Politics

Politics as Governance
ORIGIN OF POLITICS
• POLIS – city-state
 • POLITES – citizens
 • POLITIKOS – government officials (Zaide, 1983)
POLITICS • is derived from the Greek word polis which means “city-
state”, a small independent self- contained political society.
 “the heart of Political Science” It is the activity of people where they
create, preserve and amend laws under which they live.
POLITICS as the art of government. Politics is what defines the activities
of the government and of the state. All government officials and all those
working in government are participating in politics.
POLITICS as public affair.
 • Politics is played by everybody, politicians or not. 
• In politics, Aristotle said that “man by nature is a political animal;” this
means that it is only within a political community that human beings can
live the good life
. • Thus, politics becomes necessary to create a just society.
POLITICS as compromise and consensus.
 • Politics is meant to resolve conflict.  
• In politics, compromise, conciliation and negotiation become
necessary.  
• It is through these means that issues and problems are being resolved. 
• Thus, politics becomes the process of conflict resolution.
POLITICS as power.
 Politics happens in all human interactions: within the family,
among friends, among officemates, etc.
 Politics can, therefore, be seen as struggle over scarce resources,
and power can be seen as the means through which struggle is
conducted.

HOW POLICS CAN BE STUDIED?

1. NORMATIVE VS. POSITIVE APPROACH
 Focuses in answering the questions:
 (What is?) Positive approach
 Example: “The Department of Education documented more than
1,700 cases of child abuse and bullying in school year 2013-2014.”
 (What should be?) Normative Approach
 Example: “Bullying and other forms of violence in school should be
viewed not just a school problem but a societal problem as well.”
2. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
  Focuses on the study of the individual (voter, leader, party leader,
etc.) particularly the actors of the political system, their emotions,
biases and predispositions.
 Behaviorists, therefore, study the political process by looking at how
it relates of influences the individual’s behavior, motivations,
personalities or feeling of human actors (orji, 2009).
3. RATIONAL CHOICE APPROACH
 Focuses on the study of human behavior, wherein individuals are
motivated by their wants, their self-interest or goals which will
explain their preferences.
 Furthermore, according to this approach humans act to maximize
their outcome, that is, to get the most benefit and profit from their
actions.
GOVERNANCE
- Administration - Committees
- Corporate - Policy
- Rules - Staff
- Board - Mission
- Ethics - Responsibility
- Decision Making
What is GOVERNANCE? 
 The action of the government.
 The process of decision-making and the process by which decisions
are implemented.” (Sheng, UNESCAP)
 Determines who has power (authority), who makes decisions, how
their voice heard (decision-making) and how account is rendered.
GOVERNMENT
  Essential instrument or machinery of the state that carries out its
will, purposes, and objectives.
 Through this, the state maintains its existence and carries on its
functions.
 An institution by which society’s need for social services are satisfied
and by which men’s conflicting interests are reconciled.
 a government’s ability to make and enforce rule and to deliver
services, regardless of whether the government is democratic or
not.” -Fukuyama (2013)
 In the early Indian history, back to at least 400 B.C, governance
includes emphasizing justice, ethics and anti- autocratic tendencies.
 Moreover, World bank (2007) defines governance as “the manner
in which public officials and institutions acquire and exercise the
authority to shape public policy and provide public goods and
services.”
 Note: Decisions should not be influenced by interest or nthe few,
values and preference.
8 Characteristics of Good Governance
1. Participatory
2. Rule of Law
3. Consensus Oriented
4. Equity and Inclusiveness
5. Transparency
6. Accountability
7. Responsiveness
8. Effectiveness and Efficiency
 Information and Communication Technology
1. Participation- active involvement of all affected and interested
parties in the decision-making progress.
 2. Rule of Law- legal frameworks should be fair and enforced
impartially.
3. Transparency- free flow of information.
4. Responsiveness- serve all stakeholders.
5. Consensus Oriented- mediates differing interest.
6. Equity and Inclusiveness- all its members have opportunities to
improve or maintain their well-being.
7. Effectiveness and Efficiency- produce results that meet needs while
making the best use of resources.
8. Accountability- accountable to the public.
5 Reasons to study Politics

1. Politics will help you to know your rights. 

2. Politics clarifies what you yourself believes. 
3. Politics is a living, breathing subject.
4. Politics helps you to understand our nation’s parties. 
5. Politics prepares you for adult life.

Frank Herbert- Good governance never depends upon laws, but upon the
personal qualities of those who govern. The machinery of government is
always subordinate to the will of those who administer the machinery.
The most important element of government, therefore, is the method of
choosing leaders.
WHAT IS POWER
- In social science and politics, power is the capacity of an individual
to influence the actions, beliefs, or conduct (Jehavior) of others. The
term authority is often used for power that is perceived as
legitimate by the social structure.
STEVEN LUKES
- One of Lukes' academic theories is that of the "three faces
of power," presented in his book, Power: A Radical View. This theory
claims that power is exercised in three ways: decision-making
power, non-decision-making power, and ideological power.
Decision-making power is the most public of the three dimensions.
 There is one conceptualization of power so influential in the study of
politics that it is worthwhile spending a bit more time on.
 That conceptualization is Steven Lukes’ ‘three faces of political
power,’ as outlined in his book Power: A Radical View (1974).
 Addressing a number of the positions we have already looked at so
far (and, in particular, Michel Foucault’s), Lukes outlines three
different forms that power can take in our political world.
- The ‘first face’ of power: decision making
- The ‘second face’ of power: agenda setting
- The ‘third face’ of power: thought control/preference-shaping 
THE ‘FIRST FACE’ OF POWER: DECISION MAKING
- The first face of power is the most easily recognizable:
- Decision-making is the process whereby an actor, such as
an individual or a political organization, considers their situation and
acts upon a course they have determined.
- Decision-making might then take into account both coercive
and non-coercive 
 - action:  Roger might decide to go and vote or nana might decide to
force their penny-pinching landlord to install smoke alarms in order
to comply with national safety guidelines
- Whereas the first action is not, the second action is coercive, and yet
they are both examples of political decision-making.
THE ‘SECOND FACE’ OF POWER: AGENDA SETTING
- The second face of power involves controlling the parameters of
a discussion. One might want to do this, 
- For example, so that the participants of the discussion might not
even be able to address things that are in their benefits.
- Bachrach and Baratz (1962) describe this form of power like this:
- ‘To the extent that a person or group – consciously or unconsciously
creates or reinforces barriers to the public airing of policy
conflicts, that person or group has power’.
- In other words, this face of power operates before the first: I might
be able to prevent somebody else making a decision, or even
discussing a decision and, in doing so, I demonstrate my power over
them.
THE ‘THIRD FACE’ OF POWER: THOUGHT CONTROL
- Wouldn’t it be even easier if, rather than preventing somebody
discussing something, we could prevent somebody from even
realizing what is in their real interests? In reality, this happens all the
time and is one of the most important issues to address in the study
of politics. As Lukes describes it:
- ‘The most effective and insidious form of power is to prevent …
conflict from arising in the first place’ Steven Lukes (2005).
 Power can be discreet and latent.
 Power is conduct-shapping and context shapping.
  Money is not power but it can be a resource on which power can be
based.
 Not all in positions of authority have power. 

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
 Freedom
 Conservative
 Fascist
 Equality
 Liberal
 Justice
 Rights
 Communist
 Socialist
 Fairness
Do you think these phrases are used accurately?
WHAT IS IDEOLOGY?
First thing to be clear on is that there really is no clear and agreed upon
definition of ideology. It is a difficult term to really define properly.
Some attempted definitions of ‘ideology’
 1. A political belief system 
 An action-orientated set of political ideas
 The ideas of the ruling class
 The world view of a particular social class or social group 
 Political ideas that embody or articulate class or social interests 
 Ideas that propagate false consciousness amongst the exploited or
oppressed
  Ideas that situate the individual within a social context and generate
a sense of collective belonging 
 An officially sanctioned set of ideas used to legitimise a
political system or regime
 An all-embracing political doctrine that claims a monopoly of truth 
 An abstract and highly systematic set of political ideas
Origin of the term
 The term was created during the French Revolution by
Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754- 1836), and first used in public in
1796. For de Tracy, idéologie referred to a new „science of ideas‟, or
an idea-ology, like in biology, or psychology.
 “The ideas of the ruling class are in political term has a lot to do
every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. with the work of Karl Marx the class
which is the ruling (1818-1883) material force of society, is at the
same time the ruling intellectual force. The class which has the
means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same
time over the means of mental production, so that thereby,
generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental
production are subject to it” Marx and Engels, The German Ideology.
 “The ideas of the ruling class are in political term has a lot to
do every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. with the work of Karl Marx
the class which is the ruling (1818-1883) material force of society,
is at the same time the ruling intellectual force. The class
which has the means of material production at its disposal, has
control at the same time over the means of mental production, so
that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack
the means of mental production are subject to it” Marx and
Engels, The German Ideology.
The definition we will use in our class:
: An ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the
basis for organised political action, whether this is intended to preserve,
modify or overthrow the existing system of power. All ideologies
therefore have the following features:
 a) They offer an account of the existing order, usually in the form of a
„world view‟
 b) They advance a model of a desired future, a vision of the „good
society‟
 c) They explain how political change can and should be brought about –
how to get from (a) to (b) Heywood, A (2003,12). 
Political Ideologies – An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
 Take note! It‟s important to realise that ideology is not just
something that is important to politics or politicians.
Ideology influences all of our lives, but it works in such a way that
we are often unaware of its influence!
 Think of ideology as a pair of goggles!
- Whichever pair of goggles you put on, changes the way which
you see the world. It allows you to interpret the world and to
make decisions! Now you must work out, which ideology has
already influenced your way of thinking and looking at the world!

ANARCHIST
 Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of
authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy.
  Anarchism belief in the abolition of all government and the
organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without
recourse to force or compulsion.
 Endorses direct democracy and call for continuous popular participation
and radical decentralization.
 Electoral or representative democracy is merely a facade that attempts to
conceal elite domination and reconcile the masses to their oppression.

LIBERALISM
What is Liberalism?
 Liberal willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different
from one's own, open to new ideas. Liberalism is a political and
moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and
equality before the law. Liberals espouse a wide array of views
depending on their understanding of these principles, but they
generally support individual rights (including civil rights and human
rights), democracy, secularism, freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of religion and a market economy. Yellow is the
political colour most commonly associated with liberalism.
What is the Purpose Liberalism?
 Liberalism, political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the
freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics.
Liberals typically believe that government is necessary to protect
individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize
that government itself can pose a threat to liberty.
The 10 Most Liberal Countries Of The World
• NEW ZEALAND
 • SWITZERLAND
• CANADA
• AUSTRALIA
• NORWAY
• LUXEMBOURG
• SWEDEN
• FINLAND
• NETHERLANDS
• IRELAND
Pros and Cons of Liberalism
Pros:
1. PROMOTES ECONOMIC GROWTH
2. ELIMINATES SLAVERY
3. STABLE ECONOMY
4. FEW REGULATIONS
5. PRESERVE HUMAN RIGHTS
6. EQUALITY
7. GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
8. COLLECTIVE SECURITY
9. GLOBAL HARMONY
10. FAIR COMPETITION
Cons:
1. UNFAIR BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
2. EXPLOITATION OF RESOURCES
3. MARKET INCONSISTENCY
4. UNFAIR WAGES
5. OVER-DEPENDENCE
6. GOVERNMENT CRITICISM
7. EXTENSIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION
8. UNATTRACTIVE INVESTMENTS
9. MORAL ISSUES
10. CULTURAL ISSUES
Different Ideologies and their Perspective on the State
• SEES THE STATE AS A NEUTRAL ARBITER AMONG COMPETING
INTERESTS AND GROUPS IN SOCIETY, A VITAL GUARANTEE OF
SOCIAL ORDER.
• WHILE CLASSICAL LIBERALS TREAT THE STATE AS A NECESSARY
EVIL AND EXTOL OF VIRTUES OF MINIMAL OR NIGHT
WATCHMAN STATE, MODERN LIBERALS RECOGNIZE THE
STATE'S POSITIVE ROLE IN WIDENING FREEDOM AND
PROMOTING EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES.

Socialism
What socialism mean?
 Socialism is a social, economic and political system based on public
ownership. It is a system where all legal production and distribution
 decisions are made by the government and individuals rely on the
state for everything, from food to healthcare. Every person in the
community has equal share of the various elements of production,
distribution, and exchange of resources. Socialists, those who
advocate socialism, maintained that shared ownership of resources
and central planning provide a more equal distribution of goods and
services and a more equitable society.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OR ESSENCE OF SOCIALISM?
Point 1
 In theory, socialist society has its primary goal and that is for
common wealth. Since the government controls almost all of
society’s functions, it is guaranteed that the resources, labors, and
lands will be used and served for better purposes and equal
distribution.
Point 2
 Socialist ideals include production for use rather than for profit; and
equitable distribution of wealth and material resources among all
people and no more competitive buying and selling in the market.
Point 3
 Although socialism is an ideology that has been tested through time,
most countries that have this principle in their constitution have
fallen economy and in this modern day time, there is no more “pure
socialist” contries.
What are the countries that practices socialism?
 There are countries that directly use the term “socialist” in their
names while a number of countries make references to Socialism in
 their institutions but not in their names. The current states that still
follow the Marxist-Leninist principles are the following:
1. People’s Republic of China
2. Republic of Cuba
3. Lao People’s Democratic Republic
4. Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Advantages and disadvantages of socialism
Advantages:
 Redistribution of wealth
 Assurance of supply with important goods for daily life
 Closing the gap between the poor and the rich.
 Redistribution of income
 Assurance of access to medical facilities
Disadvantages:
 Higher taxes for people earning high salaries
 People may get lazy
 May not be sustainable in the long run
 People may lose the incentive to work hard
 Too much power for politicians

NATIONALISM
NATION
 Nations are commonly defined as cultural entities, that is, groupings
of people bound together by shared values and traditions.
 Nations share a common language, religion, history, and usually
occupy the same geographical area, but to define a nation in this
manner is rather problematic.
  Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation
should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism
tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, especially with
the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its
homeland.
 Advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular
nation or people.
 A sense of national consciousness or a loyalty and devotion to a
nation.
Two Opposing Conceptions of the Nation
 Exclusive ~ exclusive concepts of the nation stress the importance of
ethnic unity and a shared history.
 Inclusive ~ inclusive concepts of the nation highlight the importance
of civic consciousness and patriotic loyalty, suggesting that nations
may be multiracial, multiethnic, multi-religious, and so forth. This, in
turn, tends to blur the distinction between the nation and the state.
Reedier and Enloe
 Noted the difference between a nation and a state. State is primarily
a political-legal concept. Nation is primarily psycho-cultural.
According to Oommen (1997)
 A state is a legally constituted entity which provides its citizens
protection both from internal and external insecurity and
aggression.
State has Four Essential Elements
 People
 Territory
 Government
  Sovereignty
 Among these four elements, sovereignty is the ultimate and defining
feature of every state.
People
- refers to those whom the state is obliged to protect and provide
services to. They are the citizens who enjoy and exercise rights
authorized by the state and mandated by the constitution and law.
Territory
- refers to well-defined physical and geographic boundaries wherein
the state reigns supreme and where the state's exercise of
sovereignty is recognized both inside and outside these boundaries.
Government
- refers to the formal institutions through which people are ruled.
Sovereignty
-is the absolute or supreme exercise of power expressed either as
unchallengeable legal authority or unquestionable political power.

Fundamentalism
What is Fundamentalist/fundamentalism?
- type of conservative religious movement characterized by the
advocacy of strict conformity to sacred texts. Once used exclusively
to refer to American Protestants who insisted on the inerrancy of
the Bible, the term fundamentalism was applied more broadly
beginning in the late 20th century to a wide variety of religious
movements. Indeed, in the broad sense of the term, many of the
 major religions of the world may be said to have fundamentalist
movements." —Britannica
- Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that indicates
unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs. However,
fundamentalism has come to be applied to a tendency among
certain groups – mainly, although not exclusively, in religion – that is
characterized by a markedly strict literalism as it is applied to certain
specific scriptures, dogmas, or ideologies, and a strong sense of the
importance of maintaining ingroup and outgroup distinctions,
leading to an emphasis on purity and the desire to return to a
previous ideal from which advocates believe members have strayed.
Rejection of diversity of opinion as applied to these established
"fundamentals" and their accepted interpretation within the group
often results from this tendency. —Wikipedia
DEFENITION OF FUNDAMENTALISM:
1 a: often capitalized : a movement in 20th century Protestantism
emphasizing the literally interpreted Bible as fundamental to Christian life
and teaching
b: the beliefs of this movement
c: adherence to such beliefs
2 a: movement or attitude stressing strict and literal adherence to a set of
basic principles
—Merriam-Webster
EXAMPLES FOR FUNDAMENTALISM
- Christian fundamentalism
- Islamic fundamentalism
FUNDAMENTALISTS
 - are mostly religious
- stick to core beliefs
- believe in the literal sense of what their scriptures, dogmas, or
ideologies say
- reject diversity of opinion
- can sometimes have extreme views
- have strict adherence to basic principles

Communism
What is Communism?
- Communism is a political and economic ideology that seeks to create
a classless society in which the major means of production, such as
mines and factories, are owned and controlled by public.
Where did it originate?
- The word communism comes from the Latin word “Communis”
which means common or belonging to all. Communism grew out of
the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. The Communist
ideology was developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
COMMUNIST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD
- Communism and its basic principles were articulated in the mid-
1800s by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
 Laos
 Cuba
 North Korea
 China
 Vietnam
Beliefs
 - The rich get richer
- The poor get poorer
- People wanted to make everything equal
Goals
- To get rid of social classes and make everything
fair for everyone
- To create a society without a government or a system
of classes, and to end capitalism.
SOCIALISM VS. COMMUNISM
 COMMUNISM AS A SYSTEM
POLITICAL
- The party/ parties have absolute power over governance.
ECONOMIC
- The party/ parties control the country’s economic system and
private ownership is illegal.
ADVANTAGES
1. Shaping the country based on the leader’s vision
2. Creates equality that capitalism couldn’t give.
3. Employment opportunities
4. Creates social communities.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Leads to resentment.
2. Government corruption
 3. Total collapse or failure of the state.
4. Removes incentives for people to work harder.
5. A communist country allows NO freedom of speech

Ecopolitics
Green Politics or Ecopolitics
- It is a political ideology that aims to foster an ecologically
sustainable society often, but not always, rooted in
environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice and grassroots
democracy. It began taking shape in the western world in the 1970s;
since then Green parties have developed and established
themselves in many countries around the globe and have achieved
some electoral success.
- Supporters of green politics share many ideas with the conservation,
environmental, feminist and peace movements. In addition to
democracy and ecological issues, green politics is concerned with
civil liberties, social justice, nonviolence, sometimes variants of
localism and tends to support social progressivism. Green party
platforms are largely considered left in the political spectrum.
People behind the Ideology
- Green politics draws its ethical stance from a variety of sources,
from the values of indigenous peoples, to the ethics of Mahatma
Gandhi, Baruch Spinoza and Jakob von Uexküll. These people
influenced green thought in their advocacy of long-term seventh
generation foresight, and on the personal responsibility of every
individual to make moral choices.
Advantage:
 - In addition to democracy and ecological issues, green politics is
concerned with civil liberties, social justice and nonviolence.
Where:
- The Green Party is a United States political party. It has its origins
dating back to 1984, when 62 people from around the U.S. came to
St. Paul, MN to found the first national Green organization - the
Committees of Correspondence.

THE BOARD POLITICAL LEFT IN THE PHILIPPINES

- In the Philippines, liberal and conservatives political positions also
found their way into the political system and into the heart of
politics.
- As mentioned previously the primacy of the family loyalties and the
resilience of political dynasties have resulted in individual
conservatism in economic decision-making that  puts a premium on
preserving family wealth and status.
- Beginning in the  1960s, various political formations espousing and
embracing varied political positions can be identified in the
Philippines.
- These included:
 National democrats
 Independent socialist
 Liberals
 Conservatives
NATIONAL AND SOCIAL DEMOCRATS
- The national democrats and social democrats in particular
are associated with radicalism of the Philippine political left
and constituted the two principal political orientations within left.
TWO MAJOR POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS
NATIONAL DEMOCRATS
- Most not-dems subscribed to the programs of the
National Democratic front. Founded in 1973 and its
allied organizations namely, communist party of the Philippines
(CPP)
NEW PEOPLE’S ARMY
- The NPA, as the central agent of armed struggle, serves to achieve
its central task of "destroying and dismantling the rule of the enemy
and taking their political power".
SOCIAL DEMOCRATS
- The soc-dem rejected the communism in favor of a kind of
democratic socialism movements popular in Western Europe.
AGAINST  TO MARCOS DICTATORSHIP
NAT-DEM VS SOC-DEM
Nat-dem
- Democratic government.
Soc-dem
- Advocate use of election to achieving goals.

 The nat-dem and soc-dem were similar in  their analysis of

the problem of the society but differed in the views about
armed struggle.
 But have common desire  to end marcos dictatorship but
were ideologically split.
  The radicalism and history of the philippine left shaped the evolution
of social movement in the country.
 The “two factions” the nat-dem and socdem both actively
involved in  the proliferation of NGOs in the country.
MALAYANG KILUSAN NG BAGONG KABABAIHAN
(MAKIBAKA)
- The Malayang kilusan ng bagong kababaihan or Free Movement by
progressive women. 
- The first feminist group founded in 1969
- Partido komonista  ng Pilipinas (PKP)
- The divisions within the women’s movement persisted over time
and even became more intense when the Communist party  of the
Philippines split  in the 1990s into several groups but under the
two  major blocs.
- The “reaffirmist” and the “rejectionist.”

STATE,NATION AND  GLOBALIZATION
State
What is State?
- Groups of people which have acquired international recognition as
an independent country and which have a population, a common
language and a defined and distinct territory.
- a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of a territory, independent of external
control and possessing an organized government to which the great
body of inhabitants render habitual obedience (James W. Garner).
Four Elements of States
Population
- the State is a human institution.
- Hence population is it’s first and foremost element. -No state can be
imagined without the people, as there must be some rule and others
to be ruled. 
- State is a community of persons.
- It is a human political institution. Without a population there can be
no State. Population can be more or less but it has to be there.
“A good citizen makes a good state”
- Aristotle
Territory
Territory
- People cannot constitute a state,unless they habbit in a definite
territory. 
- Territory is its “material basis” The territory of the state comprises: 
- Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frointers, 
- Territorial water, extending six miles into the sea from the coast •
Air, space,lying above its territory.
- A geographical contiguous territory is an asset;otherwise it creates
problems of administration and control. 
- Any interference with rights of one state by others may lead to
wars. 
- This is the rationale of the idea containeb in the concept of Respect
for Territorial Integrity and Sovereinty,
Art.1 Sec. 1 1987 Constitution
NATIONAL TERRITORY 
 - The national territory comprises the Philippines archipelago, with all
the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories
over sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial
and aerial domains, including its territorial sea ,the seabed, the
subsoil, the insular shelves and other submarine areas. The waters
around, between and connecting the island of the archipelago,
regardless of their breath and dimensions form part of the
internal waters of the Philippines.
The Archipelagic Principle of Territoriality
- An Archipelago is defined as a sea or part of a sea studded with the
islands, often synonymous with island groups, or as a large group of
islands in an extensive body of water, such as sea.( Deleon, 1997)
- In various conference of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea,
the Philippines and other archipelago states proposed that an
archipelago composed of groups of islands forming a state is a single
unit ,with the islands and the waters within the baselines
are internal waters
- Internal Waters are the waters Around, Between and connecting the
islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breath and dimension.

OTHER TERRITORIES OVER THE PHILIPPINES HAS SOVEREIGNTY OR JURISDICTION

- Any territory that presently, belongs or might in the future belong to
the Philippines through any of the accepted international modes
acquiring territory. 
TERRITORIAL SEA
- The belt of the sea located between the coastal state on the hand
and high seas on the other extending up to 12 nautical miles from
the law water mark.

THE STATE IN THE EEZ EXERCISES JURISDICTION  WITH THE REGARD TO:
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
- body of water extending up to 200 nautical miles,within which the
state may sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage
the natural resourses.
- The state in the EEZ exercises jurisdiction with the regard to:
1. The establishment and use of the artificial islands, installations, and
structures; 
2. Marine scientific research;
3. The protection and preservation of marine environs
GOVERNMENT
• A community of persons does not form a state unless it is organized
by established government.
GOVERNMENT USUALLY CONSISTS OF THREE BRANCHES
1. Legislature an elected group of people who have the power to make
and change laws in a state or country.
2. Executive someone in a high position, esp. in business, who makes
decisions and acts according to them.
3. Judiciary the part of a country’s government that is responsible for
its legal system and that consists of all the judges in its courts of law
PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STATES THAT THE GOVERNMENT SEEKS TO
ATTAIN
a. Domestic Order and Tranquility 
- The primary purpose of the state that its government seeks to
achieve is the maintenance of domestic order and tranquility. 
b. Common Defense of the States
- Concomitant with maintenance of domestic order and tranquility,
the government also undertakes to defend the state from external
aggression.
C. Blessing of Liberty and Justice 
- The third objective of the state is to secure for the people the
blessings of liberty and justice. Life, liberty and the pursuit
of happiness are the inalienable rights of man. The freedom of
association, freedom of religion, and the rights of person accused of
crimes should not be subject to restraints.
D. Promotion of General Welfare 
- the government undertakes this by performing service functions,
like the creation of essential public service, promotions of health
and sanitation, regulations of business and dissemination of
public information.
E. Promotion of Public Morality 
- the state is concerned with value judgments and moral standards.
Government should set one code of moral conduct for all, including
officers.
SOVEREIGNTY
• This is the power of the state to command and enforce obedience of its
will from people. 
• It means power over people of an area unrestrained by laws originating
outside the area or independence completely devoid of direct external
control.
THERE ARE FOUR KINDS OF SOVEREIGNTY
A. Legal sovereignty
- Is the authority which has the power to issue final commands. This is
the supreme power 
B. Political sovereignty
- Is the power behind the legal sovereignty or the sum of the
influences that operate upon it. 
- In a narrower sense electorate constitutes the political sovereignty
and in a broader sense the whole mass of population.
C. Internal sovereignty 
- Refers to the power of the state to control its domestic affairs.
D. External sovereignty
- Is the power of the state to direct its relations with other states. The
state is not subject to the control dictation, or government of
any power.

• State is a type of polity that is an organized political community living

under a single system of government and may or may not be sovereign. 
• A Nation (from Latin: natio, "people, tribe, kin, genus, class, flock") is a
large group or collective of people with common characteristics
attributed to them - including language, traditions, mores (customs),
habitus (habits), and ethnicity.
WHAT IS NATION-STATE?
- a type of state that joins the political entity of a state to the cultural
entity of a nation, from which it aims to derive its political legitimacy
to rule and potentially its status as a sovereign state if one accepts
the declarative theory of statehood as opposed to the
constitutive theory.

ARTICLE IV OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

CITIZENSHIP
Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
[1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption
of this Constitution;
[2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
[4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

Section 2.
- Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines
from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or
perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine
 citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall
be deemed natural-born citizens.
Section 3.
- Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner
provided by law.

Section 4.
- Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their
citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under
the law, to have renounced it.
Section 5.
- Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and
shall be dealt with by law.

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION ?
- A PROCESS OF INTERACTION AND INTEGRATION AMONG THE PEOPLE,
COMPANIES , AND GOVERNMENTS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS, A PROCESS DRIVEN
BY INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT AND AIDED BY INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Declining relevance of geographical distance
2. Lessening significance of territorial boundaries 
3. Deepening and broadening of political processes, such that the local,
national and,
4. Global events constantly interact.
FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
2. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
3. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION