AMOUD UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Numerical Methods

LECTURE NOTES

CHAPTER TWO

Theory of Matrices and Determinants

(Part one)

CLASS: Junior

FIRST SEMESTER

ACADEMIC YEAR: September, 2020 – July, 2021

LECTURER: Mr. Abdiqani M. Aden (Msc in Research & Statistics; Msc in Pure Mathematics)
Introduction
 A matrix is a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns so as to form a rectangular array.
The numbers are called the elements, or entries, of the matrix. Matrices have wide
applications in computer engineering, civil engineering, physics, economics, and statistics as
well as in various branches of mathematics.
 For example; the following matrices:
5 8 2
A=
3 6 1
This matrix has two rows and three columns. So its referred to as 2 by 3 matrix (2 × 3).
Note: When writing or stating the dimensions or order of matrix, conventionally the number of
rows come to the first and column to the second.
 The entry of rows is represented by , and columns by . So in the above matrix can be
expressed as; A = 3, A = 2, A = 6 etc.

Types of Matrices
1. Row matrix: If a matrix has one row and any number of columns, then the matrix is referred
to as row matrix. i.e A = [1 5 −3]
2. Column matrix: If a matrix has one column and any number of rows, then the matrix is
4
referred to as column matrix. i.e A = 0
−10
3. Null or zero matrix: Any matrix, in which all the elements are zero is referred to as zero and
0 0 1 −4 10
null matrix. i.e A = ,B= .
0 0 5 −1 −6
4. Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows equal to the number of columns.
3 1 5
2 3
i.e A = , A= 0 0 6
5 7
2 3 4
5. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix is diagonal matrix, If all it’s non-diagonal elements are
zero’s.
1 0 0
i.e A = 0 3 0
0 0 5

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6. Unit or Identity matrix: A square matrix is called unit or identity matrix, If elements are
1 0 0
1 0
unity and non-diagonal elements are zero’s. i.e A = , A= 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1
7. Transpose of a matrix: In a given matrix A, we interchange the rows and the corresponding
columns, the new matrix is called transpose of a matrix A, and denoted as A or A .
5 3
5 8 2
i.e A = then = 8 6
3 6 1
2 1
8. Symmetric matrices: Square matrix is symmetric If A = A .
a h g a h g
i.e A = h b f A = h b f
g f c g f c
9. Skew-symmetric: A square matrix is called skew-symmetric If A = - A.
o −h −g o h g o h g
i.e A = h o −f , A = −h o f and - A = −h o f
g f o −g −f o −g −f o
10. Triangular matrix (Echelon form): A square matrix is the matrix whose elements below
the leading diagonal are zeros is called upper triangular matrix. A square matrix is the matrix
whose elements above the leading diagonal are zeros is called lower triangular matrix.
1 3 2 2 0 0
i.e A= 0 4 1 , A= 4 1 0
0 0 6 5 6 9
Upper triangular matrix Lower triangular matrix
11. Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is called orthogonal, If the product of the matrix A
and its transpose AT is an identity A ∙ A = I.
12. Singular matrix: If the determinant of matrix is zero, then the matrix is said to be singular.
1 2
i.e A = is singular matrix because | | = 6 − 6 = 0.
3 6
13. Equal matrices: Two matrices are equal, If:
i. They are the same order.
ii. The elements in the corresponding positions are equal.

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Example (1)
5 1 5 0
Given the matrices A = 4 −6 and B = 6 3
2 4
State the dimensions of matrix A and matrix B.

Example (2)
Find the values of x, y, z and m which satisfy the matrix equation.
+3 2 + 0 −7
=
−1 4 −6 3 2m

Example (3)
+3 +4 2 −7 0 6 3 −2
If −6 − 0 = −6 −3 2 +2
−3 −21 0 2 + 4 −21 0
Find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.

Matrix Operations
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
 Corresponding elements in two matrices may be added or subtracted to form a single matrix.
 Addition and subtraction is defined (possible) for matrices of the same order.
Example (4)
Add the matrices
2 −1 −3 0
a)
−7 4 7 −4
3 1 −4 2 7 −5
b) 4 3 1 −2 1 0
1 4 −3 6 3 4
Example (5)
Subtract
−3 0 2 −1
a)
7 −4 −7 4
2 7 −5 3 1 −4
b) −2 1 0 4 3 1
6 3 4 1 4 −3

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Example (6)
0 1
2 7
If A = 3 2 and C = then A - C ?
2 5
−1 0

Note: The matrix addition is commutative and associative. For any matrices A, B, C of the same
order (size):
 A+B=B+A
 A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
The identity of matrix under addition is zero matrix.

Multiplication by scalar
A multiplication of matrix A by scalar k causes every element of matrix A to be multiplied by k.

If A = then kA = .

Example ( )
0 1 4 8
If A = 3 2 and B= 2 0 find
−1 0 3 1
a) 2A – 4B
b) -3B + A
c) A

Transpose of Matrix
 If A is any × matrix, then the transpose of matrix A, denoted by A is defined to be then
n × m matrix that results from interchanging the rows and columns of matrix A. That is the
first column of matrix A is the first row of A and so on.
Example (8)
Write the transpose of the following matrices
0 1 9
A= 3 2 , B= 2
−1 0 0

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Example (9)
2 1
3 2 5
If A = and B = 5 0
0 1 7
0 3
Find where possible:
a) A + B
b) –A

c) +2

Properties of Transpose
For all equal size matrices A, B and all scalars k. Then:
1. ( ) =
2. ( ) = ( )
3. ( + ) = +
4. ( ) =
Note: A matrix for which = A is symmetric. Symmetric matrices are necessarily square
matrix × and the main diagonal is line of symmetry.

Example (10)
Which of the following matrices are symmetric.
1 −2 1 −2 1 −4 0
A= , B= and C =
−2 4 −3 4 −4 2 0

Note: Matrices which are such that A = - A, skew-symmetric. In any skew-symmetric matrix
the main diagonal elements are zeros.

Example (11)
0 −5 2
Show that that matrix A is skew-symmetric. A = 5 0 1
−2 −1 0

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 Matrix multiplication
 When a matrix A is multiplied by another matrix B, a single matrix results in which elements
are obtained from the sum of the products of the corresponding rows of A and the
corresponding columns of B.
 Two matrices A and B may be multiplied together, provided the number of elements in the
rows of matrix A are equal to the number of elements in the columns of matrix B. In general
terms, when multiplying a matrix of dimensions (m by n) by a matrix of dimensions (n by r),
the resulting matrix has dimensions (m by r). Thus a 2 by 3 matrix multiplied by a 3 by 1
matrix gives a matrix of dimensions 2 by 1.

Example (12)
2 3 −5 7
If A = and B = find A × B.
1 −4 −3 4

Example (13)
Find the product A × B and B × A where possible.
1 0
2 1
A = −2 1 and B =
−1 −2
4 3

Example (14)
1 0 3 2 2 0
Determine 2 1 2 × 1 3 2
1 3 1 3 2 0

Identity of Matrix
The identity of order n matrix is the square matrix × whose main diagonal entries are all
zeros. For any × matrix, AI = IA = A. Where I is the identity element of the matrix
multiplication.
Example (15)
Show that AI = IA = A
1 0
A = −2 1
4 3

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Example (16)
1 2
If A = Find A2 and A3.
3 4

Example (1 )
2 3
Show that matrix A = satisfies the matrix equation A2 – 4A + I = 0, where I is the 2 × 2
1 2
matrix and 0 is the 2 × 2 zero matrix.

Example (18)
Show that ( ) =
2 4 1 3
A= and B = .
6 8 −1 2

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 THE END

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