Integrals

Mathematics Faculty/ MAT051 Teachers

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

MSU - Iligan Institute of Technology

1 Introduction

This chapter is the last part of this course. Here, we will be talking about
integrals. Similar with derivatives, we are asked to find and compute the
integral of a given function.
In the last chapter, we’ve been given a function f (x) and asking what the
derivative of this function was. This chapter will teach us the reverse of this
process, that is, we now want to ask what function we differentiated to get the
function f (x).

Example 1. What function did we differentiate to get the function

f (x) = x2 + 2x + 5?

By using the formula (power rule of differentiation):

Dx [xr ] = rxr−1

where r is any number, it can be easily verified that the desired function
is
x3
F (x) = + x2 + 5x.
3
But the question now is, is this unique? Recall that the derivative of any
constant is zero. So any of the following function F (x) will also give
f (x) upon differentiating.

1
 x3
F (x) = + x2 + 5x + 3
3 √
x3 2 2
F (x) = + x + 5x −
3 7
3
x
F (x) = + x2 + 5x + 0.123
3
etc

In fact, any function of the form

x3
F (x) = + x2 + 5x + c, c is a constant
3
will give f (x) upon differentiating.

Hopefully, the example above enlighten you and gave you an idea how to
solve integrals. Unfortunately, it is not that easy! Sometimes, we need to use
some techniques. In fact there are a lot of techniques of integration to use. But
in this course we will cover only Integration by Substitution Technique which
will be discussed later in this chapter.

2 Indefinite Integrals
Now, let us formally define the anti-differentiation.

Definition 1. Let F and f be two real-valued functions defined on [a, b].

The function F is an anti-derivative or indefinite integral of f on [a, b]
if
F 0 (x) = f (x)
for all x ∈ [a, b]. If F (x) is any anti-derivative of f (x) then the most
general anti-derivative of f (x) is called indefinite integral and denoted
by Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + c, is any constant.
R
In the definition above, the symbol is called the integral symbol, f (x)
is called the integrand, x is called the integration variable and c is called
the constant of integration.

Note: The existence of ”dx” in the whole expression of integral plays

an important role in integration. This tells us basically what variable we are
anti-differentiating in a given function. Dropping of ”dx” in the integral is one
of the common mistakes that students make.

Think of it as a ”surname” of Integral. Without it, we cannot find Integral

when he is lost. Equivalently, you can think of it as your boyfriend/girlfriend.
When he/she is there beside you, everything is perfect. So, are you gonna lost

2
him/her? It’s up to you. Your teacher definitely knows what to do with you!
(”,)

Example 2. With ”dx”:

x3
Z
8x3 − x2 − 4xdx = 2x4 − − 2x2 + c
3
Note: It is better to use parentheses or other symbol of groupings:

x3
Z
3 2 4
(8x − x − 4x)dx = 2x − − 2x2 + c, c is any constant
3
x3
Z
3 2 4
[8x − x ] dx − 4x = 2x − − 4x + c, c is any constant
3
This example also shows the importance of the position of ”dx”. It tells
us what function or shall we say, up to which part of the function that
needs to be anti-differentiated.

Without ”dx”:

Z
8x3 − x2 − 4x = ”syntax error”

Another important thing to note is the importance of the integration vari-

able. In this course, integration variable should match with the variable in the
integrand. If not, the function in the integrand will be considered constant.

Example 3. Take a look at the following integrals:

Z
(8x3 − x2 − 4x)dt = (8x3 − x2 − 4x)t + c, c is any constant
Z
[x5 − 3t3 + 1]dw = [x5 − 3t3 + 1]w + c, c is any constant

At this stage, this may seem unimportant since all of the integrals that we
are going to be working with will only involve single variable.

Now, we proceed with the anti-differentiation formulas.

Theorem 1. Let f, g, f1 , f2 , . . . , fn be any (integrable) functions. Then

xr+1
Z
1. xr dx = + c, r 6= −1, c is any constant
r+1
Z Z
2. a · f (x)dx = a · f (x)dx
Z Z Z
3. [f (x) + g(x)]dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx

3
 Z Z Z
4. [a1 f1 (x) + · · · + an fn (x)]dx = a1 f1 (x)dx + · · · + an fn (x)dx

Example 4. Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals.

8x8 − 3x3 + 12x
Z
1. dx
6x4
√
(t − 3 2t)(3 + t3 )
Z
2. √3 2
dt
t
Solution:
8x8 − 3x3 + 12x
Z
1. dx
6x4
In this case, it may seem so difficult to solve and may need ad-
vanced rule or formula for integration. But if you break the quo-
tient and then integrate each individual terms using Theorem 1(1),
everything will be easy.

8x8 − 3x3 + 12x

Z  8
3x3 12x
Z 
8x
dx = − + dx
6x4 6x4 6x4 6x4
Z  4 
4x 11 −3
= − + 2x dx
3 2x
4x5 1 1
= − ln |x| − 2 + c (1)
15 2 x
Please refer to Theorem 3(3) for the second term of (1).
√
(t − 3 2t)(3 + t3 )
Z
2. √3 2
dt
t
Here, we will just multiply things out (taking care of radicals at the
same time) and apply the steps we used in No.1 above, we have
√3 3 Z " 4 √ 3 4/3
√3 1/3
#
(t − 2t)(3 + t ) t − 2t + 3t − 3 2t
Z
√ dt = dt
3 2
t t2/3
Z h √ √ i
t10/3 − 2t2/3 + 3t1/3 − 3 2t−1/3 dt
3 3
=

t13/3 √3 t5/3 t4/3 √

3 t2/3
= − 2 +3 −3 2 +c
13/3 5/3 4/3 2/3
√ √
3 13/3 3 3 2 5/3 9 4/3 9 3 2 2/3
= t − t + t − t + c.
13 5 4 2

Note: Always be reminded of the following:

Z Z Z
• f (x) · g(x)dx 6= f (x)dx · g(x)dx

4
 Z R
f (x) f (x)dx
• dx 6= R
g(x) g(x)dx
Here are some useful formulas for integrals involving some trigonometric
functions.
Theorem 2. The following are the formulas for integrals involving
trigonometric functions.
Z
1. sin udu = − cos u + c
Z
2. cos udu = sin u + c
Z
3. tan udu = ln | sec u| + c
Z
4. cot udu = ln | sin u| + c
Z
5. sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u| + c
Z
6. csc udu = ln | csc u − cot u| + c
Z
7. sec u tan udu = sec u + c
Z
8. csc u cot udu = − csc u + c
Z
9. sec2 udu = tan u + c
Z
10. csc2 udu = − cot u + c

Some useful formulas for integrals involving transcendental functions.

Theorem 3. The following are the formulas for integrals involving ex-
ponential functions.
Z
1. eu du = eu + c

au
Z
2. au du = + c, where a ∈ R
ln a

A special case for Theorem 1(1) is the following:

Z
1
3. du = ln |u| + c
u

5
Theorem 4. The following integration formulas yield inverse trigono-
metric functions. Let a ∈ R.
Z
1 u
1. √ du = sin−1 + c
2
a −u 2 a
Z
1 1 −1 u
2. du = tan +c
a2 + u2 a a
Z
1 1 u
3. √ du = sec−1 + c
2
u u −a 2 a a

Theorem 5. The following are the formulas for integrals involving hy-
perbolic functions.
Z
1. sinh udu = cosh u + c
Z
2. cosh udu = sinh u + c
Z
3. sech u · tanh u du = −sech u + c
Z
4. csch u · coth u du = −csch u + c
Z
5. sech2 udu = tanh u + c
Z
6. csch2 udu = − coth u + c

Example 5. Evaluate each of the following integrals.

Z  
3
1. √ + 10 sinh x − 5 cos x dx
2 − x2
9 − 3 cos2 θ 2 cos θ
Z  
θ
2. − + 7 dθ
cos2 θ sin2 θ
Z w w
3. cos sin dw
2 2
Solution:
Z  
3
1. √ + 10 sinh x − 5 cos x dx
2 − x2
Let’s be a little careful with the first term of the integrand. Yes,
this yields to arc-sine. But according to such formula, the radicand

6
 √
should be a difference of two squares. So, we rewrite 2 − x2 into
q √
( 2)2 − x2 and apply the formula. Thus, we have
Z  
3
√ + 10 sinh x − 5 cos x dx
2 − x2
 
Z
3
= q √ + 10 sinh x − 5 cos x dx
2
( 2) − x 2
 
−1 x
= 3 sin √ + 10 cosh x − 5 sin x + c.
2

9 − 3 cos2 θ 2 cos θ
Z  
θ
2. − + 7 dθ
cos2 θ sin2 θ

This is a little bit tricky and difficult if you don’t know what you
are doing. We will just break the division in the first term the usual
way and then integrate. For the second term, you can actually ap-
ply the Integration by Substitution method( which will be discussed
next). However, we can solve this by rewriting into equivalent
trigonometric expressions.

9 − 3 cos2 θ 2 cos θ
Z  
θ
− + 7 dθ
cos2 θ sin2 θ
Z  
9 1 cos θ θ
= −3−2· · + 7 dθ
cos2 θ sin θ sin θ
Z
9 sec2 θ − 3 − 2 csc θ cot θ + 7θ dθ
 
=

7θ
= 9 tan θ − 3θ − csc θ + + c.
ln 7
Z w w
3. cos sin dw
2 2
Similar to the above problem, it is possible to use the Integration
by Substitution method. However, we can solve this by using a
trigonometric identity. Recall that sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ. Thus,
w w 1
cos sin = sin w.
2 2 2
Therefore, we have
Z w w Z
1
cos sin dw = sin wdw
2 2 2
1
= − cos w + c.
2

7
3 Integration by Substitution
We have already learned how to evaluate the following integrals.
Z Z Z Z
3/5 −7
x dx w dw sin θdθ 2x dx

All of these integrals required that we have just an x, or a θ, or a w, etc. and

not more complicated terms such as,
Z
xdx
Z
3 2 5
√ Z 2
5yesin(3y +5)
(16x + 6x ) 2x 4 + x3 dx dy
x2 + 1 sec(3y 2 + 5)
Don’t be deceived by their appearance. If you see how to do them, they are
actually not too bad at all. Let’s start with the first one.
Z
xdx
x2 + 1
Notice that if we change the variable by letting

u = x2 + 1,

and compute the derivative on both sides (why???), we get

1
du = 2xdx or du = xdx.
2
Now, substituting everything we have to the original integral, we get
Z 1
du
Z
xdx 2
= . (2)
x2 + 1 u

Notice that we have already eliminated all the variable x (that’s the main
goal of this method) and replaced it with our new variable u. The resulting
integral (2) is the one that we normally do in the previous section. Evaluating
the integral, we have
Z 1
du
Z Z
xdx 2 1 du 1
2
= = = ln |u| + c. (3)
x +1 u 2 u 2
Note that it is very important to substitute back the original variable x to our
last expression in (3) to get the integral back to its original shape. Therefore,we
have Z
xdx 1
2
= ln |x2 + 1| + c.
x +1 2
What we’ve done above is called Integration by Substitution or simply
Substitution Rule. Here is how the substitution rule works.

8
 Given the integral
Z
f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx. (4)

We will change the variable of the function f by letting

u = g(x). (5)

Applying the derivative on both sides, we get

du = g 0 (x)dx. (6)

Now, we substitute equations (5) and (6) to (4), we get

Z Z
0
f (g(x))g (x)dx = f (u)du. (7)

Repeat the process if possible until the resulting integral is solvable using
what we discussed in the previous section.

Note: Choosing the right g(x) for changing the variable is a trial-and-
error basis.

Let’s work some examples so we can get better idea how the substitution
rule works.
Example 6. Evaluate each of the following integrals.
Z √
1. (16x3 + 6x2 ) 2x4 + x3 dx
5

2
5yesin(3y +5)
Z
2. dy
sec(3y 2 + 5)
Z
cos(5x)
3. dx
esin(5x)
4x3
Z
4. dx
(x2 + 1)3
√
Z q
5. 2 + xdx

Solution:
Z √
1. (16x3 + 6x2 ) 2x4 + x3 dx
5

Let us apply the substitution rule. In this case, the derivative of

the radicand is a factor of the first factor of the integrand. So let’s

9
 use that as the substitution. Let

u = 2x4 + x3 (8)
du = 8x3 + 3x2
2du = 16x3 + 6x2 . (9)

Substituting (8) and (9) to the integral, we get

Z
3 2 5
√ Z
√
4
(16x + 6x ) 2x + x dx =3 5
u · 2du

u6/5
= 2· +c
6/5
5 6/5
= u + c.
3
Substituting back the original variable, we get
Z √ 5
(16x3 + 6x2 ) 2x4 + x3 dx = (2x4 + x3 )6/5 + c.
5

3
2
5yesin(3y +5)
Z
2. dy
sec(3y 2 + 5)

Let us first do a little trigonometric identity: cos θ = 1/ sec θ.

2
5yesin(3y +5)
Z Z
2 +5)
dy = 5yesin(3y cos(3y 2 + 5)dy (10)
sec(3y 2 + 5)

It looks like we have a sine in the exponent and a cosine at the

base. So let us use that as the substitution. Now, by changing its
variable, we let

u = sin(3y 2 + 5) (11)
du = cos(3y 2 + 5) · 6ydy
5
du = 5y cos(3y 2 + 5)dy (12)
6
Substituting (11) and (12) to (10), we get
Z Z
sin(3y 2 +5) 2 5
5ye cos(3y + 5)dy = eu · du
6
5 u
= e + c.
6
Therefore, we have
2
5yesin(3y +5)
Z
5 2

2
dy = esin(3y +5) + c.
sec(3y + 5) 6

10
 Z
cos(5x)
3. dx
esin(5x)
In this case, the following should be the substitution. Let

u = sin 5x
du = 5 cos 5xdx
1
du = cos 5xdx
5
Substituting these to the given integral, we get
Z Z Z
cos(5x) 1 du 1
dx = = e−u du. (13)
esin(5x) 5 eu 5
It looks like that we need to apply again the substitution rule here.
Now, let

w = −u
−dw = du

Substituting these to (13), we get

Z Z
cos(5x) 1
sin(5x)
dx = − ew dw
e 5
1
= − ew + c.
5
Substituting all back to the original variable, we have
Z
cos(5x) 1
sin(5x)
dx = − ew + c
e 5
1
= − e−u + c
5
1
= − e− sin 5x + c.
5

4x3
Z
4. dx
(x2 + 1)3

Maybe up to this point, you are thinking that the ideal function
or expression that needs to be changed is the one with one higher
exponent than the other. Well, that’s not always be true. In this
example, substitution would be the following. Let

u = x2 + 1 =⇒ x2 = u − 1
du = 2xdx =⇒ 2du = 4xdx

Before, we substitute this, let us first factor the numerator and

11
 then substitute the above variables.
4x3 4x · x2
Z Z
dx = dx
(x2 + 1)3 (x2 + 1)3
(u − 1) · 2du
Z
=
u3
Z
 −2
u − u−3 du

= 2
u−2
 
−1
= 2 −u + + c.
2

Substituting back the variable, we get

4x3
Z
2 1
2 3
dx = − 2 + + c.
(x + 1) x + 1 2(x + 1)2
2

√
Z q
5. 2 + xdx

In this case, it seems not easy to find the ideal function or expres-
sion to change the variable. But don’t lose your hope. The hint
is when you choose a function, you should think in advanced what √
your ”du” should look like. In this √ case, if you let u = 2 + x,
then your du should have a factor x in the denominator. But
here, our integral doesn’t have this factor. So, to √fulfill this, our
technique may involve of multiplying and dividing x at the same
time, that is, we are just multiplying 1 to the original integrand.
Now,
Z √ p √
√
Z q
x 2+ x
2 + xdx = √ dx.
x

Again, let
√ √
u = 2 + x ⇐⇒ x = u − 2
dx dx
du = √ =⇒ 2du = √ .
2 x x

Substituting these to the above integral, we get

Z √ p √
√
Z q
x 2+ x
2 + xdx = √ dx
x
Z
= (u − 2)u1/2 · 2du
Z
= 2 (u3/2 − 2u1/2 )du
 
2 5/2 4 3/2
= 2 u − u + c.
5 3

12
 Substituting back the original variable, we get
Z q
√ 4 √ 8 √
2 + xdx = (2 + 2)5/2 − (2 + 2)3/2 + c.
5 3

Example 7. Evaluate each of the following integrals.

Z  
1
1. 1 − cos(w − ln w) dw
w
Z
2
2. 3(8y − 1)e4y −y dy
Z
3. x2 (3 − 10x3 )4 dx
Z
x
4. √ dx
1 − 4x2
Z
3
5. dy
5y + 4
Z
3y
6. dy
5y 2+4
Z
3y
7.
(5y 2 + 4)2
Z
3
8. dy
5y 2+4
2t3 + 1
Z
9.
(t4 + 2t)3
2t3 + 1
Z
10.
t4 + 2t
Z
x
11. √
1 − 4x2
Z
1
12. √
1 − 4x2
Z
13. e2t + sec(2t) tan(2t)dt
Z
14. sin θ(4 cos3 θ + 6 cos2 θ − 8)dθ
Z  
2 x
15. x cos(x + 1) + 2
x +1

13
 Z
 2
x + e1−x dx

16.
Z  
2 1
17. x cos(x + 1) + 2
x +1
Z h  z i
18. e−z + sec2 dz
10
√
Z  
1
19. 1 − 2 cos w sin w + dw
7w + 2
Z
10x + 3
20.
x2 + 16
Z
21. tan xdx
Z
22. sec ydy
Z √
cos x
23. √
x
Z
t
24. et+e dt
Z √
25. 2x3 x2 + 1dx
Z
1
26. dx
x ln x
e2t
Z
27. dt
1 + e2t
e2t
Z
28. dt
1 + e4t
sin−1 x
Z
29. √ dx
1 − x2
Answers to all of the above integrals can be found at
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI/CalcI.aspx

14
Exercises 1. Evaluate each of the following integrals.

15
16
 This set of problems are taken from the lecture notes of Dr. Julius V.
Benitez of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, MSU-IIT.

4 Definite Integrals
The concept of partitions or divisions and the formation of sums are the initial
steps in the development of a theory of integration. Here, we shall be discussing
a way of choosing and forming sums that will give rise to the Riemann integral
or the definite integral.

Definition 2. A partition D of [a, b] is a collection of points

{x0 , x1 , . . . , xn }

such that a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn = b. The norm of D, denoted by ||D||, is

the largest of the differences xi − xi−1 , i = 1, 2, . . . , n (i.e., ||D|| is the length
of the longest interval in D).

Let f : [a, b] → R be a bounded function and D = {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn } a

partition of [a, b]. If ξi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] for each i, where i = 1, 2, . . . , n then we

17
may form the sum of products
n
X
f (ξ1 )(x1 − x0 ) + f (ξ2 )(x2 − x1 ) + · · · + f (ξn )(xn − xn−1 ) = f (ξi )(xi − xi−1 ).
i=1

This sum is called a Riemann sum. If

n
X
lim f (ξi )(xi − xi−1 )
||D||→0
i=1

exists, then we say that f is Riemann integrable on [a, b]. In this case, we
write Z b n
X
f (x)dx = lim f (ξi )(xi − xi−1 ).
a ||D||→0
i=1

Example 8. [1] Using the definition of the definite integral, compute

the following integral. Z 2
(x2 + 1)dx.
0
Solution: In general, for an interval with total length of n, we can
always choose subintervals of equal lengths
2−0 2
∆x = xi − xi−1 = = .
n n
The subintervals are then,
       
2 2 4 4 6 2(n − 1)
0, , , , , ,..., ,2 .
n n n n n n
 
2(i − 1) 2i
Let’s choose ξi ∈ , to be the right endpoint of the ith inter-
  n n
2(i − 1) 2i 2i
val , , i.e., ξi = . The summation in the definition of the
n n n

18
 definite integral is then
n n   
X X 2i 2
f (ξi )∆x = f
i=1 i=1
n n
n
! 
  2
X 2i 2
= +1
i=1
n n
n
8i3 2
X  
= +
i=1
n n
n n
8 X 3 1X
= i + 2
n3 i=1 n i=1
 
8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1
= + (2n)
n3 6 n
4(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= +2
3n2
14n2 + 12n + 4
= .
3n2
We can now compute the definite integral.
Z 2 n
X
2
(x + 1)dx = lim f (ξi )∆x
0 n→∞
i=1
14n2 + 12n + 4
= lim
n→∞ 3n2
14
= .
3

Actually, there are a lot of simpler way of evaluating definite integrals and
these will be discussed in this section. But before that, we give first a more
precise definition of the Riemann integral.

Definition 3. Let f : [a, b] → R be a bounded function. Then f is inte-

grable(Riemann integrable) on [a, b] if there is a number I such that for every
 > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such that whenever D is a division of [a, b] with
||D|| < δ, we have
 X 
(D) f (ξi )(xi − xi−1 ) − I  < ,
 

where ξi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] for every interval [xi−1 , xi ] in the partition. In this case,
we say that I is the Riemann integral or the definite integral of f over [a, b].

In symbols, we write
Z b Z b
f= f (x)dx = I.
a a

The number a and b are, respectively, the lower and upper limits of integration.

19
 Theorem 6. Every continuous function f : [a, b] → R is Riemann
integrable on [a, b].

Properties 1. Let f and g be intragble function, a, b, c, k ∈ R with

a ≤ c ≤ b.

Z b Z a
1. f (x)dx = − f (x)dx
a b
Z c
2. f (x)dx = 0
c
Z b Z b
3. kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx
a a
Z b Z b Z b
4. [f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x)dx ± g(x)dx
a a a
Z b Z c Z b
5. f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx
a a c

The following theorems are helpful in solving definite integrals.

Theorem 7 (First Fundamental theorem of Calculus). Let f be a con-

tinuous function on [a, b]. If F is the function defined by
Z x
F (x) = f (t)dt
a

for every x in [a, b], then F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ [a, b], that is, F is an
antiderivative of f .

Theorem 8 (Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus). Let f be a

continuous function on [a, b] and let F be an antiderivative of f , that is,
F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ [a, b]. Then
Z b
b

f (x)dx = F (x) = F (b) − F (a).
a a

So let’s redo our example above using the Second Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus.
Z 2
Example 9. Evaluate the integral (x2 + 1)dx.
0

20
 R 1
Solution: (x2 + 1)dx = x3 + x, we have
Since
3
Z 2  2    
2 1 3  1 3 1 3 14
(x + 1)dx = x +x  =
 2 +2 − 0 +0 =
0 3 0 3 3 3

This coincides with our answer in Example 8.

Example 10. Evaluate the following definite integral.

Z 78 5
x − x7 cos(2x) + 5 ln x
dx
78 ex + x2 + 1
Solution: There isn’t really anything to do with this integral once we
notice the limits of this integral are the same. Using the above property,
Z 78 5
x − x7 cos(2x) + 5 ln x
dx = 0.
78 e x + x2 + 1

Example 11. Evaluate each of the following integrals.

Z 5
1. dx
1

Solution:
Z 5
5

dx = x = 5 − 1 = 4.
1 1

Z π/3
2. (2 cos w − 3 sin w)dw
0

Solution:
Z π/3
π/3

(2 cos w − 3 sin w)dw = 2 sin w + 3 cos w
0 0
π π
= (2 sin + 3 cos ) − (2 sin 0 + 3 cos 0)
3 3
√ !
3 1
= 2· +3· − (2 · 0 + 3 · 1)
2 2
√ 3
= 3− .
2

21
 5
t−1
Z  
2
3. − dt Solution:
1 e−t 2
Z 5 Z 5
t−1
 
2 t 11
− dt = 2e − dt
1 e−t 2 1 2t
 5
t 1 
= 2e − ln t 
2
 1  
5 1 1 1
= 2e − ln(5) − 2e − ln 1
2 2
1
= 2(e5 − e) − ln 5.
2
3 
3x2 ,
Z
if x ≤ 1
4. f (x)dx where f (x) =
−2 6 if x ≥ 1.

Solution: Let’s take a look at the graph of this function first.

Notice that the function f is not continuous within our interval

at x = 1. It’s discontinuity does not stem from problems with
the function not existing at x = 1. Instead, the function is not
continuous because it takes on different values on either side of
x = 1. Although it is not continuous, it doesn’t mean this is not
integrable. Property (1(5)) will help us solve this problem. We can
divide the interval in such a way that the function in each interval
is continuous. Thus, we break our interval as follows.

[−2, 3] = [−2, 1] ∪ [1, 3].

It can easily be checked from the graph above that the function in
each interval is continuous. The integral in this case is then
Z 3 Z 1 Z 3
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx
−2 −2 1
Z 1 Z 3
2
= 3x dx + 6dx
−2 1
1 3

3

= x  + 6x
−2 1
= 1 − (−8) + (18 − 6) = 21.

22
 1/2
x3
Z
5. √
3
dx
0 1 − 2x2
Solution:

In this case, we cannot solve the integral directly unlike the previous
examples. Here, we need to use the substitution rule. But let’s be
careful because if we change the variable, the limit should also be
changed accordingly. Now, let
1−u
u = 1 − 2x2 =⇒ x2 = (14)
2
du
du = −4xdx =⇒ − = xdx (15)
4
When

x = 0 =⇒ u = 1 − 2(0)2 = 1 (16)
 2
1 1
x = 1 =⇒ u = 1 − 2 = (17)
2 2

So the lower and upper limits now becomes 1 and 1/2, respectively.
Thus, we have
1/2 1/2
x3 x2 · xdx
Z Z
√
3
dx = √
3
0 1 − 2x2 0 1 − 2x2
Z 1/2 1−u −du
2
· 4
= √
1
3
u
Z 1/2
1 1−u
= − du
8 1 u1/3
1 1/2 −1/3
Z
= − (u − u2/3 )du
8 1
1/2
1 u2/3 u5/3 

= − −
8 2/3 5/3 1
3 (1/2)2/3 (1/2)5/3
 2/3
(1)5/3
 
(1)
= − − − −
8 2 5 2 5
 
3 1 1 1 1
= − √ 3
− √ 3
− +
8 2 4 10 4 2 5
 
3 2 3
= − √ − .
40 3 4 5
Z 0
6. |2t + 3|dt
−3

Solution:

23
 Notice that we cannot find any function to be differentiated to get
an absolute value. So the only way to solve this is to get rid of the
absolute value. Recall that

x, if x ≥ 0
|x| =
−x, if x < 0.

Remember that the absolute value is a piecewise function. Thus,

we can use Exercise #4 above as our guide in doing this integral.
Observe that the quantity inside the absolute value is positive when
t ≥ −3/2 and it is negative when t < −3/2. Note that t = −3/2 is
inside our interval [−3, 0]. So if we break the integral at this point,
we get
Z 0 Z −3/2 Z 0
|2t + 3|dt = |2t + 3|dt + |2t + 3|dt
−3 −3 −3/2
Z −3/2 Z 0
= − (2t + 3)dt + (2t + 3)dt
−3 −3/2
−3/2 0
2
 2

= −(t + 3t) + (t + 3t)
−3 −3/2
"  2  ! #
−3 −3
+ (−3)2 + 3 (−3)


= − +3
2 2
"  2  !#
−3 −3
+ 02 + 3(0) −


+3
2 2
9 9 9 9
= − + +0+0− +
4 2 4 2
9
= .
2
Z −2
7. |2t + 3|dt
−3

Solution:

Since we already know which interval the quantity inside the

absolute value is positive or negative, this problem is easy to deal.

We can actually eliminate the absolute value easily since 2t + 3 is

negative within our given interval [−3, −2]. Thus, we have
Z −2 Z −2
|2t + 3|dt = − (2t + 3)dt
−3 −3
−2
2

= −(t + 3t)
−3
= (6 − 4) + (9 − 9) = 2.

24
Exercises 2. Evaluate each of the following integrals.
Z 0 √
1. 2t2 1 − 4t3 dt
−2
Z 5
2. (1 + w)(2w + w2 )5 dw
−1
Z −6  
4 5
3. − dx
−2 (1 + 2x)3 1 + 2x
Z 1/2
4. [ey + 2 cos(πy)]dy
0
Z 0
h z i
5. 3 sin − 5 cos(π − z) dz
π/3 2
Z 5
4t
6. 2
dt
−5 2 − 8t
Z 5
4t
7. 2
3 2 − 8t
Z ln(1+π)
8. ex cos(1 − ex )dx
0

e6
[ln t]4
Z
9. dt
e2 t
Z π/9
sec(3P ) tan(3P )
10. p3
dP
π/12 2 + sec(3P )
Z π/2
11. cos x cos(sin x)dx
−π

2
e2/w
Z
12. dw
1/50 w2
Answers to all of the above integrals can be found at
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI/CalcI.aspx

Exercises 3. Evaluate each of the following integrals.

25
26
 This set of problems are taken from the lecture notes of Dr. Julius V.
Benitez of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, MSU-IIT.

References
[1] http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu

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