CALCULUS 2

Chapter 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

Learning Outcomes: After completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Determine the antiderivatives of a function.
2. Discuss the integral notation.
3. Enumerate the basic properties of indefinite integrals.
4. Solve problems involving integration by substitution, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
functions, and exponential functions.
I. INTRODUCTION
CALCULUS

• Discovered by Isaac Newton (English) and Gottfried Leibniz, (German), who

independently developed its foundations. Although they both were instrumental in
its creation, they thought of the fundamental concepts in very different ways.
• Newton considered variables changing with time while Leibniz thought of the
variables x and y as ranging over sequences of infinitely close values.
• Leibniz introduced dx and dy as differences between successive values of these
sequences, he knew that dy/dx gives the tangent, but he did not use it as a defining
property
• Newton used quantities x' and y', which were finite velocities, to compute the
tangent.
• In their development of the calculus both Newton and Leibniz used "infinitesimals",
quantities that are infinitely small and yet nonzero.
• Infinitesimals do not really exist, but Newton and Leibniz found it convenient to use
these quantities in their computations and their derivations of results.
• Ultimately, Cauchy, Weierstrass, and Riemann reformulated Calculus in terms of limits
rather than infinitesimals. Thus, the need for these infinitely small (and nonexistent)
quantities was removed and replaced by a notion of quantities being "close" to
others. The derivative and the integral were both reformulated in terms of limits.
• Defined as a branch of mathematics that involves the study of rates of change.
• It helped to determine how particles, stars, and matter move and change in real time.
• Among its applications are physics, engineering, economics, statistics, and medicine.
• It is also used in such disparate areas as space travel, as well as determining how
medications interact with the body, and even how to build safer structures.
DIFFERENTIATION
The process of finding the differential or derivative of a function.
INTEGRATION
The process of finding the function in which derivative or differential is given. It is also
called antidifferentiation.
Integral means antiderivative.
II. INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
It is an integral in which constant has no definite value.
Definition 1: Antiderivative A function F is called an antiderivative of a function f on a given
interval I if F’(x) = f(x) for all x in the interval I.
Theorem 1:
If 𝐹(𝑥) is any antiderivative of f(x) on an interval I, then for any constant C the function
F(x) + C is also an antiderivative on that interval.
From the symbols,
𝑑
[𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Produces an antiderivative in the form,

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪

Where:

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 is called the indefinite integral

∫ is the integral sign or symbol

𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 is called the integrand
C is the constant of integration (arbitrary constant)
𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪 is the value of the indefinite integral 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒇 are operations that are inverse to each other/ annul each other

Illustration: Recall the following.

𝑑
1. Finding the derivative (𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Finding the antiderivative: ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3

𝑑
2. Finding the derivative: (𝑥 3 + 5) = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Finding the antiderivative: ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶

Note: The constant 5 in illustration 2 cannot be restored since it became 0 after differentiation.
Thus, the arbitrary constant C.
Example 1: Consider the table below, supply the missing third column.

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
Y = f(x) = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 Integrand
𝑥4
1. 𝑦 = + 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 1 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 6 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 6)𝑑𝑥
4

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑦 = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 2
3. y = ln(x+1)-ln(x-1) =− 2 𝑑𝑦 = [− ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1 𝑥2 −1

BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULA

Let u and v be differentiable function of x and let a, n and c be constants.
1. An antiderivative of one is the variable plus any constant

F1: ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒖 + 𝑪
2. A constant factor can be moved through an integral sign,

F2:∫ 𝒂𝒖𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂 ∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒖+ C

3. An antiderivative of a sum/difference is the sum/difference of the antiderivatives,

F3: ∫(𝒖 + 𝒗)𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒖 ± ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖 + 𝑪

4. An antiderivative in exponential form where n is any integer not equal to 1,
𝒖𝒏+𝟏
F4: ∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏

5. An antiderivative of a quotient,
𝒅𝒖
F5:∫ = 𝒍𝒏|𝒖| + 𝑪
𝒖

Example 2: Evaluate ∫(5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥

Solution: Applying the above basic formulas:

∫(5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 6𝑑𝑥

= 5 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫ 6𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 4+1 3𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= + − + 6𝑥 + 𝐶
4+1 2+1 1+1
𝟏
= 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪

Example 3: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥(√𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

Solution: First, simplify the integrand as follows,

3
∫ 𝑥(√𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Then apply the basic rules for integration,

3
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3 5
+1
𝑥2 𝑥 1+1 𝑥2 𝑥2
= 3 − +𝐶 = 5 − +𝐶
+1 1+1 2
2 2

Finally, simplify,
𝟓
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= − +𝑪
𝟓 𝟐

𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑
Example 4: Evaluate ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐

Solution: First simplify the given by dividing each term in the numerator by the denominator,
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑 2𝑥 2 4𝑥 3
∫( 𝒙𝟐
) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 + ∫
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 − ∫
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
4 1
Simplifying, = ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥

Applying the basic rules,

3𝑥 −2+1
= 2𝑥 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − +𝐶
−2+1

The final answer,

𝟑
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒍𝒏|𝒙| + 𝒙 + 𝑪
 𝑥 3 −8
Example 5: Evaluate ∫ ( 𝑥−2 ) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution: First, factor the numerator,

𝑥 3 −8 (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4)
∫ ( 𝑥−2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥−2
𝑑𝑥

Cancel like factors between the numerator and denominator,

= ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 2𝑥 2
= + + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2

𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝟐
= + + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟐

Example 6: Evaluate∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥.

Solution: Express the integrand in the product form,

∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 16)𝑑𝑥

Apply the basic rules,

= ∫ 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 24𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 16 𝑑𝑥
9𝑥 3 24𝑥 2
= + + 16𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
Final answer,

= 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪

Example 7: Evaluate ∫ √𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: First, express the terms inside the radical in factor form,

∫ √𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥√(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Final answer,
𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
= − +𝑪
𝟑 𝟐

4 2
Example 8: Evaluate ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution: Apply the basic rules of integration,

4 2
=∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 4𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫
𝑥
4𝑥 −3+1
= + 2𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
−3+1

𝟐
=− + 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙| + 𝑪
𝒙𝟐
 𝑑𝑥
Example 9: Evaluate: ∫ 𝑥+1.

Solution: By applying F5,

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥+1 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝑪

Seat works: Evaluate the following functions.

5 1 1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2)√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ (3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥

Exercise 1.1
I. Evaluate the following integrals. Fill out the table, the first row is done for you to follow.

Given Rewrite Integrate Simplify

𝑥4
1. ∫ 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 3
8∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8 ( 4 ) +𝐶 2𝑥 4 + 𝐶
4𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
√𝑥
6𝑥𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 2𝑥 5

II. Evaluate the following integrals. Express your answer in simplified form.
3
1. ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
2. ∫ (√𝑥 − 𝑥 + 8) 𝑑𝑥
6 1
3. ∫ (2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
√
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 1
(1+𝑥)4
𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑥−9

III. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

This is a technique for evaluating integrals which involves replacing variable to a new
variable to reduce the given integrand to a form where the standard formula can be applied.

∫ 𝒇(𝒖)𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒇[𝒉(𝒙)] 𝒉′(𝒙)𝒅x

Where F (u) be any function whose derivative is f(u) or
𝑑
𝐹(𝑢) = 𝑓(𝑢)
𝑑𝑥
Where u is a differentiable function of x.
Guidelines for u-Substitution
1. Look for some composition 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) within the integrand for which the substitution
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
produces an integral that is expressed entirely in terms of u and its differential, du.
2. Evaluate the resulting integral in terms of u.
3. Replace u by g(x) to express your final answer in terms of x.
Note: The above steps may or may not be possible.
Example 10: Evaluate ∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥.
Solution: Using Integration by Substitution,
Let u = 3x + 4
1 𝟏
Differentiating u, du = 3dx or 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 where 𝟑 is called the neutralizing factor.
3

By substitution to the original function,

1
= ∫ 𝑢2 ∙ 3 𝑑𝑢
1
= = 3 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

𝒖𝒏+𝟏
Using the basic formula F4, ∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏

1 𝑢3 𝑢3
= ∙ +𝐶 = +𝐶
3 3 9
Substitute u = 3x + 4, the final answer in now express in terms of x,

(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟑
= +𝑪
𝟗
Example 11: Evaluate ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)4 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Solution: Using Integration by substitution,
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑢 1
Differentiating = 2𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 or 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

where ½ is the neutralizing factor

1 1
By substitution, ∫ 𝑢4 ∙ 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑛+1
Integrating by F4, ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

1 𝑢5
= ∙ +𝐶
2 5
Replace 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1,the final is in terms of x,
5
1 (𝑥 2 −1) (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)𝟓
=2∙ +𝐶 = +𝑪
5 𝟏𝟎

Example 12: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Using Integration by substitution,
Let u = sin 4x
𝑑𝑢
Solving for the differential = 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 (4) then 𝑑𝑢 = 4 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
or 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 where neutralizing factor = ¼
4
1 1
Now by substitution ∫ 𝑢5 ∙ 4 𝑑𝑢 = 4 ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢6 𝑢6
Integrating by formula F4 =4∙ + 𝐶 = 24 + 𝐶
6

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝟒𝒙
Replace u by sin 4x = 𝟐𝟒
+𝑪
Example 13: Evaluate ∫(4𝑥 3 + 𝑥)√4𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
Solution: This given function needs to be rewritten as follows,

= ∫ 𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 1)√4𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥

3
= ∫(4𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 + 1
1
Solving for the differential 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
8
3 3
1 1
By substitution, = ∫ 𝑢2 ∙ 8 𝑑𝑢 = 8 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
3 5
+1
1 𝑢2 1 𝑢2
Integrating by formula F4 =8∙ 3 +𝐶 =8∙ 5 +𝐶
+1
2 2

Simplifying
5 5
1 2𝑢 2 2(4𝑥 2 +1)2
=8∙ +𝐶 = +𝐶
5 40
𝟓
(𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐
Final answer = +𝑪
𝟐𝟎
(2𝑥+3)𝑑𝑥
Example 14: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4

Solution: By applying integration by substitution,

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
Then 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
The given is transformed to an expression that can be integrated by F5:
𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒| + 𝑪
𝑢
𝑑𝑥
Example 15: Evaluate ∫ 1 5
( 𝑥−8)
3

Solution: The given should be rewritten as follows,

1 −5
= ∫ (3 𝑥 − 8) 𝑑𝑥

Then determine u and du,

1
Let 𝑢 = 3 𝑥 − 8
1
Then 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑑𝑢

Then apply substitution,

= 3 ∫(𝑢)−5 𝑑𝑢
Integrating using formula F4,
𝑢−5+1 3
= 3 −5+1 + 𝐶 = − 4 𝑢−4 + 𝐶

The final answer expresses in terms of x,

 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟒 𝟑
= − 𝟒 (𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟖) +𝑪 or = − 𝟏 𝟒 +𝑪
𝟒( 𝒙−𝟖)
𝟑

Exercise 1.2
Evaluate the following and simplify.

1. ∫ √2 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ (𝑥 3−1)4

𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛2𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝒇(𝒙)
INTEGRATING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, where the degree of numerator, f(x) > degree of
𝒈(𝒙)
denominator, g(x).
First carry out the indicated division until the remainder is of lower degree than denominator,
and expressed as follows:
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
= 𝑄(𝑥) +
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
Where R(x) is the remainder
Q(x) is the quotient

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
Example 16: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3

Solution: First divide the numerator by the denominator using the long method of division of
polynomials,

2x
x- 3 2x2 - 6x + 4
2x2 - 6x
+ 4

Now integrate the quotient shown below,

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3
4
= ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥−3

𝑥2
= 2 ∙ + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
2
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑| + 𝑪
3𝑥 2 +14𝑥 + 13
Example 17: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4

Solution: First divide the numerator by the denominator using the long method of division of
polynomials,
 3x + 2
x+4 3x2 + 14x + 13
3x2 + 12x
2x + 13
2x + 8
5

Now integrate the quotient shown below,

3𝑥 2 +14𝑥 + 13 5
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (3𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥+4) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4

5
= ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑥+4

𝟑𝒙𝟐
= + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟒)
𝟐

𝑥 5 −2𝑥 3 −2𝑥
Seatwork: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 2 +1

IV. INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Let u and v be differentiable function of x and let a, n and c be constants.

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶

3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢| + 𝐶 *

4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶 *
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶 *

6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 − cot 𝑢| + 𝐶 *

7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶

8. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cot 𝑢 + 𝐶

9. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶

10.∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −csc 𝑢 + 𝐶

*Indefinite integrals which were results of trigonometric identities and u-substitution

Example 18: Evaluate ∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: The given integral can be solved using the method of substitution, then applying
formula no. 2,
Let u = 4x
then du = 4dx or dx = ¼ du where ¼ is the neutralizing factor
1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 ∙ 4 𝑑𝑢 = 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Applying formula 1,
1 𝟏
= − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶 = − 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
1+sin 2𝑥
Example 19: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 2𝑥

Solution: The given integral should be rewritten as follows,

 1+sin 2𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 2𝑥

= ∫ sec 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let u = 2x
Then du = 2dx or ½ du = dx where ½ is the neutralizing factor,
1 1
Substitution, = ∫ sec 𝑢 ∙ 2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ tan 𝑢 ∙ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝟏 1
= 𝟐 ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 2 ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Applying formula 3 and 5,

𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 𝒍𝒏|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙| + 𝟐 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟐𝒙| + 𝑪

Example 20: Evaluate ∫(1 + sec 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

Solution: The given integral should be expressed in terms of its products,

∫(1 + sec 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 2 sec 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
It is obvious that for each term the neutralizing factor is 1, no further adjustment
would be needed to the given integral and the formulas to be used are F1 from the basic formula
and formula 5 and 7, so the final answer is,
= 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

Example 21: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5𝑥 tan 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: First, Determine u, du and the neutralizing factor,
Let u = 5x
du = 5dx, where nf = 1/5
Substitute to the given function,
1
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5𝑥 tan 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ sec 5𝑥 tan 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

And applying formula 9,

𝟏
= 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓

sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
Example 22: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

Solution: The given should be expressed in the sum form as follows,

sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
d𝑥 cos 𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 Since the neutralizing factor is 1, then there is no adjustment that should be done
to the integral, we can now use formula 6 and 10, to evaluate the above expression,
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙| − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 + 𝑪

𝑑𝑥
Example 23: Evaluate ∫ 1 1
sin 𝑥 cot 𝑥
2 2

Solution: Use the double-angle formula to rewrite the given integral,

From sin 2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 1 1 1
Replace 𝜃 by 2 𝜃, sin 2 (2 𝜃) = 2 sin 2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
1 1
sin 𝜃 = 2 sin 2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
1 1 1
Then sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2 2 2

This identity is the basis of the following substitution,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 1 1 = ∫1 = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2 2 2

Integrating using formula 6,

= 𝟐 ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙| + 𝑪

cos 6𝑥𝑑𝑥
Example 24: Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥

Solution: This integral should be rewritten using the following identities,

cos 6x = cos 2(3x)
cos 2(3x) = cos2 3x – sin2 3x
The above identity is called Function of twice an angle or Double Angle Formula, it can
be used to rewrite the given integral,
cos 6𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥
Simplifying, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

But there’s no trigonometric formula that corresponds to ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥, so it needs to be

expressed in terms of equivalent identities as shown below,
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥
Note: For ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥 − 1 u =3x
du = 3dx
By substitution, = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 1
nf =
3
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1
Integrating, = 𝑥 − 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
= 2𝑥 − 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 + 𝐶

sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
Example 25: Evaluate ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

Solution: Rewriting the given integral using trigonometric identities,

 sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Applying formula 5, = 𝒍𝒏|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙| + 𝑪