ARVIND ACADEMY 1

METALS & NON-METALS

Notes

Chapter: 3
Metals & Non-metals

Scan to View Our

ARVIND ACADEMY
Website YouTube Channel Arvind Academy link http://bit.ly/2lYvJGF
Mobile App Arvind Academy (Android) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
Website Arvind Academy https://www.arvindacademy.com

IMPORTANT TERMS & CONCEPTS

1. Metals:
1.Those elements which can lose electrons easily and form positive ions.
2. They are mostly solids, possess high density.
3. They have high melting and boiling points.
4.They have metallic luster and they are sonorous, i.e., produce metallic sound.
5. They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
6.they are usually malleable and ductile, e.g., gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, mercury, cobalt,
nickel, aluminum, sodium, potassium are metals.
2. Properties of metal:

Chemical properties
Physical properties
1.They react with oxygen to form oxides.
1.They are strong ,hard to cut except Na ,K.
2.Metallic oxides are mostly basic.
2.They are malleable , beaten into sheets.
3.Metals can lose electrons to form positive ions.
3.They are ductile ,can be drawn into wires
some metals react with cold water some with hot and
4.They are sonorous ,produce sound when strikes somw with steam to form oxides or hydroxide and
them. hydrogen gas.
5.Thwy are lustrous(shiny) 6.Metals react with dil.acid to form salt an d hydrogen
6.They are good conductors of heat and gas except with nitric acid.
electricity. 7.More reactive metals can displace less reactive metal
from its salt solution.
3. Hardness: Most of the metals are hard. If you try to cut them with knife, it will not be possible in most of the metals.
Some of the metals like sodium, potassium are soft metals and can be cut with knife.
4. Malleability: The ability of a metal due to which it can be beaten into sheets is called malleability. Iron, copper, zinc,
aluminium. Magnesium is available in the form of sheets. Aluminium, steel, copper, brass, bronze are used in making
utensils.
Brass and bronze are also used for making statues. Bronze is used for making medals. Aluminium and silver
metals are converted in foils. Aluminium foils are used for packaging whereas silver foils are used in
decorating sweets.
5. Ductility: It is the ability of metal due to which it can be drawn into wires. Copper, aluminium, iron can be drawn into
wires. Silver, gold and platinum are highly ductile metals. 1 gram of gold can be drawn into 2 km long wire.

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 2
METALS & NON-METALS

6. Effect of Tapping (Sonorous): When metals are struck with hard substance, they produce sound, i.e., they are
sonorous. Brass and bronze are highly sonorous. They are used in making bells and gongs.
7. Electrical Conductance: It is the property due to which electric current can pass through the metal. It is due to
presence of free electrons or mobile electrons, e.g., copper, silver, gold, aluminium are good conductors of electricity.
Silver is best conductor of electricity followed by copper, gold, aluminium and tungsten. Mercury and lead have low
electrical conductivity due to high resistance.
8. Thermal Conductivity: It is the property due to which metals can conduct heat e.g., copper, silver, aluminium, gold,
and iron are good conductors of heat.
9. Metallic Lustre: Most of the metals have shiny surface i.e., they show metallic lustre e.g., Au, Ag, Pt are lustrous.
10. Exceptions if classification of metals and non-metals is done on the basis of physical properties:
I. All metals are hard except sodium, potassium, lithium. They can be cut even with knife. Osmium (Os)
is hardest metal. Lithium is lightest metal.
II. All metals are solids except mercury. Cesium, francium, germanium and gallium are low melting
solids; Gallium becomes liquid if kept on palm. But gallium has very high boiling point which makes it
useful for high temperature thermometers.
III. Iodine is a non-metal but has metallic lustre. Diamond (an allotrope of carbon) is highly lustrous.
IV. Non-metals have low melting and boiling points but diamond, graphite, boron and silicon have high
melting and boiling points.
V. Metals have high melting and boiling points. Tungsten has highest melting point whereas sodium,
potassium have low melting and boiling points.
VI. Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity, but graphite is a non-metal which is good
conductor of heat and electricity.

Anodising:
 The process of forming oxide layer on the surface of metal is called
anodising, e.g., Aluminium forms an oxide layer on its surface when
exposed to air. It is non-penetrating layer which protects it from corrosion.
The layer can be made thicker with the help of anodising.
 It is a process in which cleaned aluminium metal is taken as anode. Dilute
H2SO4 acts as electrolyte. When electric current is passed, O2 gas is
liberated which reacts with aluminium to form a layer of aluminium oxide.
 The oxide later can be made coloured like red, blue, etc. so as to make it
more attractive for making decorative articles. Metal burns in the presence
of oxygen to from metal oxide. Let us perform an experiment.

11. Properties of metals :

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 3
METALS & NON-METALS

Physical properties
Chemical properties
1.They are brittle.
1.They form acidic oxides.
2.They exist as solid ,liquid and gas.
2.They gain electrons to form negative ions.
3.They are non-lustrous except diamond and
iodine. 3.They are good oxidising agents.
4.They are not conductors of heat and 4.Their oxides dissolve in water froming acids.
electricity except graphite. 5.They do not react with dilute acids bevause they
5.Low melting and boiling point except cannot lose electron
diamond and graphite. 6.More reactive non-metals can displace less reactive
6.Low density. non-metals from their salt solutions.

Properties of Non-Metals:

Note: NO , CO , ,are neutral oxides formed by non-metals with oxygen .

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 4
METALS & NON-METALS

12. Alkalies: Those bases, which are soluble in water, are called alkalies. For example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH),
potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 etc. They turn phenolphthalein pink and turn red litmus blue.

Types of oxides

Basic oxides
Amphoteric oxides
Those oxide, which react with Acidic oxides These oxides are both acidic as
acids or acidic oxides to form well as basic in nature. They react
salt and water are called basic Those oxides which react with
bases or basic oxides to form salt both with acids as well as bases to
oxides. Metals react with oxygen form salt and water. Some metals
to form metallic react with and water are called acidic oxides.
form amphoteric oxides e.g., ZnO
oxygen to form metallic oxides Non-metals react with oxygen to
(zinc oxide) and Al2O3 (aluminium
which are generally basic in form non-metallic oxides which oxide) are amphoteric oxides.
nature e.g., Na2O (sodium are generally acidic in nature, e.g.,
CO2 (carbon dioxide), SO2 (sulphur Zn
oxide), CaO (calcium oxide), K2O Zn
(potassium oxide), MgO dioxide), SO3 (sulphur trioxide), ()
(magnesium oxide) are basic P2O5 (phosphorus pentoxide), SiO2
(silicon dioxide) are acidic oxides. Zn
oxides. Zn
()
() ()

Note: Neutral Oxides: These oxides are neither acidic nor basic in nature. They neither react with acids nor with
bases. Some non-metals form neutral oxides. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), and Nitrous oxide (N2O) is
examples of neutral oxides.

13. Reaction of Metal Oxides with Acid: Metal oxides react with acid to form salt and water because most of the metal
oxides are basic or amphoteric in nature. Amphoteric oxides react with both acids as well as bases.
( ) ( ) ( ) ()

( ) ( ) ( ) ()

( ) ( ) ( ) ()

( ) ( ) ( ) ()

( ) ( ) ( ) ()

( ) ( ) ( ) ()

( ) ( ) ( ) ()

( ) ( ) ( ) ()

14. Reactivity of Metals: All the metals do not react with the same rate. Some react very fast, some react moderately
whereas others react very slowly e.g., sodium, potassium react with oxygen at room temperature vigorously to form
oxide. They can catch fire in the presence of moist air. These metals are kept in kerosene oil or benzene so as to
protect them from formation of oxide and hydroxide in open air.

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 5
METALS & NON-METALS

At room temperature, metals like Al, Z, Cu, Mg, Sn, Pb form oxide layer on their surface and become dull.
This oxide layer makes aluminium passive and does not allow it to react further with H2O, O2 and even conc.
HNO3. Copper is less reactive and forms black coloured oxide and gives green coloured flame with blue tip in
burner. Magnesium burns with dazzling light forming MgO. Silver, gold and platinum do not react with
oxygen. Mercury forms red coloured oxide, HgO.

Reactivity Series of Metals: The series of metals in decreasing order of reactivity is called reactivity or
activity series of metals. The metals at the top are most reactive whereas metals at the bottom are less
reactive. The following is the activity series of metals. The metals above hydrogen are more reactive than
hydrogen. They can displace hydrogen from dilute acids and water. Metals below hydrogen are less reactive
than hydrogen and cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acids and water.

Activity Series:
1. More reactive metals can lose electrons most easily.
2. More reactive metals from stable compound
3. More reactive metals are difficult to extract from its one and exist as compounds.
4. Least reactive metals are found in nature in free stale ., eg .copper ,silver ,gold

Relative Reactivities of Metals

K Potassium → Most reactive
Na Sodium
Ca Calcium
Mg Magnesium
Al Aluminium Reactivity decreases
Zn Zinc
Fe Iron
Pb Lead
H Hydrogen
Cu Copper
Hg Mercury
Ag Silver
Au Gold → Least reactive
15. Reaction of Metals with Water: Some metals like Na, K, and Ca react with cold water vigorously to form hydroxide
and liberate hydrogen gas. Some metals like Mg, Zn, Al, react with hot water to form oxide and hydroxides and
hydrogen gas. Some metals like Fe reacts with steam to form Fe3O4 and H2(g).some metals like Cu, Ag, Au, Hg, Pb and
Pt do not react with water at all because they are less reactive than hydrogen. Let us perform the following
experiment.
16. Reaction of Metals with Acids: Metals react with dilute acids to form salt and hydrogen gas. The metal replaces
hydrogen of the acid to form salt.
17. Aqua Regia: It is a mixture of conc. HCl (hydrochloric acid) and conc. HNO3 (nitric acid) in the ratio of 3:1. It can
dissolve gold and platinum. Gold and platinum do not react with conc. HCl. They do not react even with conc. HNO3.
They dissolve in aqua regia. Aqua regia is a strong oxidizing agent due to the formation of NOCl (nitrosyl chloride) and
chlorine produced by the reaction of two acids. Aqua regia (Latin word for royal water) is a highly corrosive and
fuming liquid. Therefore, it should be kept away from eyes and skin.
Note: Noble metals like gold and platinum are soluble in aqua regia (royal water) .
18. Reaction of Metals with solution of Other Metal Salts: More reactive metal can displace less reactive metal from
their salt solution. These reactions are called displacement reactions.
19. Reason for difference in Reactivity of Metals: We have observed with the help of experiments that some metals are
less reactive whereas other metals are more reactive. Let us find out the reason why some metals are more reactive
whereas other metals are less reactive.
Metals are those elements which can lose electrons easily. The reactivity of metal depends upon how easily
metal can lose electrons and from positively charged ion. Metals have 1 to 3 electrons whereas non-metals 4
to 8 electrons in their outermost shell. Hydrogen and helium have one and two electrons respectively but

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 6
METALS & NON-METALS

still they are non-metals because they cannot lose electrons easily. Boron has three valence electrons but
still it is a non-metal.
20. Electronic Configuration of Elements and Classification as Metals and Non-metals.
S. Element Symbol Atomic Electronic Valence Metal/Non-
No. number configuration electrons metal
KLMNO
1 Hydrogen H 1 1 1 Non-metal
2 Helium He 2 2 2 Non-metal
3 Neon Ne 10 2, 8 8 Non-metal
(noble gas)
4 Boron B 5 2, 3 3 Non-metal
5 Carbon C 6 2, 4 4 Non-metal
6 Nitrogen N 7 2, 5 5 Non-metal
7 Oxygen O 8 2, 6 6 Non-metal
8 Fluorine F 9 2, 7 7 Non-metal
9 Sodium Na 11 2, 8, 1 1 Metal
10 Magnesium Mg 12 2, 8, 2 2 Metal
11 Aluminium Al 13 2, 8, 3 3 Metal
12 Potassium K 19 2, 8, 8, 1 1 Metal
13 Calcium Ca 20 2, 8, 8, 2 2 Metal

21. Reason for Metals for Losing Electrons: In the electronic configuration of elements, you have observed that noble
gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell and they are quite stable excepts helium which has two valence
electrons, it is also quite stable. It means all metals will try to lose electrons to acquire nearest noble gas
configuration, e.g.,

22. Reason for Non-metals for Gaining Electrons: Non-metals can gain electrons to form negative ions so as to acquire
stable noble gas configuration, i.e., 8 electrons in its outermost orbit.

Non-metals gain electrons to complete their octet.

23. Octet: A stable group of eight electrons in the outermost orbit of the atom.

24. Ionic bond: The bond which is formed by loss and gain of electrons is called ionic or electrovalent bond.
I.

( ) ( ) n

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 7
METALS & NON-METALS

II.

( )( ) n
III.

( )( ) n
IV.

( ) ( ) n

30. Properties of Ionic Compounds:

I. Ionic compounds are solids, e.g., NaCl, KCl, CuSO4, K2SO4, NaNO3 are solids.
II. Ionic compounds are somewhat hard and brittle. It is due to strong force of attraction between
them.
III. Ionic compounds have closed packed structures, e.g., NaCl has face centred cubic structure.
IV. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. It is because of strong force of attraction
between oppositely charged ions; therefore, high energy is required to break the metallic bonds
between ions.
V. Ionic or electrovalent compounds are soluble in water because they form ions in aqueous solution.
31. Corrosion:

It is process in which metal react with substances present in atmosphere to form surface
compounds, e.g.,

 silver metal turns black due to the formation of Ag2S.

 Copper forms a greenish layer of CuCo3, Cu(OH)2 on its surface.
 Iron forms reddish brown coating of hydrated ferric oxide, Fe2O3, xH2O.
32. Prevention of Corrosion:
I. Iron articles are painted so as to prevent them from rusting.
II. Oiling and greasing of machine parts prevent rusting.
III. Galvanisation. The process of coating iron articles with zinc which is more reactive than iron is called
galvanisation.
IV. The iron tanks are connected with magnesium wire so as to protect them from rusting.
V. Iron articles are electroplated by chromium or other more reactive metals so as to protect them
from rusting.
33. Amalgam: When a metal is alloyed with mercury, it is called amalgam.
34. Purpose of Making Alloy:
I. Alloys do not get corroded or get corroded to very less extent.
II. They are harder and stronger than pure metals, e.g., gold mixed with copper is harder than pure
gold.
III. They have fewer conductances than pure metals, e.g., copper is good conductor of heat and
electricity whereas and bronze are not good conductors.
IV. Some alloys have lower melting point than pure metals, e.g., solder is an alloy of lead and tin which
has lower melting point than each of the metals. It is used for soldering of metals.

36. Preparation of Alloy: They are prepared by first melting the main metal, and then dissolving the other
elements in it in definite proportion. It is then cooled to room temperature.

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 8
METALS & NON-METALS

37.
S.No Alloy Composition Properties Uses
1 Brass Copper and Malleable, strong, resists It is used for making decorative
Zinc corrosion, can be easily casted articles, tap etc.
2 Bronze Copper and Very strong and highly resistant It is used for making statues and
Tin to corrosion medals.
3 Solder Lead and Tin Soft, has low melting point It is used for soldering electronic
circuits.
4 Stainless Fe, C, Cr Hard, does not get rusted, It is used for making utensils,
steel and Ni malleable surgical instruments.
5 German Cu, Ni, Zn Shiny silver white, light, It is used for making artificial
silver malleable and ductile jewellery.
6 Gun metal Cu, and Sn Hard, does not get It is used for making guns and
corroded frames of spectacles.
7 Duralumin Al, Mg, Light, strong and resistant It is used for making bodies of
Cu, Mn to corrosion aircrafts.
8 Magnalium Al, and Mg Very light and hard It is used for making kitchen wares.
9 Steel Fe and C Hard, tough, strong It is used for construction of ships.

38. 24 Carat Gold: Pure gold is 24 carat. It is 100% pure gold. It is very soft; therefore, ornaments cannot be
made from it.
39. Occurrence of Metals: The main source of metals is earth’s crust. Some metals are also present in sea
water in the form of their salts.
40. Mineral: The natural materials in which metals occure in the form of their compounds are called minerals.
They are mostly found in earth’s crust. Some minerals are also found in sea water, e.g., NaCl (sodium
chloride), feldspar, mica, kaolin, etc.
41. Ores: They are minerals from which metals are extracted profitably, e.g., hematite (Fe2O3) is an ore of iron,
and bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O) is an ore of aluminium.

Ore
Concentration
of ore

Metals of high Metals of Metals of low

reactivity medium reactivity
reactivity
Electrolytic
reduction
sulphide ores
carbonate ore Suphide ore

Pure metal Roasting

Calcination Roasting

Metals

Pure metal

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 9
METALS & NON-METALS

42. Native State: Some metals exist in free state or uncombined state. The free state or uncombined state is
also called native state. Least reactive metals are often found in free (native) state in nature. Gold, silver,
copper, platinum and bismuth are found in the free state due to their low reactivity.
43. Metallurgy: All the processes involved in the extraction of metals from their ores and refining them for use,
are called metallurgy.
44. Gangue: The unwanted material present in the ores mined from earth is called gangue. It needs to be
removed prior to the extraction process.
45. Ore-dressing: It is a process of removing unwanted substances from the ore. This is also known as
concentration of the ore ration or froth-floatation process.
46. Hydraulic Washing: It is the process in which crushed (powdered) ore is washed with a stream of water. The
lighter gangue particles are washed away in a stream of water whereas heavier mineral particles are washed
away in a stream of water whereas heavier mineral particles settle down at the bottom. It is based on
difference in the density of an ore and impurities. This process is
also called lavigation.
47. Froth-Floatation Process: This process is used to concentrate some
ores especially sulphide ores. In this process, the finely powdered
ore is mixed with water and a suitable oil like pine oil, in a large
tank. It is based on the principle that the mineral particles are more
wetted by oil, whereas the gangue particles are more wetted by
water. Compressed air is bubbled through the mixture. As a result
of agitation, oil froth is formed which contains minerals which float
on the top of water and can be separated easily. Impurities are left
behind at the bottom.

48. Magnetic Separation: It is a process in which magnetic ore is

separated from non-magnetic impurities with the help of
electromagnets. The ore is crushed and electromagnets are
brought near it which attracts the mineral particles leaving
behind the gangue particles. Magnetite (iron ore, Fe3O4)
pyrolusite (manganese ore, MnO2), chromite (chromium ore,
Cr2O3) are enriched by magnetic separation.
49. Extraction of Metals Low in the Activity Series:
By heating compounds of metals in air: Less reactive metals
can be obtained by heating their compounds in the presence
of air, e.g., mercury is produced by roasting the ore cinnabar
(HgS) in air.
( ) ( ) → ( )
nn

( ) → () ( )

Similarly, copper is obtained by heating the ore copper glance (Cu2S) in air.
( ) ( ) → ( ) ( )
n ()

( ) ( ) → ( ) ( )
50. Extraction of Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series:
I. Roasting: It is a process in which ore is heated in the presence of air so as to obtain metal oxide,
which can be reduced easily to get free metal. Sulphide ores are converted into oxides by roasting
e.g.,
Zn ( ) ( ) → Zn ( ) ( )
Zn n Zn

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 10
METALS & NON-METALS

II. Calcination: It is a process of heating ore in the absence of air so as to remove moisture and volatile
impurities and to convert carbonate ores into oxide, e.g.,
Zn ( ) → Zn ( ) ( )
Calcination Roasting
1.Carbonate ,oxides ores 1. Sulphide ores.
2.Heated in limited supply of water 2.Heated in presence of oxygen.
Zn ( ) Zn ( ) ( )
→ Zn ( ) ( ) → Zn ( )
( )
Zn n Z

III. By heating metal oxides with reducing agent: Some metals are obtained by heating their oxides with
suitable reducing agent. When metal oxide is heated with reducing agent like carbon, free metal is
obtained.
Zn ( ) ( ) Zn( ) ( )
( ) ( ) () ( )
n( n) n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
Aluminium, magnesium, calcium, sodium can also be used as reducing agents.

( ) ( ) n( ) ( )
n n n n n n
51. Extraction of Metals Towards the Top of the Activity Series:
Electrolytic Reduction: Most reactive metals like sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminium cannot be
obtained by chemical reduction. They are obtained by electrolysis of fused (molten) compounds. Sodium,
calcium and magnesium are obtained by electrolysis of their fused chlorides. Aluminium is obtained by
electrolysis of molten bauxite. Metals are obtained at cathode whereas non-metals are obtained at anode.
Electrolysis of molten NaCl is shown as follows with the help of chemical reactions.
→
n
( )

( )
52. Thermite Process (Aluminothermy): It is a process in which molten oxides are treated with aluminium
powder. It is highly exothermic reaction. The molten metal obtained is used for welding of railway tracks or
cracked machine parts, e.g., aluminium is heated with Fe2O3 (haematite) to get molten iron and aluminium
oxide.
( ) ( )
n n n n
( )
This process is also used for extraction of metals like iron and chromium.
53. Refining: It is a process of converting impure metal into pure metal by different processes depending on the
nature of metals. In other words, it is a process of purification of metal. There are many ways of refining the
metals.
54. Electrolytic Refining: This method is widely used as method of
purification of metals like zinc (Zn),copper (Cu), aluminium (Al),
chromium (Cr), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), gold (Au). In this
process, impure metal is used as anode, a strip of pure metal is
used as cathode and soluble salt of metal is used as an
electrolyte. On passing electric current through the electrolyte,
cations move towards cathode, gain electrons and pure metal
gets deposited on cathode. In electrolytic refining of copper,
the impurities left behind at anode called anode mud contains

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj
 ARVIND ACADEMY 11
METALS & NON-METALS

valuable metals such as gold and silver which can be recovered in the native state.
55. Blister Copper: The impure copper having spots or blisters due to the evolution of sulphur dioxide is known
as blister copper.
56. Metalloids: Those elements which have characteristic of both metals and non-metals are called metalloids.
Examples of metalloids are germanium, silicon, tellurium and antimony.
57. Reducing Agent: The element which can lose electrons easily is called reducing agent. Metals are reducing
agents. The substances which gain oxygen or electronegative element or lose hydrogen or electropositive
element are also called reducing agents.
58. Flux: The substance which reacts with gangue to form a fusible mass which can easily be removed, e.g., CaO
(calcium oxide) is used as flux so as to remove SiO2 (silica) as gangue.

( ) ( n ) ( )
59. Slag: The fusible mass formed by the reaction of flux and gangue is known as slag.

n
Slag is lighter than molten metal, hence floats over molten metal and can be easily removed. It prevents
metal from oxidation.
IMPORTANT CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1. 13.
2. 14.
3. 15. →
4. 16.
5. 17.
6. 18.
7. ( ) 19. ( )
8. ( ) → 20. ( )
9. 21.
nn 22.
() ( )
23.
10. ( ) 24.
11. 25. Zn Zn
26.
12. →

For More Support Download Arvind Academy app (it is free) http://bit.ly/2kTWbkj