Chapter 3. Smart Objects: The "Things" in Iot

CHAPTER 3.
SMART
OBJECTS: THE
“THINGS” IN IOT
Chapter 3
Introdcution
• sensors are fundamental building blocks of IoT networks.
In fact, they are the foundational elements found in smart
objects.
• Smart objects are any physical objects that contain
embedded technology to sense and/or interact with their
environment in a meaningful way by being interconnected
and enabling communication among themselves or an
external agent
Sensors
• A sensor does exactly as its name indicates: It senses.
More specifically, a sensor measures some physical
quantity and converts that measurement reading into a
digital representation
• That digital representation is typically passed to another
device for transformation into useful data that can be
consumed by intelligent devices or humans.
• Sensors can be readily embedded in any physical objects
that are easily connected to the Internet by wired or
wireless networks.
Sensor types
• Active or passive: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they
produce an energy output and typically require an external power
supply.
• Active sensors are those sensors that do not work on their own but
need an external power supply to work. Eg, temperature sensors.
• Passive sensors are those sensors that initially are active in nature
and do not need an external power supply. Eg, radars
Cameras are active sensors when the
photographer uses flash. It illuminates its
target and measures the reflecting energy
back to the camera.
Cameras are passive sensors when the
photographer does not use the flash.
Because the camera is not sending the
source of light, it uses naturally emitted
light from the sun
Actuators sensors provide the information, actuators
provide the action
• Actuators, on the others hand, receive some type of

control signal (commonly an electric signal or digital
command) that triggers a physical effect, usually some
type of motion, force, and so on
Comparison of Sensor and Actuator
Functionality with
Smart Objects
• the smart farming sensors If a sensor is a standalone
device that simply measures the humidity of the soil, it is
interesting and useful, but it isn’t revolutionary??
• If that same sensor is connected as part of an intelligent
network that is able to coordinate intelligently with
actuators to trigger irrigation systems as needed based on
those sensor readings --- Smart objects
Smart object
• Def: is a device that has, at a minimum, the following four
defining characteristics:
✓Processing unit: A smart object has some type of processing
unit for acquiring data, processing and analyzing sensing
information received by the sensor(s), coordinating control
signals to any actuators, and controlling a variety of functions
on the smart object, including the communication and power
systems.
✓ Sensor(s) and/or actuator(s): A smart object is capable of interacting
with the physical world through sensors and actuators
✓ Communication device: The communication unit is responsible for
connecting a smart object with other smart objects and the outside
world (via the network)
✓ Power source: Smart objects have components that need to be
• powered.
Smart object
SENSOR NETWORKS
• SANET is a network of sensors that sense and measure
their environment and/or actuators that act on their
environment.
• Smart homes are a type of SANET, smart homes can have
temperature sensors that are strategically networked with
heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning actuators. When a
sensor detects a specified temperature, this can trigger an
actuator to take action and heat or cool the home as needed.
• wireless SANETs are typically referred to as wireless sensor and
actuator networks (WSANs). Because many IoT deployments are
overwhelmingly sensors, WSANs are also often interchangeably
referred to as wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
WSN
• Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of
spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring
and recording the physical conditions of the environment
and organizing the collected data at a central location
WSN
WSN
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
• Wireless sensor networks are made up of wirelessly connected
smart objects, which are sometimes referred to as motes.
(Constrained Nodes?)
• Smart objects with limited processing, memory, power, and so
on are often referred to as constrained nodes
Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor
Networks
• data aggregation techniques are
helpful in reducing the amount
of overall traffic (and energy) in
WSNs with very large numbers
of deployed smart objects.
• This data aggregation at the
network edges is where fog and
edge computing,
two communication patterns:
✓ Event-driven: Transmission of sensory
information is triggered only when a Communication
smart object detects a particular event method
✓ Periodic: Transmission of sensory depends on
information occurs only at periodic application
intervals

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CHAPTER 3.

• Actuators, on the others hand, receive some type of

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