
) Ack’s )
• Slower data Transportation • Faster data Transportation
• Protocol No is 6 • Protocol No is 17
• Eg: HTTP, FTP, SMTP • Eg: DNS, DHCP, TFTP
Network Layer
It is responsible for end-to end Transportation of data across multiple networks.
Logical addressing & Path determination (Routing) are described at this layer.
The protocols works at Network layer are
Routed Protocols:
Routed protocols acts as data carriers and defines logical addressing.
IP,IPX, AppleTalk.. Etc
Routing Protocols:
Routing protocols performs Path determination (Routing).
RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF.. Etc
Devices works at Network Layer are Router, Multilayer switch etc..
Data-link Layer

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It is responsible for end-to-end delivery of data between the devices on a Network segment. Data link layer comprises of two sub-layers.
1) MAC (Media Access Control)

It deals with hardware addresses (MAC addresses).
MAC addresses are 12 digit Hexa-decimal identifiers used to identify the devices uniquely on the network segment.
It also provides ERROR DETECTION using CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and FRAMING (Encapsulation).
Ex: Ethernet, Token ring…etc
2) LLC (Logical Link Control)

It deals with Layer 3 (Network layer)
Devices works at Data link layer are Switch, Bridge, NIC card.
Physical Layer
• It deals with physical transmission of Binary data on the given media (copper, Fiber, wireless..).
• It also deals with electrical, Mechanical and functional specifications of the devices, media.. etc
• The major functions described at this layer are..
Encoding/decoding: It is the process of converting the binary data

into signals based on the type of the media.
Copper media : Electrical signals of different voltages

Fiber media : Light pulses of different wavelengths
Wireless media: Radio frequency waves
Mode of transmision of signals: Signal Communication happens in three different modes Simplex, Half-duplex, Full-duplex
Devices works at physical layer are Hub, Modems, Repeater, Transmission Media

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INTRODUCTION TO ROUTERS
Wht is a Router ?
• Router is a device which makes communication possible between two or more different networks present in different geographical locations.
– It is an internetworking device used to connect two or more different networks

– It works on layer 3 i.e. network layer.
• It does two basic things:-

– Select the best path from the routing table.
– Forward the packet on that path
Which Routers to buy ?

Many companies are manufacturing Router :
• Cisco
• Juniper
• huawei
But Cisco is having Monopoly in the market of Routers
Router Classification
FIXED ROUTER MODULAR ROUTER
• Fixed router (Non Upgradable • Modular router (Upgradable can

cannot add and remove the add and remove interfaces as per
Ethernet or serial interfaces) the requirement)
• Access Layer Routers are example • Distribution and Core Layer Routers
of Fixed Router except 1600 and example of Modular Router
1700 series

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Example Modular Router
Attachment Unit Interface

• AUI pin configuration is 15 pin female.
• It is known as Ethernet Port or LAN port or Default Gateway.
• It is used for connecting LAN to the Router.
• Transceiver is used for converting 8 wires to 15 wires. i.e. RJ45 to 15 pin converter.
Serial Port
• Serial pin configuration is 60 pin configuration female (i.e. 15 pins and 4 rows) and Smart Serial pin configuration is 26 pin configuration female.
• It is known as WAN Port
• It is used for connecting to Remote Locations
• V.35 cable is having 60 pin configuration male at one end and on the other end 18 pin configuration male.

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Console Port
• It is known as Local Administrative Port
• It is generally used for Initial Configuration, Password Recovery and Local Administration of the Router. It is RJ45 Port
• IMP : It is the most delicate port on the Router. So make less use of the Console Port.
Console Connectivity
• Connect a rollover cable to the router console port (RJ-45 connector).
• Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 converter
• Attach the female DB-9 converter to a PC Serial Port.
• Open Emulation Software
Auxiliary Port
• It is known as Remote Administrative Port.
• Used for remote administration
• Its an RJ-45 port
• A console or a rollover cable is to be used.
2601 Model Router

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Internal Components
• ROM
A bootstrap program is located here. It is same as the BIOS of the PC. Bootstrap program current version is 11.0
• Flash
Internetwork Operating System (IOS) developed by Cisco is stored here. IOS is Command line interface.
• NVRAM
Non volatile RAM, similar to Hard Disk It is also known as Permanent Storage or Startup Configuration. Generally size of NVRAM is 32 KB.
• RAM
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It is also known as Temporary Storage or running Configuration. Minimum size of RAM is 2MB. The size of RAM is greater than NVRAM in the Router.
• Processor
Motorola Processor 70 Mhz, RISC based processor (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
Router Start-up Sequence

• Bootstrap program loaded from ROM
• Bootstrap runs the POST
• Bootstrap locates IOS in Flash
• IOS is expanded and then loaded into RAM
• Once IOS is loaded into RAM, it looks for startup-config in NVRAM
• If found, the configuration is loaded into RAM

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MODES OF A ROUTER:-
• User Mode:- Only some basic monitoring

• Privileged Mode:- monitoring and some troubleshooting
• Global Configuration mode:- All Configurations that effect the
router globally
• Interface mode:- Configurations done on the specific interface
• Rommon Mode:- Reverting Password

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• Connect a rollover cable to the router console port (RJ-45 connector).
• Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 converter
• Attach the female DB-9 converter to a PC Serial Port.
• Open emulation software on the PC.

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Exercise- 1
BASIC COMMANDS
User mode:
Router >
Router > enable
Privilege mode:
Router # show running-config
Router # show startup-config
Router # show flash
Router # show version
Router #show ip interface brief
Router # configure terminal ( to enter in Global configurarion mode)
Global configuration mode:
Router(config) #
Assigning ip address to Ethernet interface:
Router(config) # interface <interface type> <interface no>

Router(config-if) # ip address <ip address> <subnet mask> (Interface Mode)
Router(config-if) # no shut
Assigning Telnet password:
Router(config) # line vty 0 4

Router(config-line) #login (line mode)
Router(config-line) #password <password>

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Router(config-line) #exit
Router(config) #exit
Assigning console password:
Router(config) # line con 0

Router(config-line) # login (line mode)
Router(config-line) # password <password>
Router(config-line) # exit
Router(config) # exit
Assigning enable password:
Router(config) # enable secret <password> (To encrypt the password)

Router(config) # enable password <password>
Show commands:
Router # show running-config

Router # show startup-config
Router # show version
Router # show flash
Commands to save the configuration:
Router # copy running-config startup-config

( OR )
Router # write memory
( OR )
Router # write
Basic Show Commands

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Router#show running-config
Router#show flash
Router#show ip protocols
Use this command to view the status of the current layer 3 routed protocols running on your router
Router#show version
This command will give you critical information, such as: router platform type, operating system revision, operating system last boot time and file location,
amount of memory, number of interfaces, and configuration register
Router#show clock
*1:46:13.169 UTC Mon Nov 1 2009
Will show you Routers clock
Router#show hosts
will display a cached list of hosts and all of their interfaces IP addresses
Router#show users
Will show a list of all users who are connected to the router
Router#show interfaces
will give you detailed information about each interface
Router#show protocols

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will show the global and interface-specific status of any layer 3 protocols
Router#show ip interface brief
This command will show brief descriptions about interface. This command mostly used in troubleshooting.
There may be three possible conditions of status.
UP: - interface is up and operational
DOWN: - physical link is detected but there is some problem in configurations.
Administratively down: - port is disable by shutdown command (Default mode of any port on router.)
R1#show ip route
This command will give a detail about known route. Router will not forward packet if route is not shown here for that packet. Router’s routing decision is
made by this routing table.
R1#show controllers serial 0/0/0
Most common use of this command is to find out whether the port is DCE end or DTE. If the port is DCE end then clock rate and bandwidth command will
require. As you can see in output that port is DCE.
R1#show ip protocols
Use this command to know about running routing protocols.

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How to configure a new router or a switch.
Show ip int brief : Ip address, Interface is up or down

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Show version: Hardware & software information.
Show flash : To check the IOS File in flash memory.

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To change the hostname:

Router>enable
Router# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Delhi-Gw1
Delhi-Gw1(config)#
To check the current configuration:

Delhi-Gw1#show running-config ( Ram )
To check the Startup configuration:

Delhi-Gw1#show startup-config ( NVRAM)
To save the configuration:

Delhi-Gw1#write
Building configuration...
[OK]
To reload the Router:

Delhi -Gw1#reload
Proceed with reload? [confirm]

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To check the routing table:

Delhi -Gw1#show ip route
Note: To select the best path, router makes a routing table.
To Check the interfaces/ports status and Ip address.
Router has two ports Gig0/0 and Gig0/1

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LAB#1 : Connect two different Networks.
1) All The Lan Should Be In Diffrenet Networks ( Should Not Repeat The Same Net)
2) Router Ethernet And The Pc's --> Same Networks
3) Routers Ports Facing Each Other --> Same Networks
4) All The Interfaces Of The Router --> Different Network

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Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1

Router(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#end
Show ip interface brief: Interface IP address and status

Show ip route : Its shows the routing table.

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Error : IF you will try to assign the same network on another interface.
Router(config)#interface fa0/0
% 172.16.0.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/1
Assign always a different network on different interface.

Router(config)#interface fa0/0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

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In short, router has learned both the networks from both the interfaces.
Now, both the routers can communicate between each other.
Assign IP in all the computers.

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Router Gateway and Lan Network Should be in same network.
Ping Results,
ROUTING
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Routing
– Forwarding of packets from one network to another network choosing the best path from the routing table.
– Routing table consist of only the best routes for every destinations.
Types of Routing
1. Static Routing
2. Default Routing

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3. Dynamic Routing
Static Routing
• It is configured by Administrator manually.
• Mandatory need of Destination Network ID
• It is Secure & fast
• Used for Small organizations with a network of 10-15 Routers.
Disadvantages :-
• Used for small network.
• Everything to manually
• Network change effect complete n/W
Configuring Static Route

Router(config)# ip route <Destination Network ID>
<Destination Subnet Mask>
<Next-hop IP address >
Or
Router(config)# ip route <Destination Network ID>
<Destination Subnet Mask>
<Exit interface type><interface number>
Lab 2 # Configuring Static Route

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Delhi Mumbai
192.168.1.0 - Nwid 192.168.1.128 - Nwid
192.168.1.127 - Broadcast Id 192.168.1.255 - Broadcast Id
Delhi Mumbai
conf t conf t
hostname delhi hostname Mumbai
int fa0/0 int fa0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.128 ip address 192.168.1.200 255.255.255.128
no shutdown no shutdown
int fa4/0 int fa4/0


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ip route 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.128
205.1.1.2 ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.128
205.1.1.1
Default Routes
• Manually adding the single route for all the destination. Default route is used when destination is
unknown
• Last preferred route in the routing table
• When there is no entry for the destination network in a routing table, the router will forward the
packet to its default router.
• Default routes help in reducing the size of your routing table.
Configuring Default Route
Router(config)# ip route <Destination Network ID> <Destination Subnet Mask>

<Next-hop IP address >
Or
Router(config)# ip route <Destination Network ID> <Destination Subnet Mask>
<Exit interface type><interface number>
Lab 3 # Default Routing

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A loopback interface is a logical, virtual interface in a Cisco Router. A loopback interface is not a physical interface like Fast Ethernet interface
or Gigabit Ethernet interface. A loopback interface has many uses.
To make a LAB Internet Router – we make loopbacks on router
You can make as many loopbacks :
The Loopback Range :

Router(config)#interface loopback ?
<0-2147483647> Loopback interface number
Jio Dell-delhi-gw1
conf terminal conf terminal
int fa4/0 hostname dell-delhi-gw1
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ip address 203.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 int fa4/0
no shutdown ip address 203.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
int loopback 0
ip address 172.217.166.14 255.255.255.0 int fa0/0
description google.com ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
int loopback 1
ip address 31.13.79.35 255.0.0.0 Default route
description facebook.com dell-delhi-gw1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 203.1.1.1
int loopback 2
ip address 104.244.42.193 255.0.0.0
description twitter.com
int loopback 3
ip address 13.13.13.13 255.0.0.0
description nwkings.com
Static Route for Dell company

Jio(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0
255.255.255.0 203.1.1.2

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Troubleshooting commands:
Router # show ip interface Brief
1) Serial is up , line protocol is up (connectivity is fine)
2) Serial is administratively down, line protocol is down

(No Shutdown has to be given on the local router serial interface)
3) Serial is up, line protocol is down

(Encapsulation mismatch or clock rate has to be given on dce)
4) Serial is down, line protocol is down

(Serial interface on the remote router has to be configured)
Dynamic Routing
Advantages of Dynamic over static :

• There is no need to know the destination networks.
• Need to advertise the directly connected networks.
• Updates the topology changes dynamically.
• Administrative work is reduced
• Used for large organizations.
• Neighbor routers exchange routing information and build the routing table automatically.
Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

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Routing Protocol Classification
IGP EGP
• Interior Gateway Protocol • Exterior Gateway Protocol

• Routing protocols used within an • Routing protocol used between different
autonomous system autonomous systems
• All routers will be routing within the same • Routers in different AS need an EGP
Autonomous boundary • Border Gateway Protocol is extensively
• RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS used as EGP
– IGPs operate within an autonomous system

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– EGPs connect different autonomous systems
IGPs: RIP, OSPF, IGPs: RIP, OSPF,

IGRP, EIGRP EGPs: BGP IGRP, EIGRP
XYZ - AS 100 ABC – AS 200
• Distance Vector Protocol

• Link State Protocol
• Hybrid Protocol
Distance Vector Protocol Link State Protocol Hybrid Protocol
• Works with Bellman Ford • Works with Dijkstra • Also called as Advance
algorithm algorithm Distance vector Protocol
• Periodic updates • Link state updates • Works with DUAL
• Classful routing protocol • Classless routing protocol algorithm
• Full Routing tables are • Missing routes are • Link state updates
exchanged exchanged • Classless routing protocol
• Updates are through • Updates are through • Missing routes are
broadcast multicast exchanged
• Example: RIP 1, RIP 2, • Example : OSPF, IS-IS • Updates are through
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IGRP multicast
• Example : EIGRP
Administrative Distance
• Rating of the Trustworthiness of a routing information source.
• The Number is between 0 and 255
• The higher the value, the lower the trust.
• Default administrative distances are as follows :
• Directly Connected = 0
• Static Route = 1
• IGRP = 100
• OSPF = 110
• RIP = 120
• EIGRP = 90/170
Routing Information Protocol v1
• Open Standard Protocol

• Classful routing protocol
• Updates are broadcasted via 255.255.255.255
• Administrative distance is 120
• Metric : Hop count
Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16
• Load Balancing of 4 equal paths
• Used for small organizations
• Exchange entire routing table for every 30 seconds
Rip Timers
• Update timer : 30 sec

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– Time between consecutive updates
• Invalid timer : 180 sec
– Time a router waits to hear updates
– The route is marked unreachable if there is no update during this interval.
• Flush timer : 240 sec
– Time before the invalid route is purged from the routing table
RIP Version 2
• Classless routing protocol
• Supports VLSM
• Auto summary can be done on every router
• Supports authentication
• Trigger updates
• Uses multicast address 224.0.0.9.
Advantages of RIP
– Easy to configure
– No design constraints
– No complexity
– Less overhead
Disadvantage of RIP
– Bandwidth utilization is very high as broadcast for every 30 second
– Works only on hop count
– Not scalable as hop count is only 15
– Slow convergence
Configuring RIP 1
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>

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Configuring RIP 2
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# version 2
LAB Practical RIP
conf t conf t conf t conf t

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hostname R1 hostname R2 hostname R3 hostname R4
int f0/0 int f0/0 int f0/0 int f0/0
ip address 192.168.12.1 ip address 192.168.12.2 ip address 192.168.34.3 ip address 192.168.34.4
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
no shutdown no shutdown no shutdown no shutdown
int f0/1 int f0/1 int f0/1 int f0/1

ip address 192.168.13.1 ip address 192.168.24.2 ip address 192.168.13.3 ip address 192.168.24.4
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
no shutdown no shutdown no shutdown no shutdown
int loopback 0 int loopback 0 int loopback 0 int loopback 0

ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 ip address 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255
int loopback 1
ip address 4.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
Router rip Router rip Router rip Router rip

version 2 version 2 version 2 version 2
no auto-summary no auto-summary no auto-summary no auto-summary
network 192.168.12.0 network 192.168.12.0 network 192.168.34.0 network 192.168.34.0
Autonomous System Number

• A unique number identifying the Routing domain of the routers.
• An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain
• Ranges from 1- 65535
• Public – 1 – 64512 Private – 64513 – 65535

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EIGRP - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
• Cisco proprietary protocol

• Classless routing protocol
• Includes all features of IGRP
• Metric (32 bit) : Composite Metric (BW + Delay + load + MTU + reliability )
• Updates are through Multicast (224.0.0.10 )
• Max Hop count is 255 (100 by default)
• Supports IP, IPX and Apple Talk protocols
• Hello packets are sent every 5 seconds
• Convergence rate is fast
• First released in 1994 with IOS version 9.21.
• Support VLSM and CIDR
• It uses DUAL (diffusion update algorithm)
• Summarization can be done on every router
• Supports equal and unequal cost load balancing
• It maintains three tables

– Neighbor table
– Topology table
– Routing table
Disadvantages of EIGRP
• Works only on Cisco Routers
Configuring EIGRP
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Router(config)# router eigrp <as no>

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OSPF - Open Shortest path first
• OSPF stand for Open Shortest path first
• Standard protocol
• It’s a link state protocol
• It uses SPF (shortest path first) or dijkistra algorithm
• Unlimited hop count
• Metric is cost (cost=10 ^8/B.W.)
• It is a classless routing protocol
• It supports VLSM and CIDR
• It supports only equal cost load balancing
• Introduces the concept of Area’s to ease management and control traffic
• Provides hierarchical network design with multiple different areas

• Must have one area called as area 0
• All the areas must connect to area 0
• Scales better than Distance Vector Routing protocols.
• Supports Authentication
• Updates are sent through multicast address 224.0.0.5
• Faster convergence.
• Sends Hello packet every 10 seconds
• Trigger/Incremental updates
• Router’s send only changes in updates and not the entire routing tables in periodic updates

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Router ID
The highest IP address of the active physical interface of the router is Router ID.
If logical interface is configured, the highest IP address of the logical interface is Router ID
Router Types
In OSPF depending upon the network design and configuration we have different types of routers.
Internal Routers are routers whose interfaces all belong to the same area. These routers have a single Link State Database.
Area Border Routers (ABR) It connects one or more areas to the backbone area and has at least one interface that belongs to the backbone, Backbone
Router Area 0 routers
Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) Router participating in OSPF and other protocols (like RIP, EIGRP and BGP)
OSPF maintains three tables :

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1) Neighbor Table Neighbor table contains information about the directly connected ospf neighbors forming adjacency.
2) Database table Database table contains information about the entire view of the topology with respect to each router.
3) Routing information Table Routing table contains information about the best path
calculated by the shortest path first algorithm in the database table.
Advantages of OSPF
• Open standard
• No hop count limitations
• Loop free
• Faster convergence
Disadvantages
• Consume more CPU resources
• Support only equal cost balancing
• Support only IP protocol don’t work on IPX and APPLE Talk
• Summarization only on ASBR and ABR
Wild Card Mask

• Tells the router which addressing bits must match in the address of the ACL statement.
• It’s the inverse of the subnet mask, hence is also called as Inverse mask.
• A bit value of 0 indicates MUST MATCH (Check Bits)
• A bit value of 1 indicates IGNORE (Ignore Bits)
• Wild Card Mask for a Host will be always 0.0.0.0
• A wild card mask can be calculated using the formula :
Global Subnet Mask

– Customized Subnet Mask
-------------------------------
Wild Card Mask
E.g.
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255.255.255.255
– 255.255.255.240
---------------------
0. 0. 0. 15
Configuring OSPF
Router(config)# router ospf <pid>
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID> <wildcard mask> area <area id>
OSPF STATES

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• DR/BDR Selection
• First Router to Initialize
• Router with Highest Priority ID
• Router with Highest Router ID
• Set the Highest Router ID
• Highest Loopback Interface IP Address
• Highest Interface IP Address

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Access Control List
• ACL is a set of rules which will allow or deny the specific traffic moving through the router
• It is a Layer 3 security which controls the flow of traffic from one router to another.
• It is also called as Packet Filtering Firewall.

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ACCESS-LIST
NUMBERED NAMED
STANDARD EXTENDED STANDARD EXTENDED
Standard Access List Extended Access List
• The access-list number range is 1 – 99 • The access-list number range is 100 – 199
• Can block a Network, Host and Subnet • Can block a Network, Host, Subnet and
Service
• Two way communication is stopped
• One way communication is stopped
• All services are blocked.
• Selected services can be blocked.
• Implemented closest to the destination.
• Implemented closest to the source.
• Filtering is done based on only source IP
address • Checks source, destination, protocol, port

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no
Terminology
• Deny : Blocking a Network/Host/Subnet/Service

• Permit : Allowing a Network/Host/Subnet/Service
• Source Address : The address of the PC from where the request starts.
• Destination address : The address of the PC where the request ends.
• Inbound : Traffic coming into the interface
• Outbound : Traffic going out of the interface
Rules of Access List

• All deny statements have to be given First
• There should be at least one Permit statement
• An implicit deny blocks all traffic by default when there is no match (an invisible statement).
• Can have one access-list per interface per direction. (i.e.) Two access-list per interface, one in inbound direction and one in outbound
direction.
• Works in Sequential order
• Editing of access-lists is not possible (i.e) Selectively adding or removing access-list statements is not possible.
Creation of Standard Access List
Router(config)# access-list <acl no> <permit/deny> <source address>

<source WCM>

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Implementation of Standard Access List
Router(config)# interface <interface type> <interface no>
Router(config-if)# ip access-group <number> <out/in>
To Verify :
Router# show access-list
Router# show access-list <no>
Creation of Extended Access List

Router(config)# access-list <acl no> <permit/deny> <protocol>
<source address> <source wildcard mask>
<destination address> < destination wildcard mask> <operator> <service>
Implementation of Extended Access List

Router(config)#interface <interface type> <interface no>
Router(config-if)#ip access-group <number> <out/in>

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LAB Standard ACL
r1 r2
conf t conf t
int fa0/1 int fa0/1
int fa0/0 int fa0/0
router eigrp 1 router eigrp 1

network 192.168.1.0 network 172.16.1.0
network 1.0.0.0 network 1.0.0.0
no auto-summary no auto-summary

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Standard ACL Objective:

Block PC 192.168.1.2 to reach Server 172.16.1.2
Block PC 192.168.1.3 to reach whole network 172.16.0.0
Make access list

R2(config)#access-list 1 deny host 192.168.1.2 Block 192.168.1.2
R2(config)#access-list 1 deny host 192.168.1.3 Block 192.168.1.3
R2(config)#access-list 1 permit any Permit any – Very important
Explict deny
Apply access list
R2(config)#int fa0/1
R2(config-if)#ip access-group 1 out
Hence, traffic is blocked.

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Block Telnet Access for all networks on R1 except 192.168.1.0
Configure telnet on R1
line vty 0 4
password cisco
login
exit
enable password cisco
Make ACL
Permit 192.168.1.0
Explict deny
R1(config)#access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
Apply Inside Line vty – always apply inbound
R1(config)#line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)#access-class 1 in

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IP
TCP UDP ICMP
HTTP DNS PING
TELNET TFTP TRACEROUTE
FTP DHCP
SMTP NNTP
Operators : eq (equal to)

neq (not equal to)
lt (less than)
gt (greater than)
Named Access List

• Access-lists are identified using Names rather than Numbers.
• Names are Case-Sensitive
• No limitation of Numbers here.
• One Main Advantage is Editing of ACL is Possible (i.e) Removing a specific statement from the ACL is possible.
(IOS version 11.2 or later allows Named ACL)
Creation of Standard Named Access List

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Router(config)# ip access-list standard <name>
Router(config-std-nacl)# <permit/deny> <source address> <source wildcard mask>
Implementation of Standard Named Access List
Router(config)#interface <interface type><interface no>

Router(config-if)#ip access-group <name> <out/in>
Creation of Extended Named Access List
Router(config)# ip access-list extended <name>

Router(config-ext-nacl)# <permit/deny> <protocol> <source address>
<source wildcard mask> <destination address>
< destination wildcard mask> <operator> <service>
LAB Extended ACL

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Objective :
Block HTTP - 80
PC 192.168.1.2 > Nwkings 192.168.2.2
PC 192.168.1.3 > Cisco 192.168.2.3
R1(config)#access-list 100 deny tcp host 192.168.1.2 host 192.168.2.2 eq 80
R1(config)#access-list 100 deny tcp host 192.168.1.3 host 192.168.2.3 eq 80
Block FTP - 21
Network 192.168.1.0 > Nwkings 192.168.2.2
R1(config)#access-list 100 deny tcp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.2 eq 21

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Block ICMP
Network 192.168.1.0 > Cisco 192.168.2.3
R1(config)#access-list 100 deny icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.3 echo

R1(config)#access-list 100 deny icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.3 echo-reply
Rest Permit all

R1(config)#access-list 100 permit IP any any
Apply to interface inbound

R1(config)#int fa0/1n
R1(config-if)#ip access-group 100 in
Named ACL – You can edit Named ACL

R1(config)#ip access-list extended ABC
R1(config-ext-nacl)#deny tcp host 192.168.1.2 host 192.168.2.2 eq 80
R1(config-ext-nacl)#deny tcp host 192.168.1.3 host 192.168.2.3 eq 80
R1(config-ext-nacl)#deny tcp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.2 eq 21
R1(config-ext-nacl)#deny icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.3 echo
R1(config-ext-nacl)#deny icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.3 echo-reply
R1(config-ext-nacl)#permit IP any any
R1(config-ext-nacl)#end
R1(config)#int fa0/1
R1(config-if)#ip access-group ABC in
R1#show access-lists
Extended IP access list ABC
10 deny tcp host 192.168.1.2 host 192.168.2.2 eq www
30 deny tcp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.2 eq ftp
40 deny icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.3 echo
50 deny icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.3 echo-reply

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60 permit ip any any
If you want to remove 50 sequence number - echo reply statement
R1(config)#ip access-list extended ABC

R1(config-ext-nacl)#no 50 deny icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.3 echo-repl
R1#show access-lists
Extended IP access list ABC
30 deny tcp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.2 eq ftp
40 deny icmp 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 192.168.2.3 echo
60 permit ip any any
Router Password Breaking
1. console connnection
2. open hypertrm
3. power on the device
4. press CTRL+SHIFT+BREAK to enter in to rommon mode
5. on modular routers
Rommon1> confreg 0x2142

Rommon1> reset
OR
on fixed routers
>o/r 0x2142
>i
6. now the router boots without asking passwords

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>enable
#copy start run
7. change the passwords
8. (config)#config-register 0x2102
(config)#exit
# write
# reload
Dhcp :- automatically assign the ip addresss to host
router(config)# ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.50 (if you don’t want to assign ip’s range )
router(config-dhcp)# ip dhcp pool cisco
router(config-dhcp)# network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
router(config-dgcp)# default-router 192.168.1.1
router(config-dgcp)#exit
APIPA:-
Short for Automatic Private IP Addressing, a feature of later Windows operating systems. With APIPA, DHCP clients can automatically self-configure an IP
address and subnet mask when a DHCP server isn't available. When a DHCP client boots up, it first looks for a DHCP server in order to obtain an IP address
and subnet mask. If the client is unable to find the information, it uses APIPA to automatically configure itself with an IP address from a range that has been
reserved especially for Microsoft. The IP address range is 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254. The client also configures itself with a default class B subnet
mask of 255.255.0.0. A client uses the self-configured IP address until a DHCP server becomes available.

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The APIPA service also checks regularly for the presence of a DHCP server (every five minutes, according to Microsoft). If it detects a DHCP server on the
network, APIPA stops, and the DHCP server replaces the APIPA networking addresses with dynamically assigned addresses.
APIPA is meant for nonrouted small business environments, usually less than 25 clients.
NAT :- NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION
Natting means "Translation of private IP address into public IP address ".

In order to communicate with internet we must have public IP address.
Address translation was originally developed to solve two problems:

1. to handle a shortage of IPv4 addresses
2. hide network addressing schemes.
Small companies typically get their public IP addresses directly from their ISPs, which have a limited number.
Large companies can sometimes get their public IP addresses from a registration authority, such as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Common devices that can perform address translation include firewalls, routers, and servers. Typically address translation is done at the perimeter of the
network by either a firewall (more commonly) or a router.
There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are reserved for Private Networks. These addresses are called private addresses.
Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
• Inside Local Addresses – An IP address assigned to a host inside a network. This address is likely to be a RFC 1918 private address
• Inside Global Address – A legitimate IP address assigned by the NIC or service provider that represents one or more inside local IP address to the
outside world.
• Outside Local Address - The IP address of an outside host as it known to the hosts in the inside network.

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• Outside Global Address - The IP address assigned to a host on the outside network. The owner of the host assigns this address.
Types of NAT:-
1. Dynamic NAT
2. Static NAT
3. PAT
Static NAT
• This type of NAT is designed to allow one-to-one mapping between local and global addresses.
• Keep in mind that the static version requires you to have one real Internet IP address for every host on your network..
Syntax:
(Config)# IP nat inside source static <private IP> <public IP>
Implementation :
(Config) # interface s0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
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(Config)# interface e0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
Dynamic NAT
• This version gives you the ability to map an unregistered IP address to a registered IP address from out of a pool of registered IP addresses.
• You don’t have to statically configure your router to map an inside to an outside address as you would using static NAT, but you do have to have
enough real IP addresses for everyone who’s going to be sending packets to and receiving them from the Internet.
Syntax :
(Config)# access-list < NO> permit <net.ID> <WCM>
(Config)#ip nat inside pool <name> <starting Pub IP><end Pub IP>
<netmask < mask>
(Config)# ip nat inside source list <Aclno> pool <name>
Implementation :

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Dynamic NAT Overload ( PAT )

• This is the most popular type of NAT configuration. Understand that overloading really is a form of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP
addresses to a single registered IP address—many-to-one—by using different ports.
• It is also known as Port Address Translation (PAT), and by using PAT (NAT Overload), you get to have thousands of users connect to the Internet using
only one real global IP address.
• NAT Overload is the real reason we haven’t run out of valid IP address on the Internet
Syntax :
(Config)# access-list < NO> permit <net.ID> <WCM>
(Config)#ip nat inside pool <name> <starting Pub IP><end Pub IP> netmask
< mask>
(Config)# ip nat inside source list <Aclno> pool <name> overload
Implementation :
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BASIC SWITCHING
Hub
• It is a Physical layer device (Layer 1)
• It is Dummy Device
• It works with 0’s and 1’s (Bits)
• It works with broadcasting
• It works with shared bandwidth
• It is has 1 Broadcast Domain and 1 Collision Domain
• Collisions are identified using Access Methods called CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA
Switch
• It is Datalink layer device (Layer 2)
• Its is An Intelligent device
• It works with Physical addresses (i.e. MAC addresses)
• It works with fixed bandwidth
• It works with Flooding and Unicast
• It has 1 Broadcast domain and Number of Collision domains depends upon the number of ports.
• It maintains a MAC address table
Broadcast Domain & Collision Domain

• Broadcast Domain
Set of all devices that receive broadcast frames originating from any device within the set.
• Collision domain
In Ethernet, the network area within which frames that have collided are propagated is called a collision domain.
• A collision domain is a network segment with two or more devices sharing the same bandwidth.
Broadcast Domains Collision Domains

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E0 E1 E0 E1
Types of Switches
• Manageable switches
On a Manageable switch, an IP address can be assigned and configurations can be made. It has a console port .
• Unmanageable switches
On an Unmanageable switch, configurations cannot be made, an IP address cannot be assigned as there is no console port.
Cisco’s Hierarchical Design Model

Cisco divided the Switches into 3 Layers
1. Access Layer Switches

Switches Series : 1900 & 2900
2. Distribution Layer Switches

Switches Series : 3000 & 5000
3. Core Layer Switches

Switches Series : 7000, 8000 & 10,000
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Access Layer Switch
Catalyst 1900
Catalyst 2900
Distribution Layer Switch
3550 switch
Core Layer Switches

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Switching Mode
Three types of Switching Mode :

• Store & Forward
– A Default switching method for distribution layer switches.
– Latency : High
– Error Checking : Yes
• Fragment Free
– It is also referred to as Modified Cut-Through
– A Default Switching method for access layer switches.
– Latency : Medium
– Error Checking : On 64 bytes of Frame
• Cut through
– A Default switching method for the core layer switches
– Latency : Low
– Error Checking : No
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Latency is the total time taken for a Frame to pass through the Switch. Latency depends on the switching mode and the hardware capabilities of the Switch.
• Connect a rollover cable to the Switch console port (RJ-45 connector).

• Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter
• Attach the female DB-9 adapter to a PC Serial Port. E0
• Open emulation software on the PC.
Con 0
Emulation Software
IN WINDOWS
• Start Programs Accessories Communications HyperTerminal HyperTerminal.

• Give the Connection Name & Select Any Icon
• Select Serial (Com) Port where Switch is Connected.
• In Port Settings Click on Restore Defaults
LAN – 10.0.0.0/8
IN LINUX
• # minicom -s
INITIAL CONFIGURATION OF A SWITCH:
Connect one end of console cable to console port of switch and other end of cable to your computer’s com port.
Now open Hyper terminal and power on the switch.
Would you like to enter into initial configuration dialog (yes/no): no
2950>en
2950#config terminal
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TO assign telnet Password
2950(config) # line vty 0 4

2950(config-line) # login
2950(config-line) # password <password>
TO assign Console Password
2950(config) # line con 0

2950(config-line) # login
2950(config-line) # password <password>
TO assign Enable Password
2950(config) #enable secret < password>

2950(config) #enable password < password>
2950(config) #exit
switch# Show mac-address-table ( to see the entries of the MAC table)

switch# Show interface status
To assign IP to a Switch
switch(config)# Interface Vlan 1

switch(config-if)# ip address <ip> <mask>
switch(config-if)# no shutdown
To assign Default Gateway to a Switch
switch(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.20.1

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ADVANCE SWTCHING
Spanning Tree Protocol
• Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) uses Spanning Tree Algorithm to avoid the Switching loops in layer-2 devices (bridges or switches).
• STP works when multiple switches are used with redundant links avoiding Broadcast Storms, Multiple Frame Copies & Database instability.
• First Developed By DEC
• STP is a open standard (IEEE 802.1D)
• STP is enabled by default on all Cisco Catalyst switches
STP Terminology
• BPDU
– All switches exchange information through what is called as Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)
– BPDUs contain a lot of information to help the switches determine the topology and any loops that result from that topology.
– BPDUs are sent every 2 sec
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• Bridge ID
– Each switch has a unique identifier called a Bridge ID or Switch ID
– Bridge ID = Priority + MAC address of the switch
– When a switch advertises a BPDU , they place their switch id in these BPDUs.
• Root Bridge
– The bridge with the Best (Lowest) ID.
– Out of all the switches in the network , one is elected as a root bridge that becomes the focal point in the network.
• Non-Root bridge
– All Switches other than the Root Bridge are Non-Root Bridges
• Designated port
– Either a port On a root bridge or a port that has been
determined as having the best (lower) cost.
– A designated port will always in Forward Mode
• Root port
– The link directly connected to the root bridge, or the
shortest path to the root bridge.
– Priority and Alternatives if Config occurred.
• Root port with the least cost (Speed) connecting to the root bridge.
• The bridge with the Best (Lowest) Switch ID.
• Lowest Physical Port Number.
– Only One root port will Be in Bridge or switch.
• Non Designated port
– All the Port or ports which are blocked by STP to avoid switching loop.
– A Non Designated port Will Always in Blocked Mode.

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STP port states
• Blocking - 20 Sec Or No Limits.

• Listening - 15 Sec.
• Learning - 15 Sec.
• Forwarding - No Limits.
• Disable - No Limits.
Switch - Port States

• Blocking : Won’t forward frames; listens to BPDUs. All ports are in blocking state by default when the switch is powered up.
• Listening : Listens to BPDUs to make sure no loops occur on the network before passing data frames.
• Learning : Learns MAC addresses and builds a filter table but does not forward frames.
• Forwarding : Sends and receives all data on the bridged port.
Typical Costs of Different Ethernet Networks
Speed New IEEE Cost Original IEEE Cost

10Gbps 2 1
1Gbps 4 1
100Mbps 19 10
10Mbps 100 100
Virtual LAN
• A Layer 2 Security
• Divides a Single Broadcast domain into Multiple Broadcast domains.
• By default all ports of the switch are in VLAN1 . This VLAN1 is known as Administrative VLAN or Management VLAN
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• VLAN can be created from 2 – 1001
• Can be Configured on a Manageable switch only
• 2 Types of VLAN Configuration
– Static VLAN
– Dynamic VLAN
1 Broadcast Domain
A B
B
E0 E1
C E2 E3 D
4 Collision Domains
• By default, routers allow broadcasts only within the originating network, but switches forward broadcasts to all segments.
• The reason it’s called a flat network is because it’s one Broadcast domain , not because its design is physically flat. (Flat Network Structure)
• Network adds, moves, and changes are achieved by configuring a port into the appropriate VLAN.
• A group of users needing high security can be put into a VLAN so that no users outside of the VLAN can communicate with them.
• As a logical grouping of users by function, VLANs can be considered independent from their physical or geographic locations.
• VLANs can enhance network security.
• VLANs increase the number of broadcast domains while decreasing their size.

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2 Broadcast Domains
A B
B
E0 E1
C E2 E3 D
4 Collision Domains
Static VLAN
• Static VLAN’s are based on port numbers
• Need to manually assign a port on a switch to a VLAN
• Also called Port-Based VLANs
• It can be a member of single VLAN and not multiple VLAN’s
Static VLAN On 2900 series Switch
• Creation of VLAN:-
Switch # vlan database
Switch(vlan)# vlan <vlan id> name <vlan name>
Switch(vlan)# exit
• Assigning port in VLAN:-

Switch#config t
Switch(config)# int fastethernet <int no>
Switch(config-if)# switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)# switchport access vlan <vlan id>
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• Verify using
Switch # show vlan
VLAN Creation – 1900 Series

Switch(config)# vlan <no>
Switch(config-Vlan)# name <name>
Switch(config-Vlan)# Exit
Assigning ports in Vlan

Switch(config)# interface <interface type> <interface no.>
Switch(config-if)# switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)# switchport access Vlan <no>
The range command (Assigning multiple ports at same time)

The range command, you can use on switches to help you configure multiple ports at the same time
Switch(config)# int range fastEthernet 0/1 - 12
Dynamic VLAN
• Dynamic VLAN’s are based on the MAC address of a PC
• Switch automatically assigns the port to a VLAN
• Each port can be a member of multiple VLAN’s
• For Dynamic VLAN configuration, a software called VMPS( VLAN Membership Policy Server) is needed
Types of links/ports
• Access links
– This type of link is only part of one VLAN, and it’s referred to as the native VLAN of the port.

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– Any device attached to an access link is unaware of a VLAN membership—the device just assumes it’s part of a broadcast domain, but it has no
understanding of the physical network.
– Switches remove any VLAN information from the frame before it’s sent to an accesslink device.
• Trunk links
– Trunks can carry multiple VLANs.
– A trunk link is a 100- or 1000Mbps point-to-point link between two switches, between a switch and router, or between a switch and server.
These carry the traffic of multiple VLANs—from1 to 1005 at a time.
– Trunking allows you to make a single port part of multiple VLANs at the same time.
VLAN Identification Methods (Frame Tagging)

• VLAN identification is what switches use to keep track of all those frames
• It’s how switches identify which frames belong to which VLANs, and there’s more than one trunking method :
– Inter-Switch Link (ISL)
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– IEEE 802.1Q
ISL IEEE 802.1Q
• It’s a Cisco proprietary • Created by the IEEE as a standard method

or frame tagging.
• It adds 30 bytes to the header
• Open standard, we can use on different
• All VLAN traffic is tagged vendors switches.
• It works with Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI • It works only on Ethernet
• Frame is not modified • Unlike ISL , 802.1q does not encapsulate

the frame . It modifies the existing
Ethernet frame to include the VLAN ID
• Only 4 Byte tag will add to original frame.

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Trunking Configuration – 2900 Series
Switch(config)# interface <interface type> <interface no.>

Switch(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed vlan {<vlan no.>|all}
Switch(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q/ISL
VTP - Virtual LAN Trunking Protocol
• VTP is a CISCO proprietary protocol

• used to share the VLAN configurations with multiple switches and to maintain consistency throughout that network.
• Information will be passed only if switches connected with FastEthernet or higher ports.
• VTP allows an administrator to add, delete, and rename VLANs-information that is then propagated to all other switches in the VTP domain.
• Note: Switches Should be configure with same Domain. Domain are not Case sensitive.
VTP Modes
VTP Mode are of three types :
• Server Mode
o A Switch configured in Server mode can Add , Modify and Delete VLAN’s
o A Default VTP mode for all switches
• Client Mode
o A switch configured in Client mode cannot Add , Modify and Delete its VLAN configurations
o Doesn’t store its VLAN configuration information in the NVRAM. Instead , learns it from the server every time it boots up
• Transparent Mode
o A switch configured in a Transparent Mode can Add , Modify and Delete VLAN configurations.
o Changes in one transparent switch will not affect any other switch.

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Benefits of VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)

• Consistent VLAN configuration across all switches in the network
• Accurate tracking and monitoring of VLANs
• Dynamic reporting of added VLANs to all switches in the VTP domain
• Plug-and-Play VLAN adding
VTP Pruning
• Preserves bandwidth by configuring it to reduce the amount of broadcasts, multicasts, and unicast packets.
• VTP pruning only sends broadcasts to trunk links that truly must have the information.
• Enabling pruning on a VTP server, enables it for the entire domain.
• By default, VLANs 2 through 1005 are pruning-eligible, but VLAN 1 can never prune because it’s an administrative VLAN.
VTP Configuration – 2950 Series

Switch(config)# VTP Domain <Name>
Switch(config)# VTP Password <password>
Switch(config)# VTP Mode <server/client/transparent>
Switch(config)# VTP pruning
VTP Configuration – 1900 Series

Switch#VLAN Database
Switch(VLAN)# VTP Domain <Name>
Switch(VLAN)# VTP Password <password>
Switch(VLAN)# VTP Mode <server/client/transparent>
Switch(VLAN)# VTP pruning
SSH :- To remotely access the device , it creates encrypted session
Step 1. As a requirement to generate an RSA general-usage key you’ll need to change the hostname to a hostname other then the default “Router”
hostname. In this case, you can use R1 as shown below;

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Router>enable
Password:
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname R1
R1(config)#ip domain-name ccies.in
R1(config)#crypto key generate rsa modulus 2048
R1(config)#
. Configure the transport input protocol on the VTY lines to accept only SSH by executing the transport input ssh under the vty line configuration mode as
shown below;
R1(config)#line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)#transport input ssh
Step 6. Verify your SSH configuration by using the Cisco IOS SSH client and SSH to the routers loopback interface 10.1.1.1
R1(config-line)#end
R1#ssh -l john 10.1.1.1
Password:
R1#ssh -l john 10.1.1.1
Password:
R1#show ssh

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Connection Version Mode Encryption Hmac State Username

0 1.99 IN aes128-cbc hmac-sha1 Session started john
0 1.99 OUT aes128-cbc hmac-sha1 Session started john
%No SSHv1 server connections running.
IPv6
IPv6 has 128 bit addresses and has a much larger address space than 32-bit IPv4 which offered us a bit more than 4 billion addresses. Keep in mind
every additional bit doubles the number of IP addresses…so we go from 4 billion to 8 billion, 16,32,64, etc. Keep doubling until you reach 128 bit. With
128 bits this is the largest value you can create:
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
The main reason to start using IPv6 is that we need more addresses but it also offers some new features:
• No Broadcast traffic: No broadcasts anymore. We use multicast in IPV6. It means protocols like ARP are replaced with other solutions.
• Stateless Autoconfiguration: Its like a “mini DHCP server”. Routers running IPv6 are able to advertise the IPv6 prefix and gateway address to
hosts so that they can automatically configure themselves and get access outside of their own network.
• Address Renumbering: Renumbering static IPv4 addresses on your network is a pain. If you use stateless autoconfiguration for IPv6 then you
can easily swap the current prefix with another one.
• Mobility: IPv6 has built-in support for mobile devices. Hosts will be able to move from one network to another and keep their current IPv6
address.
• No NAT / PAT: we have so much IPv6 addresses that we don’t need NAT or PAT anymore, every device in your network can have a public IPv6
address.

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• IPsec: IPv6 has native support for IPsec, you don’t have to use it but it’s built-in the protocol.
• Improved header: the IPv6 header is simpler and doesn’t require checksums. It also has a flow label that is used to quickly see if certain packets
belong to the same flow or not.
• Migration Tools: IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible so we need migration tools. There are multiple tunneling techniques that we can use to
transport IPv6 over IPv4 networks (or the other way around). Running IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously is called “dual stack”.

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IPv6 looks different than IPv4 but there are some similarities.
For example we have unicast addresses and we still have a “public” and “private” range. We use different names for these but the idea is the same. One
of the differences is that IPv6 has some additional unicast address types.
• IPV4 released in 1980 , 32 bit therefore support 232 (4,294,967,296) addresses
• IPV6 released in 1999 , 128 bit (approximately 340 undecillion or 3.4×1038) addresses
Unicast
Unicast IPv6 addresses are similar to unicast IPv4 addresses. These are meant to configure on one interface so that you can send and receive IPv6 packets.
There are a number of different unicast address types that we’ll discuss here.
Global Unicast
The global unicast IPv6 addresses are similar to IPv4 public addresses. These addresses can be used on the Internet. The big difference with IPv4 is that we
have so much address space that we can use global unicast addresses on any device in the network.
Unique Local
Unique local addresses work like the IPv4 private addresses. You can use these addresses on your own network if you don’t intend to connect to the Internet
or if you plan to use IPv6 NAT. The advantage of unique local addresses is that you don’t need to register at an authority to get some address space. The
FC00::/7 prefix is reserved for unique local addresses

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Shortening IPv6 Addresses
2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab
2001:0db8:3c4d:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab 8 groups Each Group = 16 bit or 4 hexadecimal
Not easy to remember:- we have 2 rules
1. Eliminate the consecutive zero’s:- represent with double :: ( colon's)
2001:0db8:3c4d:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab
2001:0db8:3c4d:0012::1234:56ab ____________________ also _______2001::
We can remove the one or more blocks of zeros by replacing them with double colons, But you can only replace one contiguous block of zeros in an address
2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab
2001:0000:0000:0012::1234:56ab
2001:0:0:12::1234:56ab
2 Eliminate the Leading zeros
2001:db8:3c4d:12::1234:56ab _____ remove the starting zero's

2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab
2001:0000:0000:0012::1234:56ab
2001:0:0:12::1234:56ab
If address has four blocks of zeros .

Example:
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2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab
2001:0:0:12:0 : 0:1234:56ab
• 2001:: 12 :: 1234: 56ab (wrong)
• 2001::12:0:0:1234:56ab (correct)
ADDRESS TYPES:
1) UNICAST 2) Multicast
1) Global unicast : public , routable2001:: Just like class D

FF
2001:1234:12:121:fe12::1/64
2) Site local : private routable FC, FD
FC00:1234:12:121:fe12::1/
FD00:1234:12:121:fe12::1/
3) Link local :` address which the device assings automatically

(nonroutable)
FE80::45E:34:fc::0
To summarize these rules:

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• An entire string of zeros can be removed, you can only do this once.
• 4 zeros can be removed, leaving only a single zero.
• Leading zeros can be removed.
How to find IPv6 Prefix

What part from this IPv6 address is the prefix and what part identifies the host?
Since we use a /64 it means that the first 64 bits are the prefix. Each hexadecimal character represents 4 binary bits so that means that this part is the
prefix:
2001:1234:5678:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000/64 is a valid prefix but we can shorten it :- 2001:1234:5678:1234::/64

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2001:1234:abcd:5678:9877:3322:5541:aabb/53
IPv6 EUI-64 explained

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EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) is a method we can use to automatically configure IPv6 host addresses. An IPv6 device will use the MAC address
of its interface to generate a unique 64-bit interface ID. However, a MAC address is 48 bit and the interface ID is 64 bit. What are we going to do with
the missing bits?
1. We take the MAC address and split it into two pieces.
2. We insert “FFFE” in between the two pieces so that we have a 64 bit value.
3. We invert the 7th bit of the interface ID.

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Static Routing IPV6
R1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0 R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0

R1(config-if)#ipv6 enable R2(config-if)#ipv6 enable
R2(config-if)#exit
Static Route
R2(config)#interface loopback 0
R2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001::2/128

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RIPNG
R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing R2(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing

R1(config)#interface loopback 0 R2(config)#interface loopback 0
R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001::1/128 R2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001::2/128

R1(config-if)#ipv6 enable R2(config-if)#ipv6 enable
R1#show ipv6 interface brief R2#show ipv6 interface brief

FastEthernet0/0 [up/up] FastEthernet0/0 [up/up]
FE80::CE09:18FF:FE0E:0 FE80::CE0A:18FF:FE0E:0
Loopback0 [up/up] Loopback0 [up/up]
FE80::CE09:18FF:FE0E:0 FE80::CE0A:18FF:FE0E:0
2001::1 2001::2
R1(config)#ipv6 router rip RIPNGTEST R2(config)#ipv6 router rip RIPNGTEST

R1(config-rtr)#exit R2(config-rtr)#exit
R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip RIPNGTEST enable R2(config-if)#ipv6 rip RIPNGTEST enable
R1(config-if)#exit R2(config-if)#exit
R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip RIPNGTEST enable R2(config-if)#ipv6 rip RIPNGTEST enable
EIGRP
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R1(config)#ipv6 router eigrp 1 R2(config)#ipv6 router eigrp 1
R1(config-rtr)#router-id 1.1.1.1 R2(config-rtr)#router-id 2.2.2.2
R1(config-rtr)#no shutdown R2(config-rtr)#no shutdown
R1(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1 R2(config)#interface GigabitEthernet 0/1

R1(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 1 R2(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 1

R1(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 1 R2(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 1
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi: - wireless fidelity
1. Half duplex, connectivity issues ( not reliable )
2. Shared signal
3. CSMA/CA
1. AD-HOC: - pc to pc also known as ibss ( independent basic service set)

2. BSS: - basic service set: - one access point
3 ESS:-extended service set more than one access point
802.11a:- 25 mbps, can reach up to 54 mbps, indoor range is 100 feet , 5ghz frequency
802.11b:- 6.5 mbps, can reach up to 11 mbps, indoor range is 100 feet, 2.4 ghz frequency
802.11g: - 25 mbps, can reach up to 54 mbps, indoor range is 100 feet, 2.4 ghz
802.11n:- 200 mbps, can reach up to 540 mbps , indoor range is 160 feet , work on both 2.4 ghz frequency and 5 ghz
SSID: - service set identifier (name of your wlan) case sensitive 32 characters
Authentication

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Wep:-wired equivalent privacy

1. clear text , easy to guess, one way authentication
Wap: - Wi-Fi protected access

Two way authentication
Strong encryption ( tkip :- temporal key integrity protocol )
WAN :- wide area network
A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond the geographic scope of a LAN.
1. Wireless
2. Satellite
3. Cables: - 1. Leased lines ---- dedicated lines
2. Circuit switching
3 . Packet switching

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WAN Protocols
Leased Lines uses two types of WAN encapsulation protocols:
1) High Data Link Protocol (HDLC)

2) Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
HDLC PPP
• Higher level data link Control protocol • Point to Point Protocol

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• Cisco Proprietary Layer 2 WAN Protocol • Standard Layer 2 WAN Protocol
• Doesn’t support Authentication • Supports Authentication
• Doesn’t support Compression and error • Support error correction
correction
PPP supports two authentication protocols:
1) PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)

2) CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)

• PAP provides a simple method for a remote node to establish its identity using a two-way handshake.
• PAP is done only upon initial link establishment
• PAP is not a strong authentication protocol.
• Passwords are sent across the link in clear text.

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CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)
• After the PPP link establishment phase is complete, the local router sends a unique “challenge” message to the remote node.
• The remote node responds with a value (MD5)
• The local router checks the response against its own calculation of the expected hash value.
• If the values match, the authentication is acknowledged. Otherwise, the connection is terminated immediately.

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Configuration of HDLC:-
Router(config)# interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc
Configuration of PPP:
Router# configure terminal
Router(config-if)# encapsulation ppp
Enable CHAP Authentication

Router(config-if)# ppp authentication chap
Enable PAP Authentication:-

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Router(config-if)# ppp authentication pap
DCE DTE
• Data Communication Equipment • Data Termination Equipment

• Generate clocking (i.e. Speed). • Accept clocking (i.e. Speed).
• Example of DCE device in Leased line • Example of DTE device in Leased line
setup : V.35 & G.703 Modem & Exchange setup : Router
(Modem & MUX) • Example of DTE device in Dial up setup :
• Example of DCE device in Dial up setup : Computer
Dialup Modem
Router # show controllers (s0/0 or s0/1)

(To know whether the cable connected to the serial interface is DCE or DTE)

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V.35 Modem
E0 V.35 V.35 E0
10.1.1.1/8 Cable Cable 20.1.1.1/8
2 pair of
Copper Wire
LAN – 10.0.0.0/8 LAN – 20.0.0.0/8

HYDERABAD KSA
OFFICE OFFICE
G.703 EXCHANGE G.703

Modem Modem
HYDERABAD KSA
MUX MUX
Fiber Optic Cable

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V.35 Back to Back Cable
Frame relay:-

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* Cost effective
* shared bandwidth
* NBMA :-NOn broadcast multi acess-- which not broadcast neither multicast
CIR :- commited information rate :- guraanted bandwith given by isp

PVC :- permanent virtual circuit :- billing upon rent
DLCI :- data link connection indentifier

* they are locally significant
( inverse arp ) which converts DLCI TO IP
LMI:- local managment interface

* the language speaks between router and us
* signalling protocol
* Quality of transmission
VPN: - Virtual Private Network

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* Cheaper connections
* Available anywhere where internet is available
* Heavily encrypted and secure
* HIGH OVERHEAD (disadvantage)

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1|Page

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CCNA :- Cisco Certified Network Associate

Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San

Download packet tracer

Gns3 ( First make account and download )

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Tips for Study :-

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Some of the components that make up a network:

Personal Computers (PC): These are the endpoint of your

Media Cables and connectors : network cables, perhaps wireless,

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The Difference Between Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Messages

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Some Command Prompt for CCNA !

1. ping :- packet internet gopher

Visit :- www.whatismyipaddress.com to check your public ip

How To assign address to your PC ?

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Ethernet Frame Form

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Two Versions of IP:

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Network & Broadcast Address

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Class A N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0

Note:- "255" represents the network and "0" represents host.

Network:- collection / group hosts

Default Gateway:- Its an entry and exit point of the network.

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It is the process of Dividing a Single Network into Multiple Networks.

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1. FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask)

Subnetting can be done based on requirement .

Requirement of Hosts ? 2h - 2 >= requirement

What is Supernetting or CIDR?

28 = 256 217 = 131072

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Req = 40 hosts using C-class address network 192.168.1.0/24

Host bits required (h) = 6

2.Converted network Bits (n) = Total. H. Bits -- req. H. Bits

4.Total . Network Bits =total network bits + converted bits = 24 + 2 = /26

Network ID --- Broadcast ID

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2.Host bits required (h)= 9

3. Total . Network Bits = total network bits + converted bits = 16 + 7 = /23

1.Req = 2000 hosts using A-class address network 10.0.0.0/8

2.Host bits required (h)= 11

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5.Total . N. Bits = 8+ 13 = /21

6.blocksize = 2h = 211 = 2048

10.2.8.0/21 --- 10.2.15.255/21

OSI Reference Model

All People Seem To Need Data Processing