Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal 5.

To develop an understanding and

appreciation of the qualities, behavior, and
UNIT I – PRELIMINARIES character of Rizal.
 Note: The bill was passed with a clause that would
Topics: give exemptions to those who feels that reading
I. Rizal Law (R.A. No 1425) Rizal’s novel would damage their faith. Thus, the law
II. The Qualities of a Hero provides exemption of students for reason of
III. Rizal’s Time religious belief as stated in a sworn written
a. The World statement/affidavit attesting to their brittle faith and
b. The Philippines apply an exemption, - not from Rizal Course which
you still have to take – but from reading the Novels
of Rizal.
 No recorded instances of students applying for
Republic Act No. 1425 (Rizal Law) exemption from reading the novels.
 In 1994, when President Fidel Valdez Ramos learned
that some Colleges and Universities has not
 House Bill No. 5561
implemented the said law (RA 1425), he issued
 Senate Bill No. 438
Memorandum No. 247 ordering directly the Secretary
 It was Claro M. Recto who authored the bill, while of the Department of Education Culture and Sports
Senator Jose P. Laurel, who was then the Chairman (DECS) and the Chairman of the Commission on
of the committee on Education sponsored the bill in Higher Education (CHED) to take steps to
the Senate. immediate and fully implement the letter, intent
 Both of the, were known for their great sense of and spirit of R.A. 1425.
Nationalism.

Rizal Law
 Rizal Act was sponsored by Senator Claro M.
Recto. He was the main proponent of Rizal Bill. Hero Defined
 The Senate Bill was headedly opposed by the three
Senators; namely:  Hero – defined as a person who, in the opinion of
1. Senator Francisco Rodrigo others, has heroic qualities or has performed heroic
2. Senator Mariano cuenco act and is regarded as a model or ideal.
3. Decorose Rosales  Hero – a man of distinguished courage or ability,
 Date of Effectivity: Rizal Law (R.A. No. 1425) was admired for his brave deeds or noble qualities.
singed/approved into law on June 12, 1956 by  Hero – a person of distinguished valor or enterprise
President Ramon Magsaysay (to honor not only Jose in danger, or fortitude in suffering.
Rizal but all other heroes).  Hero – a man honored after death by public worship
 Claro M. Recto was considered the father of Rizal because of exceptional service to mankind.
Law.
Qualities of a hero (in general):
Batas Rizal 1. Sacrifice – forfeiture of something highly
 R.A. No 1425 – An act to include in the Curricula of valued for the sake of one considered to
all Public and Private Schools, Colleges and have a greater value.
Universities courses on the Life, Works, and Writing 2. Determination – a firmness of purpose or
of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me resolve.
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the 3. Loyalty – feeling of allegiance.
printing and distribution thereof and for other 4. Dedication – self-devotion.
purposes. 5. Valor – courage exhibited in war, and
cannot be applied to single combat.
Batas Rizal – Aims/Objectives of Rizal Law – RA 1425 6. Intrepidity – is firm, unshaken courage.
1. To rededicate the lives of the youth to ideals 7. Selfless – unselfish concern for the welfare
of freedom and nationalism. of others.
2. To pay tribute to our national her for 8. Gallantry – adventurous courage, which
devoting his life and works in shaping the courts danger with a high and cheerful spirit.
Filipino character. 9. Perseverance – is a persistent
3. To gain inspiring source of patriotism determination.
through Rizal’s life, works, and writing. 10. Fortitude – has often been “passive
4. To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideal, courage” and consist in the habit
thoughts, teaching, and life values to present encountering danger and enduring pain with
condition in the community; and a steadfast and unbroken spirit.
 11. Bravery – daring and impetuous courage, 6. Maria (1859 -1945)
one who has the reward continually in view, 7. Jose (1861 -1896)
and displays his courage in daring acts. 8. Concepcion (1862 -1965)
12. Courage – firmness of the spirit and 9. Josefa (1865 -1945)
“mettle” of the soul to stare at danger and 10. Trinidad (1868 -1951)
trouble right in the eye; or stand to signify 11. Soldedad (1870 -1929)
the valor it takes to overcome adversities
and adversaries. Queries (Quite number of detractors asked the following
questions).
 Why Rizal is our national hero? Had it not been for
the Americans, Rizal would not be our National
Hero?
Rizal’s Time  Why Rizal? ... “He was not the leader of the
revolution,” writes another. “In fact, he repudiated
 Dr. Jose Rizal is a unique example of a many-
revolutions – (did he renounce revolution?)”
splendored genius who become the greatest hero of a
nation.
Justifications:
 Endowed by GOD with versatile gifts, he truly
ranked with the world’s geniuses.  Based on manifesto dated December 15, 1896, it is
most unfair not only to Rizal but also to his comrades
 He was a physician (Ophthalmic surgeon), poet,
who knew Rizal deeper and better.
dramatist, essayist, novelist, historian, architect,
painter, sculptor, educator, linguist, farmer,  As early as June 19, 1887 at the age of 26, nine (9)
economist, businessman, philosopher, engineer, long years before the manifesto of 1896, Rizal
magician, musician, inventor, prophet, etcetera. confided to his faithful friend Ferdinand
Blumentritt – “I can assure you that I have no desire
 Above and beyond all of these he was a hero and a
to take part in Conspiracies which seem to me
political martyr who consecrated his life for the
premature and risky in the extreme. “But if the
redemption of his oppressed people. No wonder,
Government drives us to it, that is to say, when there
he’s now acclaimed as the National Hero.
remain to us other hope than to seek our ruin in war,
when the Filipinos shall prefer to die, rather than to
Birth of a Hero
endure their miseries any longer, then I too shall
 Born on the moonlit night on Wednesday, June 19,
advocate violent means.”
1861 in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna
 Another justification: Rizal’s reaction on learning
between eleven (11) and midnight and his mother
about Lopez Jaena’s decision to go to Cuba. In a
almost died during the delivery.
letter to Mariano Ponce, where he openly expressed
 Baptized Catholic on June 22, aged three (3) days old
his own preference to return to Philippines.
by the Parish Priest Fr. Rufino Collantes, a
 “He should go to the Philippines”, wrote Rizal
Batangueno.
referring to Lopez Jaena, - “and let himself be killed
 His godfather was Fr. Pedro Casanas, friend of the
in support of his ideas, one dies only once and if one
Rizal family.
does not die well, a good opportunity is lost which
 His name was chosen – Saint Jose (St. Joseph). will not come again…—
 “If one must die, let one die as least in his country,
Rizal’s Parents
and in the name of his country.”
 Jose P. Rizal was seventh of the eleven children of
 Rizal as may be gleaned from his writings, favored
Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonzo
violence, BUT ONLY, when such become an
Realonda.
ABSOLUTE NECESSITY. Rizal said that:
 The hero’s father Francisco (1826 – 1898) was born o We must win our freedom by deserving it
in Binan, Laguna on May 11, 1818.
o By improving the mind
 Dona Teodora (1826 – 1911), the hero’s mother was
o Enhancing the dignity of the individual
born in Manila on November 8, 1826 and was
o Loving what is just, what is good and what
educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known
College for girls in the city. is great to the point of dying it.
 Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85.  When people reach those heights, “GOD provides
the weapon, the idols and tyrants fall like house of
 God blessed the marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal
cards, and freedom shines in the first dawn.”
and Teodora Alonzo Realonda with eleven (11)
children: Two (2) boys and nine (9) girls. They are as  There can be no doubt that Rizal was acknowledge
follows: leader of the Filipinos long before his death on
1. Saturnina (1850 -1913) December 30, 1896.
2. Paciano (1851 -1930)
3. Narcisa (1852 -1939)
4. Olimpia (1855 -1887)
5. Lucia (1857 -1919) Rizal’s Time [The World]
 o They arrogantly regarded the browned-
Historical background of the World and of the Philippines skinned Filipino as inferior being, not their
during his times: Christian brothers to be protected but rather
 February 19, 1861 – four (4) months before Rizal’s as their majesty’s subject to be exploited.
birth in Calamba, the Liberal Czar Alexander II o To their imperialist way of thinking, brown
(1855 – 1881) issued proclamation to appease the Filipinos and White Spaniards may be
rising discontent of the Russian masses, emancipating equal before God, but not before the Law,
22,500,000 serfs. and certainly not in practice. Heavy
 When Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, the penalties for Filipinos (Penal Code).
American Civil War (1861 – 1865) was raging 6. Maladministration of Justice
furiously in the U.S. over the issue of Negro Slavery. o Corrupt, notoriously they were Court of
This titanic conflict which erupted April 12, 1861 Injustice.
compelled President Lincoln to issue his 7. Racial Discrimination
emancipation proclamation on September 22, 1862 o They treat us unfairly because of our race,
freeing the Negro slaves. color, descent, or ethnic origin.
 June 1, 1861, just 18 days before Rizal’s birth, Benito 8. Frailocracy
Juarez, a full bloodied Zapotec Indian, was elected o So named because it was a “Government of
President of Mexico. Friars”. The friars (Augustinian, Dominican,
 April 1862, a year after Juarez election, Emperor and Franciscans) controlled the religious and
Napoleon III of the 2nd French empire, in his educational life of the Philippines. The friars
imperialistic desire to secure colonial state in Latin were so influential and powerful that they
America, sent French troops which invaded and practically rules the country.
conquered Mexico. 9. Forced labor (a.k.a. Polo)
 After the end of American War, Juarez with US o Compulsory labor imposed by Spanish
support defeated Maximillans French forces in the colonial authorities or adult Filipino males
battled of Queretaro (May 15, 1887). in the construction of churches, school,
 In Rizal’s time to (2) European Nations (Italians and hospitals, etcetera.
Germans) succeeded in underlying their own 10. Hacienda own by friars
countries. 11. The Guardia Civil
 The times of Rizal saw the flowering of Western o The last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny
Imperialism. was the Guardia Civil (constabulary) which
 England emerged as the world leading imperialist was patterned after the famous Guardia Civil
power. Thus, British people during the glorious reign in Spain.
of Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) proudly asserted: UNIT – 2 RIZAL’S CHLDHOOD
Britannia rules the waves. Topics
1. Birth
Rizal’s Time [The Philippines] 2. Family and Ancestry
During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadow of 3. Hometown
Spain’s decadence darkened Philippine skies. The Filipino
4. Story of the Moth
people organized beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule, for
they were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust,
bigoted, and deteriorating colonial power. Among these evil Birth of a Hero
were as follows:  Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the
1. Instability of Colonial administration lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna
o The Spanish government underwent  Baptized as Catholic on June 22, aged three days
frequent changes – it brought frequent
old by the parish priest Fr. Rufino Collantes, a
periodic shifts in colonial policies and a
periodic rigodon of colonial officials (term- Batangueño.
serve one year only).  His Godfather was Fr. Pedro Casanas, friend of
2. Corrupt Officialdom Rizal family.
o Unlike their predecessors of the 16th, 17th,  The marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal and
and 18th centuries. They were corrupt, cruel, Teodora Alonzo Realonda was blessed with 11
incompetent or venal.
3. No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
children.
o (Spanish Parliament) but later representation Family and Ancestry
was granted also (1810 -1813).  Rizal’s ancestry: Rizal was a product of mixture
4. Human Rights denied to Filipinos of races. In his vein flowed the blood of both
o (freedom of speech, of the press, association East and West – Negrito, Indonesia, Malay,
and other human rights except religion.) Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish.
5. No equality before the law
  Predominantly, he was a Malayan and was a - From his mother – his religious nature,
magnificent specimen of Asian manhood. spirit of self sacrifice and passion for arts
 The real surname of Rizal family was Mercado and literature.
which was adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco 2. Environmental Influence – according to
(The paternal great grandfather of Jose Rizal) a psychologist, environment as well as hereditary
Chinese immigrant from Fukien City of affects the nature of a persons. It includes
Changchow, who arrived in Manila in about places, association, and events.
1690. - Liked Rizal was affected in what his family
Distinguish Family in their Hometown CALAMBA and environment influence and teach him to
 Rizal family acquired a second surname – be a good son and develop his talent and
Rizal which was given by Spanish Alcalde ability.
mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna. - Religious atmosphere at home-fortified his
 A good middleclass family – Rizal family religious nature Paciano instilled in his mind
belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy the love for freedom and justice.
in Spanish Philippines. - The uncles who were brothers of his mother
 One of the distinguish families in Calamba, also had much influence on the early
Rizal family had a simple, contented, and a childhood of Rizal. They are as follows:
happy life.  The youngest uncle named
Early Childhood Memories Jose Alberto took care of
 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy was his teaching regular lessons to
happy days in the family garden when he was 3 Rizal (inspired Rizal to
years old. He was frail, sickly. A kind old developed his artistic ability).
woman was employed as Aya (nurse maid). His  His huge uncle Manuel
father built a Nipa cottage in the garden for him developed his physique until he
to play in the daytime. had a body of silk and steel and
 Another childhood memory was the – daily no longer skinny and sickly
Anglus prayer. boy.
 Also remembered the happy Moonlit Nights of  The last uncle, Gregorio (book
Azotea after the night Rosary. lover) a scholar, instilled into
 The nocturnal walk in the town especially when the mind of the boy the love for
there’s moon. education.
Boyhood Influences - Instilled in the mind of Rizal that it was not
 The Influences of the Hero’s Boyhood are as easy to obtain something until you put effort
follows: into it.
1. Hereditary influences 3. Aid of Divine Providence – a person may have
2. Environmental influence everything in life – brains, wealth, and power
3. Aid of divine providence but without Divine providence- he cannot attain
1. Hereditary Influences – according to biological greatness in the annals of the nation.
science, there are inherent qualities which a - Rizal was providentially destined to be the
person inherits from his ancestors and parents. pride and glory of his nation.
- From Malayan ancestors – inherited his - GOD has endowed with him the versatile
love for freedom. His intimate desire to gifts of genius, the vibrant spirits of
travel and his formidable courage. nationalist and the valiant heart.
- From Chinese ancestors – derive his - Thus, Rizal was fated to be a hero, the
serious nature, frugality, patience, and love greatest Malayan race ever produced.
for children. The Story of the Moth
- From Spanish ancestors – got his elegance  Q – what did Rizal learned from the story of the
of bearing, sensitivity, to insult and gallantry moth?
to ladies.  Above all, it was from her mother he learned
- Rizal inherited from his father – a profound about obedience, through the story of the moth
sense of self-respect, love for work, and the that got burned by the flame because he
habit of independent thinking.
 disobeyed his mother. Moth warning not to get  Typical schooling that a son of an ILUSTRADO
too near the flame. family received during his time are characterized
 Q – how did the story of the moth affect Rizal’s by 4r’s – reading, writing, arithmetic, and
life? religion.
 The sad fate of the young moth, which died a  Instruction was rigid and strict. Knowledge was
martyr of its delusion, was one of the stories told forced into the minds of the pupils by means of
by Donya Teodora to Jose and it left a profound tedious memory method aided by the
impact on Rizal’s mind. teacher’s whip.
 Q – what does the parable of the moth  It was said that Rizal was born a physical
symbolizes? weakling, rose to become an intelligent giant.
 One of the major symbols in the poem is the  1st teacher – mother.
flame in which the moth is willing to die for. It  2nd teacher – Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas
implies that there are things that certain people Padua and later an old man named Leon
are willing to do even if it may cost them their Monroy, former classmate of Rizal’s father –
lives. became the boy’s tutor. This old man teacher
lived at the Rizal’s home and instructed Jose in
Theme of the Poem Spanish and Latin.
 The Story of the Fabled Moth – taught him  One Sunday afternoon in June, 1869, Jose after
(Jose) accidentally the meaning of light. kissing the hands of his parents and a tearful
 “See that if you do not behave like the young parting from his sister left Calamba for Biñan.
Moth, you may get burnt as it did. So don’t be He was accompanied by Paciano, who acted as
disobedient. his second father.
 Mothe talked, they know how to warn. They  The next morning (Monday), Paciano brought
advised just liked my mother. It is the reason his younger brother to the school of Maestro
why the moths circled the flame. Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
 The tragic death of the young moth – “died a  The school was in the house of the teacher,
martyr for its illusions” – left deep impress on which was a small Nipa hut about 30 meters
Rizal’s mind. from the home of Jose’s aunt.
 Rizal justified such noble death – asserting that First School Brawl
“to sacrifice one’s life to it, meaning for an ideal  The first school brawl in the afternoon of his
is worthwhile”, and like the young moth. He first day in school, when the teacher having his
was fated to die as martyr for a noble cause. siesta, Jose met with the Bully Pedro. He was
 At a young age, Rizal gained inspiration from angry with this bully for making fun of him
the parable, that it is not impossible to conquer during his conversation with the teacher in the
insurmountable odds and be a martyr in reality morning.
but never in illusion. This was what Rizal did as  Jose challenged Pedro to a fight. The latter
he grew in age and wisdom. readily accepted thinking that he could easily
Sa Aking mga Kabata beat the Calamba boy who was smaller and
 To my fellow children. This poem reveals younger.
Rizal’s earliest nationalistic sentiments (Age  Jose, having learned the art of wrestling from
eight at that time). his athletic uncle, Tio Manuel, defeated the
 His first poem “Sa Aking mga Kabata” was bigger boy thus became popular.
originally written in Tagalog in 1869.  Another classmate, Andres Salandanan
 The nationalistic poem is a timely reminder to challenged him to an arm-wrestling match, Jose
our countrymen to love our native language. having a weaker arm, lost other fights in
 Thus, people who truly love their native succeeding days.
language will surely “Strive for liberty like the  Rizal was not quarrelsome by nature but he
birds, which soars to free space above”. And that never ran away from fight.
Tagalog is equal of Latin, English, Spanish, and  Painting lesson in Biñan with his classmate
to any other language. Guevarra.
Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
  Best student in school. In academic studies, 2. The principal purpose of Rizal’s departure is not
Jose beat all Biñan boys. He surpassed them all just to finish his medical courses/studies but to
in Spanish, Latin, and other subjects. study other things of greater usefulness of that
 Some of his older classmates were jealous of to which Rizal is more inclined to.
his intellectual superiority.
 They wickedly squealed to the teacher Rizal’s Secret mission
whenever he had fight outside the school and  On May 3, 1882 – Rizal departed on board the
Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore.
even told lies to discredit him before the
 Singapore > (Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles,
teacher’s eyes. Consequently, the teacher had to
founder of Singapore) > Colombo > To Suez
punish Jose Rizal. Canal >Africa > Naples > Marseilles > until he
Injustices to Hero’s Mother reached Barcelona.
 Before June of 1872, Donya Teodora was  Rizal first impression to Barcelona was
suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she unfavorable. Later he changed his impression
and her brother Jose Alberto tried to poison the because he found it really a great changed his
latter’s perfidious wife. He tried to divorce but impression because he found it really a great
to avert scandal, Donya Teodora persuaded him City with an atmosphere of freedom and
to forgive his wife (they live again). But the evil liberalism and its people were hospitable,
wife with the connivance of the Spanish open-minded and courteous.
lieutenant of the Guardia Civil filed a case in  Barcelona, Spain – Rizal reached BArcleon on
court accusing her husband and Donya Teodora June 16, 1882
of attempting to poison her.  Rizal wrote nationalistic essay entitled “Amor
 After the arrest, the sadistic lieutenant forced her Patrio” under the pen name Laon Laan appeared
to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz (50kms) in print in Diariong tagalog on August 20, 1882
was published in two text – Spanish and
and incarcerated at Provincial Prison where he
Tagalog.
languished for two years and a half until the
 Spanish text was originally written by Rizal in
Manila Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court) Barcelona.
acquitted her for the alleged crime.  El Amor Patrio – Love of Country
 Donya Teodora was defended by Francisco de  The Tagalog translation was made by M.H. Del
Marcaide and Manuel Marzan, most famous Pilar, just like the prize winning “Juventud
lawyers of Manila. Filipina” in his Amor Patrio urged his
Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal compatriot to love their fatherland.
UNIT III – Higher Education  “Under whatever aspect, whatever its name, we
love her (patria) always just as the child loves its
mother in the midst of hunger and misery”.
1. Universidad Central de Madrid
 “Love of Country” can never be effaced, once it
2. Rizal as a Mason
has entered the heart, because it carries in itself
3. The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere
4. Ophthalmic Training under Dr. Louis de Wecker the divine stamo that makes it eternal and
imperishable.
and Dr. Otto Becker
5. Friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt  It has always been said that love is the most
6. Grand tour of Europe potent force behind the most sublime deeds,
very well of all loves, the LOVE OF
COUNTRY is what produced the greatest, the
most heroic, the most disinterested.
Secret departure for Spain
to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the Life in Madrid (Universidad Central de
friars Madrid)
1. Observe keenly the life and culture. Languages
and customs, industries and commerce, and Life in Madrid (Universidad Central de Madrid)
government and laws of the European nations in  On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in the
order to prepare himself in the might task of Universidad Central de Madrid (Central
liberating his oppressed people from Spanish University of Madrid) in two (2) courses:
tyranny. o Medicine; and
o Philosophy and letters.
  Aside from his heavy studies in the University o Freemasonry enjoins the practice of
he also studied: every social and moral virtue.
o Painting and Sculptor (in Academy of  Masonic Lodge Acasia
Fine Arts of San Fernando) o In march 1883, Rizal joined Masonic
o Also tool lessons, French, German, Lodge Acasia in Madrid, using
English, Dimasalang, his masonic name. his
 To keep himself physically fit, he kept a tight reason for becoming Masonic Lodge
schedule at the hall of Arms of Sanz Y called Acasia was:
Carbonell.  1. To secure freemasonry aid in
 Rizal led a Spartan Life in Madrid: his fight against the friars in the
o Rizal knew that he came to Spain to Philippines.
study and prepare himself for the  2. He intended to utilize the
service to his fatherland. freemasonry as his shield to
o He rigidly budgeted his money and time. combat them (since the friars
o He frugally spending his money on used the catholic religion as a
food, clothing, lodging, and food— shield to entrench themselves in
never wasting a peseta for gambling, power and to persecute the
wine, and women. Filipino patriots).
 In 1882, shortly after his arrival in Madrid, Rizal  Later, he transferred to Lodge Solidaridad
joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano (Madrid) where he became a master mason on
Philippine Circle), a society of Spaniard and November 15, 1890.
Filipinos. Among the members of the group  Still later on February 15, 1892, he was
were three Paterno Brothers, two Esquivel, awarded the Diploma as Master mason by Le
Figueroa Govantes, Villanueva, Jugo, Lopez Grand Orient de France in Paris.
Jaena, Llorente, etc.  As a mason, Rizal played a lukewarm role,
 Rizal became a member of the Society but was unlike M.H. del Pilar, G. Lopez Jaena, and
very disappointed because most of his young Mariano Ponce who were very active in masonic
countrymen were indifferent, they simply affairs.
“didn’t care” he once remarked.  Rizal only masonic writing was a lecture
entitled: “Science, virtue, and labor”- which he
delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad in
Madrid.

Rizal as Mason
Rizal as Mason Rizal’s salute to Luna and Hidalgo
 Rizal, while pursuing his courses at the  The banquet on the evening of June 25, 1884
University he joined the Freemasons. was sponsored by the Filipino community to
celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist
 Significance of joining Masonic Order:
in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in
o It was an act that helped Rizal’s political
Madrid.
reputations. Masons were known for
o 1. Luna’s Spolarium, winning first prize;
their liberal ideas.
o Hidalgo’s Christian Virgin expose to
o Rizal was impressed by the way the
populace – 2nd prize.
Spanish masons openly and freely
criticized the government policies and  Speaking in sonorous Castillan, Rizal held his
lambasted the friars, which could not be audiences spellbound. He saluted Luna and
done in the Philippines. Hidalgo as the two (2) glories of Spain and the
Philippines whose artistic achievement
 Objective/aim of freemason:
transcended geographical frontiers and racial
o Freemasonry, to the masons, is a society
origins – for GENIUS UNIVERSAL.
aimed to promote the Universal
 “Genius knows no country, genius sprout
brotherhood of men under the
everywhere, genius is like an air, the patrimony
fatherhood of God;
of everybody, cosmopolitan like space, like life,
o To render practical aid to the less
like GOD.”
fortunate;
o He also assailed with refined sarcasm
the bigotry and blindness of certain
 unworthy Spaniards (referring to the bad Ophthalmic training under Dr. Otto Becker
friars in the Philippines who could not and Louis de Wecker (Paris to Berlin)
comprehend the University of Genius)
Ophthalmic training under Dr. Otto Becker and
Studies completed in Spain Louis de Wecker (Paris to Berlin)
 Rizal completed his Medical Studies in Spain.  Rizal after completing his studies in Madrid,
He was conferrer the degree of Licentiate in went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize
Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid in Ophthalmology. He particularly chose this
on June 21, 1884. branch of medicine because he wanted to cure
 In (1884 – 1885) the next academic year, he his mother’s eye ailment, he serves as assistant
studied and passed all the subjects leading to the to the famous oculist of Europe.
Degree of Doctor of Medicine.  Shortly after terminating his studies at the
o However, due to the fact that he did not Central Universidad de Madrid, Rizal who was
present the thesis required for then 24 years old and already physician, went to
Graduation nor paid the Paris to acquire more knowledge of
corresponding fees, he was not ophthalmology.
awarded his Doctor’s diploma.
 Rizal also finished studies in Philosophy and Ophthalmic training
Letter with high grades. He was awarded the  Rizal arrived in Heidelberg (a historic city)
degree of licentiate in Philosophy and Letters Germany, on February 3, 1886 famous for its
by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June old University and romantic surroundings.
19, 1885 (his 24th birthday) with the rating of  He boarded near the university of Heidelberg
excellent (Sobresellente). and worked at the university eye clinic under the
 By obtaining the degree of licentiate in direction of a distinguished German
Philosophy and Letters, he became qualified to ophthalmologist.
be a professor of Humanities in any Spanish
University and by receiving his degree of
Friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt
licentiate in Medicine he became full-pledge
physician to practice medicine.
Friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt
 Rizal did not secure the post-graduate degree
 Acquaintance with Blumentritt:
of Doctor of Medicine and with Licentiate in
 On July 31, 1886, he wrote a letter in German to
Philosophy and Letters, because it was good
Prof. Blumentritt, and sent the latter valuable
only for the following reasons:
book, Aritmetica (Arithmetio).
o 1. Rizal, being a man of high
 The book was published in Spanish and in
intelligence and foresight, he knew that
Tagalog texts by our countryman, Rufino
with his brown color and Asian racial
Hernandez, a native of Santa Cruz Laguna.
ancestry, no friars owned University or
Colleges in the Philippines would accept
Leipzig > Dresden > Berlin
him in its faculty staff.
o 2. Because he believed the Dominican  On August 9, 1886, three (3) day after th
centenary celebration of the University of
friars will never appoint him as such in
Heidelberg, Rizal left the city.
college of Santo Tomas.
o 3. Same thing also for professorship,  Rizal attended some lectures at the University of
Leipzig on History and Psychology. He
according to Rizal – “but I doubt if the
befriended Prof. Freidrich RAtzel a famous
Dominican fathers will grant it to me,”
German Historian and Dr. Hans Meyer, German
said the national hero.
anthropologist.
 Thought Rizal never got his doctorate in
 On October 29, he left Leipzig for Dresden
medicine, he took and passed the course in
where he met Dr. Adolph Meye Director of
history of medicine, surgical analysis, and
Anthropological and Enthological Museum.
normal histology in 1884 – 1885. However, he
never submitted his Doctoral thesis.  November 1, 1886, Rizal left Dresden by train to
Berlin.
 In the long correspondence with the authorities
of the University, which he started from Geneva
Berlin, Germany
in June 1887, he requested for the issuance of
his licentiate degree.  In the city of Berlin, he came in contact with
greatest scientist.
  Dr. Feodor Jagor – the celebrated German under the lash of Spanish tyrants. He was then a
scientist traveler and author of Travel in the student in the Central University of Madrid.
Philippines, a book which Rizal read and admire In a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno residence in
during his student days in Manila. Madrid on January 2, 1884, Rizal proposed the writing
 Dr. Jagor visited Manila, Philippines in 1859 – of the Novel about the Philippines by a group of
1860 when Rizal was a boy. filipinos.
 In his book (published in Berlin 1873) he  However, almost everybody wanted to write on
foretold the downfall of Spanish rule in the women. Rizal was disgusted at such flippancy.
Philippines and the coming of America to He was more disgusted to see that his
Philippine shores. companions instead of working seriously on the
 Dr. Feodor Jagor, in turn introduced Rizal to Dr. Novel wasted their time gambling or flirting
Rudolph Virchow, prof of Descriptive Anatomy.
with Spanish señoritas.
 Rizal became member of Anthropological
 Undaunted by his friends indifference, he is
Society, the Ethnological and Geographical
Society in Berlin upon recommendation of Dr. determined to write the novel ALONE
Jagor, Dr. Meyer that his scientific knowledge  Toward the end of 1884, Rizal began writing the
was recognized by Europe’s scientist. Novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of
 He was the first Asian to be accorded such it.
honors.  When he went ti Paris in 1885, after completing
his studies at Central Universidad de Madrid, he
Life in Berlin continued writing the Novel, finishing half of
 In Berlin, Rizal was not a mere student or the second half.
curious tourist. He lived in this famous capital  He finished the last fourth of the Novel in
of unified Germany for six (6) reasons: Germany.
o 1. To gain further knowledge of  He wrote the few chapters of the Noli in
ophthalmology; Wilhemsfeld in April-June, 1886.
o 2. To further his studies of sciences and  In Berlin during the winter day of 1886, Rizal
languages; made the final version on the manuscript of the
o 3. To observe the political and economic
Noli. Sick and penniless he saw no hope of
conditions of German nations;
having it published, so that in momentary fit of
desperation, he almost hurried it into flames.
The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere
Viola, Savior of Noli
Idea of writing a novel in the Philippines
 Dr. Maximo Viola - friend of Rizal, was a scion
 His (Rizal) reading Harriet Beecher Stowe’s
of s rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which portrays the
 When Viola arrived in Berlin shortly before
brutalities of American slaves-owners and the
pathetic conditions of the unfortunate negro Chrismas day of 1887 he was shocked to find
Rizal living in proverty and deplorably sickly
slaves, inspired Dr. Jose Rizal to prepare a novel
that would depict the miseries of his people due to lack of proper nourishment.
under the lash of Spanish tyrants. He was then a  Viola, upon seeing his talented friend’s
student in the Central University of Madrid. predicament, and being loaded with ample funds
 In a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno residence gladly agreed to finance the printing cost of the
Noli.
in Madrid on January 2, 1884, Rizal proposed
the writing of the novel about the Philippines
The Writing of Noli and Viola Savior of Noli
by a group of Filipinos.
The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere  He also loaned Rizal some cash of money for
 Idea of Writing a Novel in the Philippines. living expenses (thus Rizal and Viola happily
celebrated the Christmas of 1886 in Berlin with
 His (rizal) reading Harriet Beecher Sowe’s
a sumptuous feast).
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which portrays the
 After the Christmas season, Rizal put the
brutalities of American slaves-owners and the finishing touches of his novel. To save printing
pathetic conditions of the unfortunate negro expenses, he deleted certain passages in his
salves, inspired Dr. Jose Rizal to prepare a novel manuscript, including the whole chapter – “Elias
that would depict the miseries of his people and Salome”.
The Writing of the Noli TO READ AND APPRECIATE MY WORK –
 On February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally JOSE RIZAL”.
finished and ready for printing. With Viola, the
savior of Rizal went to different printing shops Grand Tour of Europe
in Berlin to survey the cost of printing.  After publication of the Noli, Rizal planned to
 After a few days of inquiries, they finally found visit the important places in Europe. Dr.
a printing shop – Berliner Buchdruckrei- Maximo Viola agreed to be his traveling
Action-Gesselschaft, which charged the lowest companion.
rate, i.e., 300 pesos for 2000 copies of the novel.  At dawn of May 11, 1887, the two (2) brown
 Title of the Novel – the title of the Noli Me skinned doctors (Rizal and Viola) on roaming
Tangere is a latin phrase which means – “Touch spree left Berlin by train.
Me Not”. It is not originally conceived by Rizal,  Their destination was Dresden, one of the best
for he admitted taking it from the Bible (from cities in Germany. Here they visited Dr. Adolph
the Gospel of St. John, Chapter 20, Verses 13 – B. Meyer, who was overjoyed to see them.
17).  While strolling at the scene of flowed exposition
 Rizal, in citing biblical source, he made met Dr. Feoder Jagor. Upon hearing of their to
mistakes when he said – Noli Me Tangere are visit Leitmeritz (not Litomerice
words taken from the Gospel of St. Luke, which Czechoslovakia) in order to see Blumentritt for
signifies “do not touch me”). the first time.
 The author’s dedication – Rizal dedicated his  FIRST MEETING WITH FERDINAND
Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines – “to My BLUMENTRITT:
Fatherland”.  On May 13, 1887, Rizal and Viola arrived at the
 Synopsis of the Noli – the novel “Noli Me Leitmeritz, Bohemia. Prof. Blumentritt who had
Tangere contains 63 cahpters and an epilogue. received their wire was at the station. He was
 The missing chapter of the Noli; os Noli based carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which the latter
on truth; Rizal’s friend praise Noli; and those had previously sent to him so that he could
enemies who condemned it will be thoroughly identify his Filipino friend. He warmly received
discuss in CH, 8 (Rizal’s major works.) Rizal and Viola.
 For the first time the two great scholars who
Rizal Suspected as French Spy came to know each correspondence met in
 Rizal, in fluent German language explained to person.
the Police Chief he was not a French Spy but a  Blumentritt was a kind-hearted person, old
Filipino Physician scientist, particularly an Austrian professor. Upon seeing the talented
ethnologist, he visited the rural areas of the Rizal for the first time, he immediately took him
countries, he visited to observe the customs and into heart, loving him as a son. The two Filipino
lifestyle of their simple inhabitants. Favorably tourist spent many pleasant hours at the home of
impressed with Rizal’s explanation and their kind host. They stayed at the Leitmeritz
fascinated by his mastery of the German from May 13 to May 16, 1887.
language and personal charisma. The police  Prague – Rizal and Viola visited also the
chief was satisfied and allowed him to stay historic city of Prague after Leitmeritz. They
freely in Germany. visited the tom of Copernicus, the famous
astronomer, the museum of national history, the
Printing of the Noli Me Tangere bacteriological laboratories, the famous cave
 On March 21, 1887 the Noli Me Tangere came where San Juan Nepomuceno, Catholic saint
off the press. was imprisoned and the bridge from which this
 Rizal immediately sent the first copies of the saint hurried into the river.
printed novel to his intimate friends, including  Vienna – on May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived in
Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio, Ma. Regidor, the beautiful city of Vienna, capital of Austria-
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Hungary.
Felix R. Hidalgo.  Then from LINTZ to RHEINFALL to
 Rizal, on March 21, 1887, in token of his MUNICH then they went to NUREMBERG
appreciation and gratitude gave Viola the gallery one of the oldest cities in Germany,
of proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the  After MUNICH, they visited ULM – the
pen that he used in writing and a complimentary cathedral of this city was the “largest and tallest
copy with the following inscription: “TO MY in all Germany”.
DAR FRIEND, MAXIMO VIOLA, THE FIRST
  At RHEINFALL (cascade of Rhein) they saw ailments and soon he acquired a lucrative
the waterfall, the most beautiful waterfall of medical practice.
Europe.
 After which, they crossed the frontier to Medical Practice in Calamba
SCHAFFHAUSEN, SWITZERLAND, they  His professional fee were reasonab;le even
stayed in this city from June 2-3, 1887. Gratis to the poor. Within few months, he was
 GENEVA – this swiss City is one of the most able to earn P900 as a physician. By February
beautiful cities in Europe visited by world 1888, he earned a total of P5000 as medical fees.
tourist every year.  Rizal also did not selfishly devote all his time to
 On June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola to a blow enriching himself. Unlike many successful
out. It was his 26th birthday with sumptuous medical practitioners, he opened a gymnasium
meal. They spent 15 delightful days in Geneva. for a young folks when he introduced European
On the 23rd of June 1887, they parted ways – sports.
Viola returned to Barcelona while Rizal  He tried to interest his townmates in
continued the tour to Italy. gymanastics, fencing and shooting so as to
 ITALY – Rizal visited Milan, Venice, and discourage the cockfights and gambling.
Florence and on June 27, 1887 he reached  During his six moths of sojourn in Calamba,
Rome, the eternal city and also called “The Rizal suffered one failure – his failure to see
City of Caesars”. Leonor Rivera. He tried to go to Dagupan but
 VATICAN – On June 29th, the feast day of St. his parent absolutely forbade him to go because
Peter and St. Paul visited for the first time the Leonor’s mother did not like him for a son-in-
Vatican, “The City Of Popes” and the “Capital law.
of Christendom”. He was eeply impressed by  With heavy heart Rizal bowed to his parent
the magnificent edifice, particularly of “St. wish. He was caught with the iron grip of the
Peter Church”, the rare works of art, the vast of custom of his time that marriages must be
St. Peter’s Square, the colorful Papal Guard and arranged by the parents of both groom and
the amosphereof religious devotion that Bride.
pervaded the Vatican.
 After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, he Uproar and Attacks on the Noli
prepared to return to Philippines. He had already  As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his
written to his father that he was coming home. enemies plotted hi doom. A few weeks after his
arrival, a storm broke over his novel.
UNIT V – HOMECOMING AND RETURN TO  One day Rizal received a letter from Governor
EUROPE General Emilio Terrero (1885-1888)
Medical Practice in Calamba requesting him to come to Malacanan Palace
(someday had whispered to the governor’s ear
Return Home the Noli contained Subversive ideas).
 On August 8, 1887 returned to Calamba. His  Rizal went to Manila and appeared at
family welcome him affectionately with Malacanan. He was informed by the Gov. Gen.
plentiful tears of joy. of the charger but Rizal denied it – explaining
 Rizal reached Manila on the night of August 5, that the marely exposed the truth, but he did not
1887. Before going home to Calamba he decided advocate subversive ideas.
to see his friends and relatives and renewed  Pleased by his explanation and curious about the
familiarities after an absence of five years. controversial book. The Gov. Gen. asked the
 Medical Practice in Calamba author for a copy of the Noli so that he could
 In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic. read it. But Rizal had no copy then because the
His first patient was his mother who was almost only copy he brought home was given to a
blind. He treated her eyes but could not perform friend. However, he promised to secure one for
any surgical operation because her eye cataracts the Governor General.
was not yet ripe.  Rizal also visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for the
 News of the arrival of great doctor from copy he sent them but they could not part with
Germany spread far and wide. Patients from it. The Jesuit were glad to see him especially his
Manila and provinces flocked to Calamba, former Professors – Fr. Francisco de Paula
 Rizal, who came to be called “Dr. Uliman” Sanchez, Fr Jose Beck, Fr Federico Faura.
because he came from Germany, treated their  He had spirited conversation/discussion with Fr.
Federico Faura who ventured on apinion that –
 Everything in it was the truth but added: You the Noli only served to make it popular.
may Lose your head for it”. Everybody wanted to read it. News about the
 Fortunately, found a copy in the hands of a great book spread among the masses “What the
friends. He was able to get it and gave it to Gov. hated Spanish master did not like, the
Gen. Emilio Terrero. oppressed masses liked very much”. Despite
 The Governor General who was a liberal- the government prohibition and the vigilance of
minded Spaniard, knew that Rizal’s life was in the guardia civil, many Filipinos were get hold
jeopardy because the friars were powerful. of copies and read at night behind closed
Governor General Terrero read the Noli and doors.
found nothing wrong with it but the enemies
were powerful. Attackers of the Noli
 For security measure, he assigned a young  The battle over the Noli took the form of
Spanish lietenat, Don Jose Traviel de Andrade virulent war of words:
as bodyguard of Rizal. This lietenat belonged to 1. Father Salvador Font printed his report
a noble family. He was cultured and knew and distributed copies of it in order to
painting and could speak, English, French and discredit the controversial novel.
Spanish. 2. Another Augustinian, Fr. Jose Rodriguez,
 ARCHBISHOPof MANILA, Msgr Pedro Payo, prior of Guadalupe published a series of 8
a Dominican sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. pamphlets under the general heading
Rector Gregorio Echavarria of UST for cuestiones de sumo ineteres (Question of
examination by a committee of the Faculty. The Supreme Interest) to blast the Noli and other
committee which was composed of Dominican anti-Spanish writing.
Professors, submmited the reports to Father  The eight pamphlets were entitled as follows:
Rector and immediately transmitted to a) Porque no los he de leer? (Why should I not
Archbishop Pedro Payo. The Archbishop lost read them?)
no time in forwarding it to the Governor b) Guardos de ellos porque (Beware of them,
Generol. why?)
 The Report of the Faculty member of the UST c) Y-gue me dice usted de la peste (And what
stated that the NOLI was- can you tell me a Plaque?)
1. Heretical, impious, and scandalous in the d) Porque triunfan los impios (Why do the
religious order, impious triumph?)
2. Anti-patriotic subversive of public order, e) Hay o no hay infierno? (Is ther or is there no
injurious to the government of Spain and its hell?)
function in the Philippine islands in the f) Cree usted que de veras no hay purgatorio?
political order. (Do you think there is really no purgatory?)
 Governor General Terrero was dissatisfied with g) Que le parece a usted de esos libelos? (What
the report of the Dominicans, for he knew that do you think of these libels?)
the Dominicans were prejudicial against Rizal. h) Confesion o condenacion? (Confession or
 He sent the novel to the Permanent Commission damnation?)
on Censorship which was composed of priest 3. Fray Rodriguez wrote copies of these anti-
and laymen. The report of the Commission was Rizal pamphlets which were sold daily in
drafted by its head Fr. Salvador Front, the churches after mass. Many Filipinos
Augustinian cura of Tondo, and submitted to the were force to buy them in order not to
governor general on December 29,1887. displeased the friars but they did not
 Accordigly, the report of the commission found believed what their author said with the
the novel: historical fervor.
1. To contain subversive ideas against the  Repercussions of the storm over Noli reached
church and Spain; and Spain. It was fiercely attacked on the session
2. Recommended that the importation, hall of the senate of the Spanish Cortes by
reproduction, and circulation of this various senators particularly:
pernicious book in the islands be absolutely 1. General Jose de Salamanca on April 1,
prohibited. 1888.
2. General Luis M. de Pando on April 12,
 When the written report of the censorship
1888.
commission was published, Rizal and his friends
3. Senator FernandoVida on June 11.
became apprehensive and uneasy. The enemies
of Rizal exulted in unholy glee. The banning of
 4. Vicente Barrantes the Spanish academician a. Rizal cannot be an “ignorant man”, as Fr.
of Madrid who formerly occupied high Rodriguez alleged because he was a graduate of
government position in the Philippines, Spanish universities and a recipient of scholastic
bitterly criticized the Noli in the article honors.
published I La Espana Moderna (a b. Rizal does not attack the church and Spain, as
newspaper in Madrid) in January 1890. Fr. Rodriguez claimed because what Rizal
attacked in the Noli were the bad Spanish
Defenders of the Noli officials and not Spain, and the bad corrupt
 The much maligned Noli had its gallant friars and not the church.
defenders who fearlessly came out to prove the c. Fr. Rodrigues said those who reda the Noli
merits of the novel or to refute the arguments of commit a mortal sin, since he (Rodriguez) had
unkind attackers. Filipino reformist in foreign read the novel. Therefore he commits a mortal
lands, of course, rushed to uphold the TRUTHS sin.
of the Noli, they are:
1. Marcelo H. del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Rizal and Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade
Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano  While the storm over the Noli was raging in
Ponce, and other Filipino reformists. fury, Rizal was not molested in Calamba. This is
2. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizal’s due to Governor General Terrero’s generosity
favorite teacher at the Ateneo, defended and in assigning a boduguard to him. Both young,
praised Noli in public. educated and cultured Lt. Andrade later became
3. Don Segismundo Moret, former minister of a great admirer of the man he was ordered to
the Crown. watch and protect. Years later, he wrote Rizal.
4. Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and Rizal was refined, educated, and gentlemanly.
stateman The hobbies that more interested him were
5. Professor Blumentritt, scholar and hunting, fishing, shooting, painting, and hiking.
educator, read and liked the novel.  There wa sone who believed and reported to
o A brilliant defense from Noli came Manila that Rizal and I, at the top of the
from unexpected source, it was: mountain, hoisted the German flag and
6. Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino catholic proclaimed its sovereignityover the Philippines.
priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Lt. Andrade imagined that such nonsense
Cathedral and a tagalog translator of the rumors emanated from the friars of the Calamba
famous imitation of Christ by Thomas but did not take the trouble to make inquiries
Kempis. Father Garcia (writing under the about the matter.
pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang),  What married Rizal’s happy daysin Calamba
wrote a defense of the Noliwhich was with Lt. Andrade?
published in Singapore as an appendix to a 1. The death of his old sister, Olympia.
pamphlet dated July 18, 1888. He blasted 2. The groundless tales circulated by his
the arguments of Rodriguez (di mabasa enemies that he was a German spy, an agent
natatakpan) published a series of eight. of Bismarck, a protestant, a mason, a witch,
7. When Rizal learned of the brilliant defense a soul beyond salvation.
of Fr. Garcia of his novel, he cried because
his gratitude was overwhelming. RIZAL
himself defended his novel against Calamba’s Land Problem (Agrarian and Land
Barrantes attack (Vicente Barrantes, a Trouble)
Spanish academician of Madrid who  Governor Emilio Terrero, influence by a certain
formerly occupied high government facts in Noli Me Tangere, ordered a government
positions in the Philippines), I a letter investigationof the friar estate to remedy
written in Brussels, Belgium in February whatever inequities might have been present in
1880. connection with the land taxes and with tenants
 In this letter, Rizal exposed Barrantes relation (one the friar estates affected was the
ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental Calamba Hacienda which the Dominican Order
dishonesty which is unworthy of academician. since 1883).
Barrantes met in Rizal his master in satire and  In compliance with the Gov. Gen. Terrero’s
potemics. order, dated December20, 1887, the Civil
Governor of Laguna province directed the
Fr. Vicente Garcia’s Scholarly Defense of Noli
 municipal authorities of Calamba to investigate 1. His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing
agrarian conditions of their locality. the safety and happiness of his family and
 In order for the governmentto institute certain friends.
reform, the Calamba folks, upon hearing of the 2. He could fight better his enemies and serve
investigation, solicited Rizal’s help in gathering his country’s cause with greater efficacy by
the facts and listing their grievances againstthe writing in foreign countries.
hacienda management.
 Rizal, after thorough study of the conditions in Asia and U.S. Exposure
Calamba, wrote down the findings which the  Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced
tenants and three officials of the hacienda signed to leave his country for the second time on
on January 8, 1888. These findings which were February 1888, he was then a full grown man 27
formally submitted to the government action years of age, a practicing physician and a
were the following: recognized man of letters. The first time he went
a. The Hacienda of the Dominican Order abroad in June 1882, he was a mere lad of 21, a
comprised not only the lands around the youthful students in search of wisdom in the old
Calamba but also the town of Calamba. world, a romantic idealistwith beautiful dreams
b. The profits of the Dominican Order of emancipating his people fromm bondage
continually increased because of the by the power of his pen. Time had changed
arbitrary increase of the rentals paid by the Rizal, at 27 was an imbittered victim of human
tenants. iniquities, a disillusioned dreamer, a frustrated
c. The hacienda ownet never contributed a reformer.
single centavo for the celebration of a town
fiesta, for the education of the children, and Hongkong and Macao
for the improvement of the agriculture.  On February 3, 1888, after a short stay of six
d. High rates of interest were charged the months in his beloved Calamba, Rizal left
tenants for delayed paymentof rentals. Manila for Hongkong on board zafiro. He was
e. Tenants who had spent much labor in sick and sad during the crossing of the choppy
clearing the lands were dispossessed of said China sea. He did not get off his ship when it
lands for filmsy reasons. made a brief stopover at AMOY on February 7,
f. Where the rentals could not be paid, the 1888 for three reasons:
hacienda management confiscated their 1. He was not feeling well.
carabaos, tools, and homes. 2. It was raining hard.
 Rizal’s exposure of the deplorable conditions 3. He heard that the city was dirty.
of tenancy in Calamba infuriated further his  He arrived in Hongkong on February 8, 1888.
enemies:
o The friar exerted pressure on Hongkong
Malacañang Palace to eliminate  In Hongkong, he was welcomed by the Filipino
him. residents including Jose Ma. Basa, Balbino
o They ask Gov. Gen. Terrero to Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (son of Francisco
deport him but the latter refused Yriarte Alcalde Mayor of Laguna).
because there was no valid charge  Jose Saiz de Varanda, who was a former
against Rizal in court. secretary of Gov. Gen. Terrero SHADOWED
o Anonymous threat against Rizal’s Rizal’s movement in HK. It is believed that he
life received by his parents. was commissioned by the Spanish
o Alarmed parents, relatives, and governmentauthorities to SPY on Rizal.
friends (including Lt. Taviel de  Visit to Macao: In February 18, Rizal
Nadrade) advised him to go away accompanied by Jose Jose Basa, boarded a ferry
for his life was in danger. steamer KIU KIANG for MACAO. He was
o Later, Gov. Gen. Terrero surprised to see among the passengers a familiar
SUMMONED RIZAL and advised figure – SAINZ de VARANDA (who shadowed
him to leave the Philippinesfor his Rizal movement in Hongkong).
own good. He was giving Rizal a
chance to escape the fury of the Visit to Macao
friars wrath.  MACAO is a Portuguese colony near HK. The City
 Reasons why Rizal was compelled to leave of Macao is small, low, and gloom. There are many
Calamba:
 junks, sampans but few streamers. It looks sad and is in the hotel room one could safely leave
almost dead money on the table
 On February 20, 1888. Rizal and Basa returned to 5. Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets,
HK again on board the perry Steamer KIU KIANG unlike in Manila and other cities
 Experienced In HK – during his two (2) weeks However, there was one thing he did not like in
visits in HK, Rizal studied Chines life, language Japan, and that was the popular mode of
drama and customs transportation by means of RICKSHAWS drawn by
 In February 22, 1888, Rizal left HK on board the men. His sensitive soul recoiled seeing human
Oceanic, an American Steamer, its destination was beings working like horse, pulling carts call
Japan RICKSHAWS. He felt disgusted at the way a
2. b) Romantic Interlude in Japan. human being was employed like a Horse
(February 28, April 13,1888) Romance with O-SEI-SAN
 One of the happriest interlude in the life of Rizal  Both Rizal and O-sei-san found happiness in each
was his sojourn in the land of “Cherry Blossoms” other company. Rizal was then a lonely physician of
for one month and a half. He was enchanted by the 27 years old, disillutioned by his frustrated romance
natural beauty of Japan, the charming manners of with Leonor Rivera and embittered by Spanish
Japanese people and the picturesque shrines. injustices at home. O-SEI-SAN was a lonely
Moreover, he fell in love with the Japanese Girl, her samurai’s daughter of 23 years old and had never yet
real name was SEIKO USUI. Rizal affectionately experienced the ecstasy of true love
called her O-SEI-SAN. Fate, however, cut short his  Rizal saw in lovely O-sei-san the qualities of his
happy days in Japan. He had to sacrifice his own ideal womanhood – beauty, charm, modesty and
happiness to carry on his work for the redemption of intelligence. No wonder, he fell deeply in love with
his oppressed people. her. O-sei-san reciprocated of his affection, for it
Continuation was the first time her heart palpitated with joys to
 RIZAL arrived in Yokohama, on February 28, 1888 see a man of gallantry, dignity, courtesy and
early morning Tuesday then proceeded to TOKYO versatile talents. O-sei-san help Rizal in many ways.
stayed in Tokyo Hotel from March 2 – 7. He was More than sweethearts, she was a guide, interpreter
impressed with the City of Tokyo (Tokyo is more and tutor, etc…
expensive than Paris) the walls are built in Sayonara Japan
cyclopean manner. The streets are large and wide  On April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded Belgic an English
 Shortly after his arrival in Tokyo, he was visited at steamer at Yokohama, bound for United Stated. He
his hotel by Juan Perez Caballero, Secretary of left Japan with a heavy heart for he knew that he
Spanish Legation. The latter invited him to live at would never again see this beautiful “LAND OF
the Spanish Legation. Rizal being an intelligent man, THE BEAUTIFUL CHERRY BLOSSOMS” and his
realized that the Spanish Diplomatic Authorities beloved SEIKO USUI
were instructed from Manila to monitor his  Truly his sojourn in Japan for 45-days was on of the
movement. He accepted the invitation for two (2) happiest interludes of his life. SACRIFICING his
reasons: personal happiness, Rizal had to carry on his
1. He could economize his living expenses by LIBERTARIAN MISSION in Europe.
staying at the legation, and Accordingly, he resumed his voyage, leabing behind
2. He had nothing to hide from the frying eyes the lovely O-SEI-SAN, whom he passionately loved.
of the Spanish authorities 2. c) RIZAL’S Visit to United States:
Rizal’s Impression of Japan:  Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888. His
 The things which favorably impressed Rizal in arrival in this great comity was marred bu racial
Japan were: prejudice, for he saw the discriminatory treatment
1. The beauty of country – its flowers, of the Chinese and the Negros by the white
mountains, strams and scenic panaromas Americans. Rizal was a man of truth, and he wrote
2. The cleanliness, politeness and industry of what he had seen and experienced
the Japanese people  From San Francisco to Oakland, to Reno Nevada,
3. The Pircturesque dress and simple charm of Colorado, Nebraska, to Utah –to Ogden, to Denver,
the Women to Missouri, to Illinois, to Chicago, Alabama and
4. There were very few thieves in Japan so that New York… on May 13, Rizal reached New York,
the House remained open day and night, and thus ending his trip across the American Continent
Rizal’s impression of America: as the most impartial. Annotating the book was great
 Good impressions were: and difficult task. It required a great deal of reading
1. The material progress of the country as not only on Philippine History but also the history of
shown in the great cities, huge farms, the other countries. With diligence Rizal copied it
flourishing industries and busy factories; word for word, taking pains to clarify or rectify
2. The drive and energy of the American matters in the text when necessary
people; Short visit to Paris & Madrid
3. The natural beauty of the land;  Rizal visited Paris again in order to search for more
4. The high standard of living; and historical materials in the Bibliotechque Nationale
5. The opportunities for better life offered to (National Library). He was entertained by Juan
poor imiigrants Luna and his wife, Pas Pardo de Tavera.
 One BAD impressions of Rizal had of America was  On December 11, 1888 he went to Spain, visiting
the LACK OF RACIAL EQUITY. There existed Madrid and Barcelona for the first time he met
racial prejudice which was inconsistent with the Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two (2)
principle of democracy and freedom of which the Titans of Propaganda Movement. He exchanged
Americans talk to much, but do not practice. Thus, ideas with these new friends and promise to
he wrote to PONCE – “They do not have true civil cooperate in the fight for reforms
liberty” Rizal Becomes Leader of Filipinos in Europe
 what impressions do you have of United States?  While busy on his historical studies in London, Rizal
Asked Jose Alejandro who was then Studying learned that the Filipinos in Barcelona were planning
Engineering in Belgium to establish a Patriotic Society which would
 “AMERICA” answered Rizal, “is the land par cooperate in the crusade for reform
excellence of freedom but only for the whites”  This society called ASSOCIATION LA
SOLIDARIDAD, was inaugurated in December 31,
UNIT V – HOME COMING AND RETURN TO 1888, with following officers:
EUROPE Officers of Association La Trinidad
 TOPIC 3.  Galliano Apacible – President
 RIZAL AS PROPAGANDIST
 Graciano Loper Jaena – Vice President
 Manuel Sta. Maria – Secretary
Rizal in London:
 Mariano Ponce – Treasurer
 Why Rizal choose this English City to be his new
 Jose Ma. Panganiban – Accountant
home?
 By unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was
1. Increase his knowledge of the English
chosen Honorary President. This was in recognition
language
of his leadership among all Filipino patriots in
2. To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de
Europe.
Las Islas Filipinas; and
Rizal and the La Solidaridad Newspaper:
3. London was a safe place to carry on his fight
 GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA – founded the
against Spanish Tyranny
patriotic newspaper call LA SOLIDARIDAD in
 In London, Rizal engage in many things, Rizal came
Barcelona on February 15, 1889. This was a
to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the
fortnightly periodical which was served as the Organ
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an Authority of
of Propaganda Movement. Its AIMS were as
Malaya languages and Custom. Dr. ROST impressed
follows:
by Rizal’s learning and character and he gladly
1. To work peacefully for political and social
recommended him to the authorities of the British
reforms;
Museum. He called Rizal “A pearl of Man” (Una
2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the
Perla de Hombre)
Philippines so that Spain may remedy
 Annotationg MORGAS BOOK – the greatest
themL
achievement of Rizal in London was the annotation
3. To oppose the evil forces of reaction and
of Morgas Book, SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS
medievalism
FILIPINAS (Historical Events in The Philippine
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress, and;
Islands) which was published in Mexico, 1609
5. To champion the legitimate aspirations of
 Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Mexico, 1609) written the Filipino people to life, democracy and
by Dr. Antonio de Morga, Spanish jurist – soldier, happiness
 First Article in La Solidaridad – Rizal first article  He won the two-third (thereupon, elected as
which appeared in La Solidaridad was entitled Los Responsible) but he knew that there were Pilaristas
Agrcultores (Filipino Farmers). Published, March who did not like his view and personalities
25, 1889, six (6) fays after he left London to Paris Thus, Rizal decline the coveted position because he
 In LONDON Rizal write the famous letter to the did not want to cause disunity between Filipino
Young Women of Malolos (February 22, 1889) in groups
Tagalog. He penned upon request of M.H. Del Pillar  Rizal was a man of Delicadeza – thus, decided to
to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid, lest his
courage to establish a Scholl where they could learn presence results in more serious faction among
Spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Filipinos in Madrid
parish priest of Malolos. UNIT VI – RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES
 Where are the main points of the letter? (Reading OPTHALMIC SURGEON IN HONGKONG –
matters… > five (5) only: after the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal left
The Annotated edition of Morga’s: Published Europe for Hongkong where he lived from
 Rizal outstanding achievement in Paris was the November 1891 to June 1892, his reasons for
Publication in 1890 of his Annotated edition of leaving Europe were:
Morgas Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, which he 1. Life was unbearable in Europe, because of
wrote in British Museum his political differences with M.H. del Pilar
 It was printed by Garnier Freres. The prologue was and other Filipinos in spain
written by Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt 2. To be near his idolized Philippines and
 In his Prologue, Blumentritt commended Rizal for family
his fine Historical Scholarship. However, he frankly Before sailin Hongkong, Rizal notified Del Pilar that
censured for two (2) things which revealed Rizal he was retiring from the political arena in Spain in
errors: order to preserve UNITY amoing compatriots and
1. Rizal commit the error of many historians in that despite their parting of ways, he had highest
appraising the events of the past in the light regard of him
of present standard, and Rizal in Hongkong
2. Rizals attack on the church were unfair and  Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on November 20, 1891,
unjustified because the abuses of the friars welcomed by Filipino resident especially his old
should not be construed to mean that friend, Jose Ma. Basa, Rizal establish his residence
Catholicism is bad at No. 5 D. Aguilar St. No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace,
LOVE & HATE RELATIONSHIP OF JOSE RIZAL where he also opened his medical clinic
AND MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (UNWANTED  Hidalgo, Rizal’s brother in law, sent a letter to Rizal,
RIVALRY) relating the sad news of the Deportation of twenty
 In 1890, a rivalry between Rizal and Del Pilar. This five (25) persons from Calamba, including his
was mainly due to the difference between Del father, Neneng, Sisa, Paciano and the rest of the
Pilar’s editorial policy and Rizal’s political beliefs family. Rizal was desperately sad, for he could not
 Their ideas and political views are at times succor his persecuted family
dissimilar  Before Christmas of 1891, Rizal’s father, brother
 Furthermore, there were some from the colony who and Silvestre Ubaldo (brother-in-law) arrive in HK,
were offended by Rizal’s seeming infringement with not long afterwards, his mother (65 years old then)
their private life and his sisters arrived
 Their rivalry led to the expatriated’ split between the  The Christmas of 1891 in Hongkong was one of
“Rizalistas” and the “Pilaristas” the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s Life
SOLUTION TO THE CONFLICT  He even wrote to Blumentritt on January 31, 1892
 To fix the unity among them, it was agreed to have a about the pleasant life they’re living in Hongkong
vote to elect the “RESPONSABLE – a Leader: Ophthalmic Surgeon in HK
(tasked to administer the campaigns of the reform  Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez, who became his friend
movement) and admirer, help him to build a wide clientele. In
 Rizal won the two (2) election (1 st and 2nd voting) recognition of Rizal’s skill as an Ophtalmic surgeon.
but fell short of the required 2/3 of the participants He turned over him many of his cases
votes
 In due time, he became successful and well known Writings in Hongkong
mystical practice in British colony. Aside from 1. Ang mga karapatan ng tao – tagalog translation of
being eye specialist, he was a general practitioner “The Rights of Man” proclaimed by French
 Rizal possessed the Qualities that would make an revolution in 1789
ideal Ophtalmic Surgeon, had he devoted his 2. A la Nacion Espanola (1891), (To the Spanish
lifetime to practice of Medicine, he would have Nation) – an appeal to Spain to right a wrone done to
become one of Asia’s eminent ophthalmologist Calamba tenants
Borneo Colonization Project 3. Sa mga Kababayan (To My Countrymen) – written
 Governor-General Valeriano Weyler’s terroristic on December 1891 explaining the Calamba agrarian
regime (Calamba folks). The colonization project of situation
Rizal in Sabah was in response to Calamba’s land 4. Colonization of British North Borneo by families
crisis. Rizal conceived the establishment of Filipino from the Philippines
colony in North Borneo and planned to move these 5. Una Visita-Ala Victoria Gaol (A Visit to Victoria
landless Filipino families to that rich British-owned Gaol)
island and came out of its virgin wildness a ‘New 6. La Mano Roja (The Red Hand) was printed in a
Calamba’ sheet for in HK. It denounced the frequent outbreaks
 On March 7, 1892 he went to SANDAKAN to of intentional fires in Manila
negotiate with the British authorities for the 7. The Constitution of the La Liga Filipina
establishment of Filipino colony. His mission was  On March 2, 1892 Rizal wrote ‘UNA VISITA – Ala
successful. The British authorities of Borneo were VICTORIA GAOL’ on account of his visit to the
willing to give the Filipinos 100,000 acres of land, a colonial prison of HK. In this article, he contrasted
beautiful harbor and a (natatakpan) free of all the cruel Spanish prison system with the modern and
charges moer humane British Prison system
 Rizal’s friend enthusiastically endorsed his Borneo  In June 1892, he wrote La Mano Roja – which was
Colonization Project. Juan and Antonio Luna, L. printed in sheet form in HK. It denounces the
Jaena Bautista, Blumentritt and friends in Europe frequent outbreaks of Intentional fires in Manila
were delighted upon hearing the new project, but  The most important writing made by Rizal during
one of Rizal’s brother-in-law Hidalgo, objected to his sojourn in HK was the ‘CONSTITUTION OF
his Colonization project LA LIGA FILIPINA’, WHICH WAS PRINTED
 The infamous Governor Valeriano Weyler, whom IN Hong Kong in 1892
Cubans called “the butcher” was relieved of  To deceive the Spanish authorities, the printed
Governatorial post and was replaced by Governor- copies carried the false information that the printing
General Eulogio Despujol, the count of Caspe, was done by the London Printing Press, No. 25
announced to the Filipino people a fine program of Khulug St. London
government  The Idea of establishing La Liga Filipina (The
 New trends of events in the Philippines gave Rizal a Philippine League) an association of patriotic
new hope for realizing his Borneo Colonization Filipinos for Civic purposes, was originally
Project Conceived by JODE Ma. BASA but it was JOSE
 Rizal sent letter to Governor Eulogio Despujol but RIZAL who wrote its CONSTITUTION and
the latter violating the sinple rule of Spanish realized its ESTABLISHMENT. Copies of the
courtesy, did not even acknowledge receipt of his printed La Liga Constitution were rent by Rizal to
letter. (3 months thereafter, No reply) DOMINGO FRANCO, his friend in Manila
 Second letter of Rizal, gave it to ship Captain to be  Last HK letters: On June 19, 1892 he spent his 31 st
sure would reach the Governor. In this 2nd letter, he birthday in HK. He had premonition of his death.
requested the Governor General to permit the The following day he wrote two letters which he
landless Filipino to establish themselves in Borneo. sealed, inscribed on each envelope – ‘to be opened
Once more the Governor did not gave Rizal the after my death’, and gave to his friend Dr. Marquez
“Courtesy of reply”, instead he notified the Spanish for safekeeping:
colony in HK to tell Rizal that he could not i. 1st letter addressed to my parents, brethren and
approved the Filipino immigration to Borneo, friends
alleging that – “The Philippines lacked laborers and ii. 2nd letter addressed to the Filipinos
that it was not very Patriotic to go off and cultivate  June 21, 1892 – Rizal penned another Letter (3 rd
foreign soil” letter) to Governor Despujol. In this letter he
 informed the Gov. General of his coming to Manila THE LIGA which he had written in HK and
and placed himself under the Protection of Spanish discussed its provisions. The Patriots were
Government favorably, impressed and gladly approved the
 The Spanish Consul General, who issued a ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LIGA
government guarantee for safety, sent a cablegram  THE OFFICERS OF THE NEW LEAGUE WERE
that the victim is in trap ELECTED AS FOLLOWS:
 On the same day, (June 21, 1892) a secret case was 1. AMBROSIO SALVADOR – President –
filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers ‘for Governadorcillo of Quiapo
Anti-Religious and Anti-Patriotic Agitation’ 2. DEODATO ARELLANO – Secretary –
 The deceitful Despujol ordered his Secretary Luis Brother-in-law of M. H. del Pilar
De La Torre to find out if Rizal was naturalized as 3. BONIFACIO AREVALO – Treasurer –
German citizen, as was rumored, so that he may take dentist and Mason
proper action against one “who had the protection of 4. AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA – Fiscal –
a strong Nation” bookkeeper and Mason
The La Liga Filipina Constitution of the La Liga
 Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino  AIMS OF THE LIGA FILIPINA as embodied in
liberties has assume a new phase; it must be fought its CONSTITUTION were the following:
in the Philippines not in Spain. ‘The Battlefield is 1. To unite the whole archipelago into one
in the Philippines”… he told countryman in Europe compact and homogenous body
– There is where we should meet. There we will help 2. Mutual protection in every want and
one another, there together we will suffer or necessity
triumphs perhaps 3. Defense against all violence and injustice
 In December 31, 1891, he reiterated this belief in a 4. Encouragement of education, agriculture
letter to Blumentritt, Rizal Stated: I believed the LA and commerce
SOLIDARIDAD IS NO LONGER OUR 5. Study and application of reforms
BATTLEFIELD. Now it is a new struggle. The MOTTO OF LA LIGA: UNUS INSTAR
fight is no longer in Madrid. In going home to lead OMNIUM (One Like All) – ‘Bawat isa Katulad ng
anew the reform movement, he was like the biblical Lahat’
Daniel Bearding the Spanish lion in its own den Governing Body of the League
 He went to Malacañang (when he arrived), and was 1. SUPREME COUNCIL which has jurisdiction over
able to confer with Gov. Gen. Despujolm who the whole country. It was composed of: President, a
agreed to Pardon his father, but not the rest of his Secretary, a Treasurer and a Fiscal
family and told him to return 2. There was a PROVINCIAL COUNCIL in every
 Rizal visited his friends in Central Luzon – these Province, &
friends were good patriots who were his supporters 3. POPULAR COUNCIL in every town
in the reform for crusafe, and took the opportunity to  All Filipino who have the heart and welfare of their
greet them personally and discussed the problems Fatherland are Qualified for Membership. Every
affecting their people member pays an entrance fee of two (2) pesos and a
 Rizal again was shadowed but government spies monthly due of ten (10) centavos
who wathed carefully his movement. The homes he Duties of the La Liga Members
had visited were raided by the Guardia Civil and  The Duties of the La Liga members are as follows:
seized some copies of the Noli and El Fili and some 1. Obey the orders of the Supreme Council;
subvers: 2. Help in recruiting new members;
Founding of the La Liga Filipina 3. To keep in strictest secrecy the decision of
 On the evening of Sunday, July 3, 1892, Rizal the Liga authorities;
attended the meeting of the Patriots at the home of 4. To have a symbolic name which he cannot
the Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on change until he becomes President of his
Ylaya street, Tondo Manila. (Many council;
attended/present) 5. To report to fiscal anything that he may hear
 Rizal explained the Objectives of the Liga Filipina, which affect the Liga;
A Civic League of Filipinos, which he desired to 6. To behave well as befits a good Filipino;
establish and its role in socio-economic life of the and
people. He presented the CONSTITUTION OF 7. To help the natakpan na naman
Rizal Arrested & jailed in Fort Santiago:  Captain Delgras went ashore and handed Rizal over
 On Wednesday, July 6 Rizal went to Malacañang to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish Commander
Palace to resume series of interciew with the of Dapitan. That same night, July 17, 1892, Rizal
Governor General. The latter suddenly showed him began his Exile in Lonely Dapitan which would last
some-printed leaflets which were alleged found in until July 31, 1896, a period of four (4) years and
Lucias pillow cases. These incriminatory leaflets fourteen (14) days
were entitled POBRES FRAILES (Poor-friars) Visit to Macao
under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and oriented by  MACAO is a Portuguese colony near HK. The
imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila. They were City of Macao is small, low, and gloom. There
satire against the Rich Dominican Friars who are many junks, sampans but few streamers. It
amassed fabulous riches contrary to their Monastic looks sad and is almost dead
vow of Poverty, rizal vigorously denied it  On February 20, 1888. Rizal and Basa returned
 Despite his denial and insistent demand for to HK again on board the perry Steamer KIU
investigation in accordancewith due process of law, KIANG
he was placed underarrest and escorted to Fort  Experienced In HK – during his two (2) weeks
Santiago by Ramon Despujol an Aide of Governor visits in HK, Rizal studied Chines life, language
General Eulogio Despujol drama and customs
 The following day, July 7, the Gaceta de Manila,  In February 22, 1888, Rizal left HK on board
published the story of Rizal’s arrest which produced the Oceanic, an American Steamer, its
indignant commotion among Filipino people, destination was Japan
particularly members of newly organized La Liga 2. b) Romantic Interlude in Japan.
 Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan: The same issue (February 28, April 13,1888)
of the Gaceta (July 7, 1892) contained Governor  One of the happriest interlude in the life of
General Despujol’s decree deporting Rizal’s to ‘one Rizal was his sojourn in the land of “Cherry
of the islands in the South’, the Gubernatorial
Blossoms” for one month and a half. He was
Decree gave the reasons for Rizal’s Deportation,
enchanted by the natural beauty of Japan, the
as follows:
charming manners of Japanese people and the
Reasons for Rizal’s Deportations
picturesque shrines. Moreover, he fell in love
(Gubernatorial Decree of Despujol)
with the Japanese Girl, her real name was
1. Rizal had published a books and articles abroad
SEIKO USUI. Rizal affectionately called her O-
which showed disloyalty to Spain and which were
SEI-SAN. Fate, however, cut short his happy
‘Frankly Anti-Catholic’ and ‘Imprudently anti-
friar’ days in Japan. He had to sacrifice his own
2. A few hours after his arrival in Manila ‘there was happiness to carry on his work for the
found in one of the packages a bundles of handbills redemption of his oppressed people.
entitled Pobres Frailes in which the patient and Continuation
humble generosity of Filipinos is satirized and which  RIZAL arrived in Yokohama, on February 28,
accusation is he wrote that published against the 1888 early morning Tuesday then proceeded to
custome of the religious orders TOKYO stayed in Tokyo Hotel from March 2 – 7.
3. His novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the He was impressed with the City of Tokyo
memory of the three (3) traitors (GOMBURZA) and (Tokyo is more expensive than Paris) the walls
in the title page he wrote that in view of the vices are built in cyclopean manner. The streets are
and errors of the Spanish Administration – ‘The large and wide
only Salvation for the Philippines was The  Shortly after his arrival in Tokyo, he was
Separation from the Mother Country’ visited at his hotel by Juan Perez Caballero,
4. The end which he pursues in his efforts and writings Secretary of Spanish Legation. The latter
is to tear from the loyal Filipinos nakatakip Catholic invited him to live at the Spanish Legation.
Faith. Rizal being an intelligent man, realized that
Arbitraty Deportation to Dapitan: the Spanish Diplomatic Authorities were
 Shortly after midnight of July 14, (i.e., 12:30 am of instructed from Manila to monitor his
July 15, 1892) – Rizal was brought under heavy movement. He accepted the invitation for
guard to the Steamer Cebu which was sailing for two (2) reasons:
Dapitan – under Captain Deigras
 1. He could economize his living expenses see this beautiful “LAND OF THE BEAUTIFUL
by staying at the legation, and CHERRY BLOSSOMS” and his beloved SEIKO
2. He had nothing to hide from the frying USUI
eyes of the Spanish authorities  Truly his sojourn in Japan for 45-days was on
Rizal’s Impression of Japan: of the happiest interludes of his life.
 The things which favorably impressed Rizal in SACRIFICING his personal happiness, Rizal had
Japan were: to carry on his LIBERTARIAN MISSION in
1. The beauty of country – its flowers, Europe. Accordingly, he resumed his voyage,
mountains, strams and scenic leabing behind the lovely O-SEI-SAN, whom he
panaromas passionately loved.
2. The cleanliness, politeness and industry 2. c) RIZAL’S Visit to United States:
of the Japanese people  Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888. His
3. The Pircturesque dress and simple arrival in this great comity was marred bu
charm of the Women racial prejudice, for he saw the discriminatory
4. There were very few thieves in Japan treatment of the Chinese and the Negros by
so that the House remained open day the white Americans. Rizal was a man of truth,
and night, and in the hotel room one and he wrote what he had seen and
could safely leave money on the table experienced
5. Beggars were rarely seen in the city  From San Francisco to Oakland, to Reno
streets, unlike in Manila and other Nevada, Colorado, Nebraska, to Utah –to
cities Ogden, to Denver, to Missouri, to Illinois, to
However, there was one thing he did not like Chicago, Alabama and New York… on May 13,
in Japan, and that was the popular mode of Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip
transportation by means of RICKSHAWS drawn across the American Continent
by men. His sensitive soul recoiled seeing Rizal’s impression of America:
human beings working like horse, pulling carts  Good impressions were:
call RICKSHAWS. He felt disgusted at the way 1. The material progress of the country as
a human being was employed like a Horse shown in the great cities, huge farms,
Romance with O-SEI-SAN flourishing industries and busy
 Both Rizal and O-sei-san found happiness in factories;
each other company. Rizal was then a lonely 2. The drive and energy of the American
physician of 27 years old, disillutioned by his people;
frustrated romance with Leonor Rivera and 3. The natural beauty of the land;
embittered by Spanish injustices at home. O- 4. The high standard of living; and
SEI-SAN was a lonely samurai’s daughter of 23 5. The opportunities for better life
years old and had never yet experienced the offered to poor imiigrants
ecstasy of true love  One BAD impressions of Rizal had of America
 Rizal saw in lovely O-sei-san the qualities of was the LACK OF RACIAL EQUITY. There
his ideal womanhood – beauty, charm, existed racial prejudice which was inconsistent
modesty and intelligence. No wonder, he fell with the principle of democracy and freedom
deeply in love with her. O-sei-san reciprocated of which the Americans talk to much, but do
of his affection, for it was the first time her not practice. Thus, he wrote to PONCE –
heart palpitated with joys to see a man of “They do not have true civil liberty”
gallantry, dignity, courtesy and versatile  what impressions do you have of United
talents. O-sei-san help Rizal in many ways. States? Asked Jose Alejandro who was then
More than sweethearts, she was a guide, Studying Engineering in Belgium
interpreter and tutor, etc…  “AMERICA” answered Rizal, “is the land par
Sayonara Japan excellence of freedom but only for the
 On April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded Belgic an whites”
English steamer at Yokohama, bound for
United Stated. He left Japan with a heavy UNIT V – HOME COMING AND RETURN TO
heart for he knew that he would never again EUROPE
 TOPIC 3. were planning to establish a Patriotic Society
 RIZAL AS PROPAGANDIST which would cooperate in the crusade for
reform
Rizal in London:  This society called ASSOCIATION LA
 Why Rizal choose this English City to be his SOLIDARIDAD, was inaugurated in December
new home? 31, 1888, with following officers:
1. Increase his knowledge of the English Officers of Association La Trinidad
language  Galliano Apacible – President
2. To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos
 Graciano Loper Jaena – Vice President
de Las Islas Filipinas; and
 Manuel Sta. Maria – Secretary
3. London was a safe place to carry on his
 Mariano Ponce – Treasurer
fight against Spanish Tyranny
 Jose Ma. Panganiban – Accountant
 In London, Rizal engage in many things, Rizal
 By unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was
came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian
chosen Honorary President. This was in
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an
recognition of his leadership among all Filipino
Authority of Malaya languages and Custom. Dr.
patriots in Europe.
ROST impressed by Rizal’s learning and
Rizal and the La Solidaridad Newspaper:
character and he gladly recommended him to
 GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA – founded the
the authorities of the British Museum. He
patriotic newspaper call LA SOLIDARIDAD in
called Rizal “A pearl of Man” (Una Perla de
Barcelona on February 15, 1889. This was a
Hombre)
fortnightly periodical which was served as the
 Annotationg MORGAS BOOK – the greatest
Organ of Propaganda Movement. Its AIMS were
achievement of Rizal in London was the
as follows:
annotation of Morgas Book, SUCESOS DE LAS
1. To work peacefully for political and
ISLAS FILIPINAS (Historical Events in The
social reforms;
Philippine Islands) which was published in
2. To portray the deplorable conditions of
Mexico, 1609
the Philippines so that Spain may
 Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Mexico, 1609)
remedy themL
written by Dr. Antonio de Morga, Spanish
3. To oppose the evil forces of reaction
jurist – soldier, as the most impartial.
and medievalism
Annotating the book was great and difficult
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress,
task. It required a great deal of reading not
and;
only on Philippine History but also the history
5. To champion the legitimate aspirations
of the other countries. With diligence Rizal
of the Filipino people to life,
copied it word for word, taking pains to clarify
democracy and happiness
or rectify matters in the text when necessary
 First Article in La Solidaridad – Rizal first
Short visit to Paris & Madrid
article which appeared in La Solidaridad was
 Rizal visited Paris again in order to search for
entitled Los Agrcultores (Filipino Farmers).
more historical materials in the Bibliotechque
Published, March 25, 1889, six (6) fays after he
Nationale (National Library). He was
left London to Paris
entertained by Juan Luna and his wife, Pas
 In LONDON Rizal write the famous letter to the
Pardo de Tavera.
Young Womern of Malolos (February 22,
 On December 11, 1888 he went to Spain,
1889) in Tagalog. He penned upon request of
visiting Madrid and Barcelona for the first time
M.H. Del Pillar to praise the young ladies of
he met Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano
Malolos for their courage to establish a Scholl
Ponce, two (2) Titans of Propaganda
where they could learn Spanish despite the
Movement. He exchanged ideas with these
opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, parish priest of
new friends and promise to cooperate in the
Malolos.
fight for reforms
 Where are the main points of the letter?
Rizal Becomes Leader of Filipinos in Europe
(Reading matters… > five (5) only:
 While busy on his historical studies in London,
The Annotated edition of Morga’s: Published
Rizal learned that the Filipinos in Barcelona
 Rizal outstanding achievement in Paris was the lest his presence results in more serious
Publication in 1890 of his Annotated edition faction among Filipinos in Madrid
of Morgas Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, UNIT VI – RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES
which he wrote in British Museum OPTHALMIC SURGEON IN HONGKONG – after
 It was printed by Garnier Freres. The prologue the publication of El Filibusterismo, Rizal left
was written by Professor Ferdinand Europe for Hongkong where he lived from
Blumentritt November 1891 to June 1892, his reasons for
 In his Prologue, Blumentritt commended Rizal leaving Europe were:
for his fine Historical Scholarship. However, he 1. Life was unbearable in Europe, because
frankly censured for two (2) things which of his political differences with M.H.
revealed Rizal errors: del Pilar and other Filipinos in spain
1. Rizal commit the error of many 2. To be near his idolized Philippines and
historians in appraising the events of family
the past in the light of present Before sailin Hongkong, Rizal notified Del Pilar
standard, and that he was retiring from the political arena in
2. Rizals attack on the church were unfair Spain in order to preserve UNITY amoing
and unjustified because the abuses of compatriots and that despite their parting of
the friars should not be construed to ways, he had highest regard of him
mean that Catholicism is bad Rizal in Hongkong
LOVE & HATE RELATIONSHIP OF JOSE RIZAL  Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on November 20,
AND MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (UNWANTED 1891, welcomed by Filipino resident especially
RIVALRY) his old friend, Jose Ma. Basa, Rizal establish
 In 1890, a rivalry between Rizal and Del Pilar. his residence at No. 5 D. Aguilar St. No. 2
This was mainly due to the difference between Rednaxola Terrace, where he also opened his
Del Pilar’s editorial policy and Rizal’s medical clinic
political beliefs  Hidalgo, Rizal’s brother in law, sent a letter to
 Their ideas and political views are at times Rizal, relating the sad news of the Deportation
dissimilar of twenty five (25) persons from Calamba,
 Furthermore, there were some from the including his father, Neneng, Sisa, Paciano and
colony who were offended by Rizal’s seeming the rest of the family. Rizal was desperately
infringement with their private life sad, for he could not succor his persecuted
 Their rivalry led to the expatriated’ split family
between the “Rizalistas” and the “Pilaristas”  Before Christmas of 1891, Rizal’s father,
SOLUTION TO THE CONFLICT brother and Silvestre Ubaldo (brother-in-law)
 To fix the unity among them, it was agreed to arrive in HK, not long afterwards, his mother
have a vote to elect the “RESPONSABLE – a (65 years old then) and his sisters arrived
Leader: (tasked to administer the campaigns  The Christmas of 1891 in Hongkong was one
of the reform movement) of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in
 Rizal won the two (2) election (1 st and 2nd Rizal’s Life
voting) but fell short of the required 2/3 of  He even wrote to Blumentritt on January 31,
the participants votes 1892 about the pleasant life they’re living in
 He won the two-third (thereupon, elected as Hongkong
Responsible) but he knew that there were Ophthalmic Surgeon in HK
Pilaristas who did not like his view and  Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez, who became his
personalities friend and admirer, help him to build a wide
Thus, Rizal decline the coveted position clientele. In recognition of Rizal’s skill as an
because he did not want to cause disunity Ophtalmic surgeon. He turned over him many
between Filipino groups of his cases
 Rizal was a man of Delicadeza – thus, decided  In due time, he became successful and well
to abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid, known mystical practice in British colony.
Aside from being eye specialist, he was a
general practitioner
 Rizal possessed the Qualities that would make the Filipino immigration to Borneo, alleging
an ideal Ophtalmic Surgeon, had he devoted that – “The Philippines lacked laborers and
his lifetime to practice of Medicine, he would that it was not very Patriotic to go off and
have become one of Asia’s eminent cultivate foreign soil”
ophthalmologist Writings in Hongkong
Borneo Colonization Project a. Ang mga karapatan ng tao – tagalog
 Governor-General Valeriano Weyler’s translation of “The Rights of Man”
terroristic regime (Calamba folks). The proclaimed by French revolution in
colonization project of Rizal in Sabah was in 1789
response to Calamba’s land crisis. Rizal b. A la Nacion Espanola (1891), (To the
conceived the establishment of Filipino colony Spanish Nation) – an appeal to Spain to
in North Borneo and planned to move these right a wrone done to Calamba tenants
landless Filipino families to that rich British- c. Sa mga Kababayan (To My Countrymen)
owned island and came out of its virgin – written on December 1891 explaining
wildness a ‘New Calamba’ the Calamba agrarian situation
 On March 7, 1892 he went to SANDAKAN to d. Colonization of British North Borneo by
negotiate with the British authorities for the families from the Philippines
establishment of Filipino colony. His mission e. Una Visita-Ala Victoria Gaol (A Visit to
was successful. The British authorities of Victoria Gaol)
Borneo were willing to give the Filipinos f. La Mano Roja (The Red Hand) was
100,000 acres of land, a beautiful harbor and a printed in a sheet for in HK. It
(natatakpan) free of all charges denounced the frequent outbreaks of
 Rizal’s friend enthusiastically endorsed his intentional fires in Manila
Borneo Colonization Project. Juan and Antonio g. The Constitution of the La Liga Filipina
Luna, L. Jaena Bautista, Blumentritt and  On March 2, 1892 Rizal wrote ‘UNA VISITA – Ala
friends in Europe were delighted upon hearing VICTORIA GAOL’ on account of his visit to the
the new project, but one of Rizal’s brother-in- colonial prison of HK. In this article, he
law Hidalgo, objected to his Colonization contrasted the cruel Spanish prison system
project with the modern and moer humane British
 The infamous Governor Valeriano Weyler, Prison system
whom Cubans called “the butcher” was  In June 1892, he wrote La Mano Roja – which
relieved of Governatorial post and was was printed in sheet form in HK. It denounces
replaced by Governor-General Eulogio the frequent outbreaks of Intentional fires in
Despujol, the count of Caspe, announced to Manila
the Filipino people a fine program of  The most important writing made by Rizal
government during his sojourn in HK was the
 New trends of events in the Philippines gave ‘CONSTITUTION OF LA LIGA FILIPINA’, WHICH
Rizal a new hope for realizing his Borneo WAS PRINTED IN Hong Kong in 1892
Colonization Project  To deceive the Spanish authorities, the printed
 Rizal sent letter to Governor Eulogio Despujol copies carried the false information that the
but the latter violating the sinple rule of printing was done by the London Printing
Spanish courtesy, did not even acknowledge Press, No. 25 Khulug St. London
receipt of his letter. (3 months thereafter, No  The Idea of establishing La Liga Filipina (The
reply) Philippine League) an association of patriotic
 Second letter of Rizal, gave it to ship Captain Filipinos for Civic purposes, was originally
to be sure would reach the Governor. In this Conceived by JODE Ma. BASA but it was JOSE
2nd letter, he requested the Governor General RIZAL who wrote its CONSTITUTION and
to permit the landless Filipino to establish realized its ESTABLISHMENT. Copies of the
themselves in Borneo. Once more the printed La Liga Constitution were rent by Rizal
Governor did not gave Rizal the “Courtesy of to DOMINGO FRANCO, his friend in Manila
reply”, instead he notified the Spanish colony  Last HK letters: On June 19, 1892 he spent his
in HK to tell Rizal that he could not approved 31st birthday in HK. He had premonition of his
 death. The following day he wrote two letters  Rizal again was shadowed but government
which he sealed, inscribed on each envelope – spies who wathed carefully his movement. The
‘to be opened after my death’, and gave to homes he had visited were raided by the
his friend Dr. Marquez for safekeeping: Guardia Civil and seized some copies of the
i. 1st letter addressed to my parents, brethren Noli and El Fili and some subvers:
and friends Founding of the La Liga Filipina
ii. 2nd letter addressed to the Filipinos  On the evening of Sunday, July 3, 1892, Rizal
 June 21, 1892 – Rizal penned another Letter attended the meeting of the Patriots at the
(3rd letter) to Governor Despujol. In this letter home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo
he informed the Gov. General of his coming to Ongjunco, on Ylaya street, Tondo Manila.
Manila and placed himself under the (Many attended/present)
Protection of Spanish Government  Rizal explained the Objectives of the Liga
 The Spanish Consul General, who issued a Filipina, A Civic League of Filipinos, which he
government guarantee for safety, sent a desired to establish and its role in socio-
cablegram that the victim is in trap economic life of the people. He presented the
 On the same day, (June 21, 1892) a secret CONSTITUTION OF THE LIGA which he had
case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his written in HK and discussed its provisions. The
followers ‘for Anti-Religious and Anti- Patriots were favorably, impressed and gladly
Patriotic Agitation’ approved the ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LIGA
 The deceitful Despujol ordered his Secretary  THE OFFICERS OF THE NEW LEAGUE WERE
Luis De La Torre to find out if Rizal was ELECTED AS FOLLOWS:
naturalized as German citizen, as was 1. AMBROSIO SALVADOR – President –
rumored, so that he may take proper action Governadorcillo of Quiapo
against one “who had the protection of a 2. DEODATO ARELLANO – Secretary –
strong Nation” Brother-in-law of M. H. del Pilar
The La Liga Filipina 3. BONIFACIO AREVALO – Treasurer –
 Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino dentist and Mason
liberties has assume a new phase; it must be 4. AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA – Fiscal –
fought in the Philippines not in Spain. ‘The bookkeeper and Mason
Battlefield is in the Philippines”… he told Constitution of the La Liga
countryman in Europe – There is where we  AIMS OF THE LIGA FILIPINA as embodied in its
should meet. There we will help one another, CONSTITUTION were the following:
there together we will suffer or triumphs 1. To unite the whole archipelago into one
perhaps compact and homogenous body
 In December 31, 1891, he reiterated this belief 2. Mutual protection in every want and
in a letter to Blumentritt, Rizal Stated: I necessity
believed the LA SOLIDARIDAD IS NO LONGER 3. Defense against all violence and
OUR BATTLEFIELD. Now it is a new struggle. injustice
The fight is no longer in Madrid. In going home 4. Encouragement of education,
to lead anew the reform movement, he was agriculture and commerce
like the biblical Daniel Bearding the Spanish 5. Study and application of reforms
lion in its own den MOTTO OF LA LIGA: UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM
 He went to Malacañang (when he arrived), and (One Like All) – ‘Bawat isa Katulad ng Lahat’
was able to confer with Gov. Gen. Despujolm Governing Body of the League
who agreed to Pardon his father, but not the 1. SUPREME COUNCIL which has jurisdiction over
rest of his family and told him to return the whole country. It was composed of:
 Rizal visited his friends in Central Luzon – President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and a
these friends were good patriots who were his Fiscal
supporters in the reform for crusafe, and took 2. There was a PROVINCIAL COUNCIL in every
the opportunity to greet them personally and Province, &
discussed the problems affecting their people 3. POPULAR COUNCIL in every town
 All Filipino who have the heart and welfare of (Gubernatorial Decree of Despujol)
their Fatherland are Qualified for 1. Rizal had published a books and articles
Membership. Every member pays an entrance abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain and
fee of two (2) pesos and a monthly due of ten which were ‘Frankly Anti-Catholic’ and
(10) centavos ‘Imprudently anti-friar’
Duties of the La Liga Members 2. A few hours after his arrival in Manila ‘there
 The Duties of the La Liga members are as was found in one of the packages a bundles of
follows: handbills entitled Pobres Frailes in which the
1. Obey the orders of the Supreme patient and humble generosity of Filipinos is
Council; satirized and which accusation is he wrote that
2. Help in recruiting new members; published against the custome of the religious
3. To keep in strictest secrecy the orders
decision of the Liga authorities; 3. His novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated to
4. To have a symbolic name which he the memory of the three (3) traitors
cannot change until he becomes (GOMBURZA) and in the title page he wrote
President of his council; that in view of the vices and errors of the
5. To report to fiscal anything that he may Spanish Administration – ‘The only Salvation
hear which affect the Liga; for the Philippines was The Separation from
6. To behave well as befits a good the Mother Country’
Filipino; and 4. The end which he pursues in his efforts and
7. To help the natakpan na naman writings is to tear from the loyal Filipinos
Rizal Arrested & jailed in Fort Santiago: nakatakip Catholic Faith.
 On Wednesday, July 6 Rizal went to Arbitraty Deportation to Dapitan:
Malacañang Palace to resume series of  Shortly after midnight of July 14, (i.e., 12:30
interciew with the Governor General. The am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was brought under
latter suddenly showed him some-printed heavy guard to the Steamer Cebu which was
leaflets which were alleged found in Lucias sailing for Dapitan – under Captain Deigras
pillow cases. These incriminatory leaflets were  Captain Delgras went ashore and handed Rizal
entitled POBRES FRAILES (Poor-friars) under over to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish
the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and oriented by Commander of Dapitan. That same night, July
imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila. They 17, 1892, Rizal began his Exile in Lonely
were satire against the Rich Dominican Friars Dapitan which would last until July 31, 1896, a
who amassed fabulous riches contrary to their period of four (4) years and fourteen (14) days
Monastic vow of Poverty, rizal vigorously
denied it
 Despite his denial and insistent demand for
investigation in accordancewith due process of
law, he was placed underarrest and escorted
to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol an Aide of
Governor General Eulogio Despujol
 The following day, July 7, the Gaceta de
Manila, published the story of Rizal’s arrest
which produced indignant commotion among
Filipino people, particularly members of newly
organized La Liga
 Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan: The same
issue of the Gaceta (July 7, 1892) contained
Governor General Despujol’s decree deporting
Rizal’s to ‘one of the islands in the South’, the
Gubernatorial Decree gave the reasons for
Rizal’s Deportation, as follows:
Reasons for Rizal’s Deportations