PISIKA

• Scientific notation - it's a convenient and widely used method of expressing large and small numbers. any
quantity may be expressed in the form of N x 10n, Where N is any number between 1 and 10 and n is the
appropriate power of 10.

In expressing SI measurements in scientific notation, the SI prefix says are used to denote decimal multiples in
submultiples of the SI units.

SI Prefix Symbol Multiplier SI Prefix Symbol Multiplier

yotta Y 1024 yocto y 10-24
zeta Z 1021 zepto z 10-21
exa E 1018 atto a 10-18
peta P 1015 femto f 10-15
tera T 1012 pico p 10-12
giga G 109 nano n 10-9
mega M 106 micro µ 10-6
kilo k 103 milli m 10-3
hecto h 102 centi c 10-2
deca da 101 Deci d 10-1

SI. Fundamental Units

Quantity Unit symbol definition
length meter M 1 meter is the distance traveled by light in
a vacuum during a time interval of
1/299792458 of a second.
mass kilogram KG one kilogram is the mass of the standard
platinum Iridium cylinder kept at the
international Bureau Weights and
measures in France
time second s one second is the duration all
9192631770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between
two hyperfine levels of the ground state
of cesium 133 atoms.
temperature Kelvin K one Kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the
triple point of water
electric current ampere a one ampere is the constant current
flowing in each of two long parallel wires,
1.0 M apart that would produce between
these wires a a force equal to 2 * 10-7
Newton per meter of length of each wire
luminous intensity candela CD one candela is the luminous intensity in a
given direction of a source that emits a
monochromatic radiation a frequency 540
* 1012 Hz and that has a radiant intensity
in that direction of 1/683 watts per
steradian.
amount of substance mole MOL 1 mol is the amount of substance that
contains as many atoms or molecules as
there are atoms in 0.012 KG of carbon 12.

Uncertainty and Error analysis

Measurements always have some degree of uncertainty because of unavoidable errors.

o Error - is that deviation of a measured value from the expected or true value.
o Uncertainty- is a way of expressing this error.

Accuracy versus precision

o Accuracy - refers to the closeness of a measured value to the expected or true value over physical
quantity.
o Precision - Represents how close or consistent the independent measurements of the same quantity are
to one another.
o random errors- results from unpredictable are inevitable changes during data measurement. Examples
of causes of random errors are electronic noise from an electrical device slight variation of temperature
 when the volume of a gas is being measured an uncontrollable presence of wind when determining the
period of a simple pendulum. This errors may be reduced by increasing the number of trials of a
measurement and averaging out the results.

o systematic errors - usually come from the measuring instrument or in the design of the experiment
itself this errors limit the accuracy of result.

Vectors and Vector addition

Quantities in physics me either be scalar or vector.

o Scalar quantities- are those that can be described completely by their magnitudes and
appropriate units.
▪ Mass, temperature, speed and time.
o Vector quantities- Quantities that are completely described by their magnitudes appropriate
you needs in directions.
▪ Force, displacement, velocity and acceleration

o Vectors are represented with arrows

o The length of the arrow represents the magnitude (how far, how fast, how strong, etc.,
depending on the type of vector).
o The arrow points in the directions of the force, motion, displacement, etc. It is often specified by
an angle.
Units
Units are not the same as quantities!
o Quantity ... Unit (symbol)
▪ Displacement & Distance . . . meter (m)
▪ Time... second (s)
▪ Velocity & Speed … (m/s)
▪ Acceleration . . . (m/s2)
▪ Mass ... kilogram (kg)
▪ Momentum . . . (kg m/s) D
▪ Force. . .Newton (N)
▪ Energy … Joule (J)

SI Prefixes
Little Guys
Big Guys
• Pico p 10-12
• Nano n 10-9 • Kilo k 103
• Micro µ 10-6 • Mega M 106
• Milli m 10-3 • Giga G 109
• Centi C 10-2 • Tera T 1012
 Scalar Quantities Examples Vector Quantities Examples
o Length
o Time o Impulse
o Mass o Force
o Temperature o Momentum
o Energy
o Velocity
o Direct Current (DC)
o Frequency o Acceleration
o Volume o Displacement
o Speed o Angle
o Amount of substance
o Alternating Current
o Luminous Intensity
o Density o Torque Of Couple
o Concentration o Weight
o Refractive Index
o Thrust
o Work
o Pressure o Electric Field Strength
o Power o Magnetic Field Strength
o Charge o Gravitation
o Electric Potential
o Angular Velocity
o Entropy
o Angular Momentum
o Centripetal Force
o Drag Force
o Frictional Force
o Tension

Table of Lessons MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES(MELCs)

(Week of the Quarter)
1. Convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform
st
Week 4/1 Quarter acceleration in one dimension into a mathematical description.
 2. Interpret displacement and velocity, respectively, as areas under
velocity vs. time and acceleration vs. time curves.
3. Interpret velocity and acceleration, respectively, as slopes of position
vs. time and velocity vs. time curves
4. Construct velocity vs. time and acceleration vs. time graphs,
respectively, corresponding to a given position vs. time-graph and
velocity vs. time-graph and vice-versa
5. Solve for unknown quantities in equations involving one-dimensional
uniformly accelerated motion, including free-fall motion
6. Solve problems involving one-dimensional motion with constant
acceleration in contexts such as, but not limited to, the “tail-gating
phenomenon”, pursuit, rocket launch, and free-fall problems

I. NEED TO CONNECT

Read “A Closer Look” on page 57 of the worktext and answer the guide question below.

Q1: What are the leading causes of vehicular accidents?

One of the most common causes includes alcohol, once a driver is involved with alcohol while driving
accidents occur, and ofcourse the mechanical function, lost of brakes, and the most common cause is the
driving error,it is important for a driver to have licensed because that will define his or her skills towards
driving if he or she should really be driving or not.

You can check if your answers are similar to the top 10 most common causes of road accidents
mentioned in this link: https://youtu.be/tnmJZ3rCKeU

II.NEED TO DISCOVER

Q2: What comes to your mind when you hear the word kinematic?
The first thing that comes to my mind is physics, since In my knowledge kinematics is a study under this
branch of science, also the terms motions, systems, and mechanics.

Q3: How do you know that something is moving or in motion?

 Simply we can determine it if we observe a change to the distance of an object, if there are any changes
then it is moving, and if its not then the distance is constant and the object is not moving, however to
determine wheter an object is moving or not our point of view will become a big factor of it.

Q4: How do the principles of kinematics influence innovations in transportation?

Standards of kinematics would be utilized in Suspension plan essentially in planning how the wheels
express, how the wheel keep up contact with ground, how the vehicle can navigate troublesome
landscape . So with diverse structures of vehicles you require distinctive sorts of suspension frameworks
and subsequently to plan suspensions you would like to utilize standards of kinematics.

III.NEED TO DISCUSS

The study of motion is divided into kinematics and dynamics. Kinematics describes motion in terms of
displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Dynamics is the study of force in relation to motion.

We shall start with the kinematics of one-dimensional motion, particularly along the x – direction.
Translation is the term used in physics for motion in a straight line. It is commonly described by three
quantities: displacement, velocity, and acceleration. In our study of translation, we shall consider the
origin of the Cartesian coordinate system as the origin of the motion.

A picture of the Cartesian Coordinate

System

Displacement versus Distance

 Sample Problem 3.1

Starting from the church, a procession has to take the following route: 50 m, north; 40 m, east; and 60 m,
north. To go back, it has to follow the same route but in the opposite direction. (a)What is the total distance
traveled? (b) What is the total displacement?

Solution:

a. Total distance traveled = 50 m + 40 m + 60 m + 60 m + 40 m + 50 m = 300 m

b. The displacement is zero because the procession went back to where it started.

For his early morning exercise, Ernest jogged 12 times around a circular track of radius 5.0 m.
Find his total distance traveled and his displacement.

Formula: distance = circumference of the circular track; C = 2

Speed versus Velocity

Speed and velocity are quantities based on combination of fundamental quantities; thus, they are both
derived quantities

Example: speed = distance = length(m)*

time time(s)*

*Length and time are fundamental quantities

A. Based on the discussion on page 60 of the worktext, complete the table below.

Physical Quantity Definition Classification of

Physical Quantity
Speed refers to the distance travelled by Scalar Quantity
Speed a body in a given time.

Is the time rate of change of position , it Vector Quantity

Velocity is the displacement of a body in a
specified time interval.

Is the total distance traveled divided by Scalar Quantity

Average Speed the total time elapsed.

The speed at the particular moment in Scalar Quantity

Instantaneous Speed time.

The velocity at a specific instant time. Scalar Quantity

Instantaneous Velocity

B. Study Sample Problems 3.2 and 3.3 on page 60 to 61 of the worktext, and solve Practice Exercises

3.2 and 3.3

Acceleration

Q5: What needs to change to have acceleration?

An object accelerates when its velocity changes as a result of increasing speed, decreasing speed, or a
change in direction. Like velocity, acceleration has a direction. Acceleration can be represented by an arrow.

A. Tell whether the following situations show acceleration or not.

1. A car moving at constant speed in a circular track.

No, because its in constant speed .
2. A car moving at constant speed in a straight road.

__No because it is in constant. ___________________________________________________

3. A roller coaster ride

yes, when it changes changes direction it slows down which causes an acceleration to happen

B. Give situations where (1) there is no acceleration, and (2) object accelerates.

(a) Nicolle was peacefully driving her Lamborghini car towards the highway of her mansion with a
normal speed no acceleration) (b) However after her travel she seems to get lost in her way because of
her large hectar palace and started to turn right at speed of 60km/h teh suddenly turn north witha
magnitude and direction of 60 km/h north.
 Acceleration

Problem Solving:

Study Sample Problems 3.4 and 3.5 on page 62 and 64 of the worktext and solve Practice Exercises 3.4

and 3.5 (page 64)

Free Fall

Watch the video Misconceptions About Falling Objects from http:// youtu.be/_mCC-68LyZM to find out
Misconceptions and correct concepts about free fall.

MISCONCEPTION WATCH: Write the misconception and correct concept in the table below:

Misconception Correct Concept

⚫ That colors is a factor for determining the ⚫ The colors doesn’t affect the time of how speed
speed of an object in Free Fall. the object will fall
⚫ The Constance of an Object Free Falling is
⚫ That every object that falls down towards the changing all the time
earth has constant speed

⚫ Once an object is heavy or has a large amount

⚫ That Both objects should have the same of mass therefore it will acquire much pull from
gravitational force on them the ground.

Concepts for emphasis:

• Objects fall because of the pull of gravity. The downward motion proceeds with constant
acceleration.
• The pull of gravity on an object is equal to the weight (w) of the object.
• An object experiences free fall if there are no forces acting on it except air resistance and
force of gravity
• In the absence of air resistance, a falling body has a constant acceleration g equal to 9.8 m/s2.
There are three cases of free fall:

1. Thrown upward
2. Thrown downward
3. Dropped

If the object is thrown upward, there is an initial velocity, but the final velocity is equal to 0 at maximum
height. If the object is thrown downward, the initial velocity is not equal to zero. If the object is dropped,
Initial velocity is equal to zero.
IV.NEED TO GENERALIZE

Q6: What is the difference between displacement and distance? Cite a situation as an example.
Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion.
Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's overall
change in position.If a car travels east for 5 km and takes a turn to travel north for another 8 km, the total
distance travelled by car shall be 13 km. The distance can never be zero or negative and it is always more
than the displacement of the object.

Q7: What is the difference between velocity and speed?

Speed is just how fast you travel but velocity is the speed in a given direction.
 Q8: What are the two symmetries in free fall?
Speed Symmetry which shows that at any displacement above the point of release, the speed of the
body during the upward trip equals the speed during the downward trip. While Time Symmetry means that the
time required for an object to reach its maximum heaight equals the time for it to return to its starting point.

V.NEED TO APPLY
VI.NEED TO ASSESS

Problem Solving: Solve the following problems. Show your solutions.

1. A student walks 100 m from his house to Koronadal City Hall, and 80 m from Koronadal City Hall

to a store to buy materials for his project. The student went back from the store to his house.
Find the (a) total distance traveled and (b) total displacement.

a. Total distance travelled = 100 m+ 8 m = 108m

b. The displacement is zero because the student went back from the store to his house.

2. The nearest grocery is 60 m, east from your house. You are walking at 1.2 m/s for 15.0 s toward the
grocery when it started to rain and you ran back to your house to get an umbrella. It took you another
5.0 s to go back to your house. You start walking again at 1.2 m/s until you reach the grocery.
(a) What is your average speed? (b) What is your average velocity?
 3. A car is accelerated from 2.0 m/s to 5.0 m/s in 1.5 s. Find (a) the magnitude of its acceleration and
(b) the distance traveled during the time of observation.

4. A screw was detached from a hot air balloon that is rising at 3.5 m/s at an altitude of 8.3 m.
(a) What is the initial velocity of the screw? (b) How long will it take for the screw to reach the ground?

VII.NEED TO MORE ACTIVITIES

 Read about tailgating in the Practical Science Section. Refer to page 63 of the worktext.

Road Safety Tip: Tailgating happens when a vehicle follows another vehicle at a very close distance
that the vehicle behind could not stop when the vehicle in front stops. This can cause serious injuries
and even death. Thus, a safe distance should be maintained. Maintaining a minimum of 3 s time
difference between vehicles is considered safe.

Processing Question:

Q9: Why should faster vehicles maintain greater distances between them? What
about heavy vehicles?

Increasing the distance between you and the car ahead can help give you the time you need to
recognize a hazard and respond safely. With a standard of 2.5 seconds, highway engineers use time,
rather than distance, to represent how long it takes a driver to perceive and react to hazards.

Kinematics Equations in Motion

Kinematics – describes motion in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration.

Dynamics – study of force in relation to motion.
Translation – term used in physics for motion in straight line.
We shall consider the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system as the origin of motion.
Position, velocity and acceleration directed to the right of the origin are considered positive while on the left is
negative.
Displacement versus Distance
Position – refers to the location of an object with respect to a reference point or origin.
Displacement – change in student’s position. It refers to the straight line distance between an object’s initial
and final positions.
Distance – refers to the total length of path taken by an object in moving from its initial to final position.
Distance is a scalar quantity because it described by its magnitude only while Displacement is
described by both magnitude and direction therefore it is a vector quantity.
Speed versus Velocity
Speed – distance traveled by a body in a given time. It is a scalar quantity.
Velocity – time rate of change of position. It is the displacement of a body in a specified time interval. It is
vector quantity.
The SI unit for speed and velocity is meter per second (m/s).
Average speed – total distance traveled divided by the total time.
Average velocity – displacement divided by the total time.
Acceleration – is the rate of change of velocity. It is a vector quantity, a change in velocity can be a change in
magnitude, direction, or both.
Simplest type of accelerated motion is a straight line motion with constant acceleration.
Kinematics (example: displacement versus distance)
Starting from the church, a procession has to take the following route: 50m, north; 40m, east; 60m, north. To
go back, it has to follow the same route but in the opposite direction. (a) What is the total distance traveled? (b)
What is the total displacement?
Sol’n:

a. Total distance traveled: 50m + 40m + 60m + 60m + 40m + 50m = 300m
b. The displacement is zero because the procession went back to where it started.

Kinematics (example: speed versus velocity)

A lady passenger steps on one end of a moving sidewalk in airport terminal. The sidewalk is 50.0m long and is
moving at 1.25m/s. Find the time taken by the lady to reach the other end of the sidewalk (a) if the lady is
standing still and (b) if she walks at 1.50 m/s relative o the moving sidewalk and in the same direction as the
sidewalk.
Sol’n:

a. The time taken by the lady passenger to reach the other end of the sidewalk is equal to 50.0 m divided
by 1.25 m/s, that is, 40.0 s.
b. The time taken by the lady passenger to reach the other end of the sidewalk is equal to 50.0 m divided
by (1.25 m/s + 1.50 m/s), that is, 18.2 s.

Kinematics (example: acceleration)

Equation 3.1
Equation 3.2
Equation 3.3
Equation 3.4
Equation 3.5