CHAPTER NO.

6
“A.C.CIRCUITS”
A.C. circuits-the soul of electrical engineering, are one of the most important
fundamentals. One must learn AC circuits thoroughly and understand them. There is
hardly any examination in which questions on AC circuits are not asked. One must solve
AC circuit problems to grasp the fundamentals. In this chapter we will solve problems on
AC circuit, which will help you to understand the fundamentals.
There are basically three types of AC circuits, namely, series circuits, parallel circuits
and series and parallel circuits.
Let us assume that a resistance of R Ω is connected across a source of AC voltage
Erms and frequency f.

Figure no.
If we neglect any transient behavior, we have
E rms
I rms 
R
Power = (Irms)2 x R
Current will be in phase with the voltage.
CIRCUITS HAVING INDUCTANCE ONLY

Figure no.
Let f be the frequency of the source. Neglecting transient behavior, we have

1
 E rms
I rms 
2 fL
Current will lag voltage by 900 and it will be wattles in the circuit and power factor will
be zero lagging.
CIRCUITS HAVING CAPACITANCE ONLY

Figure no.
Let f be the frequency of the source. Neglecting transients, we have
E rms
I rms 
1
2 f C
Current will lead voltage by 900. Current will be wattles in this case also and power factor
will be zero leading.
CIRCUITS HAVING R &L IN SERIES

Figure no.
In the above circuit, we have

Z  R 2 + 2 L2 ω=2πf

E rms
I rms 
Z
L
  tan -1
R

2
 Figure no.
Current will lag voltage by angle θ as shown in vector diagram.
Power = Erms x Irms cos θ
All the transients have been neglected.
CIRCUITS HAVING R &C IN SERIES

Figure no.
Frequency is f of the source.
ω=2πf

Vector diagram
Figure no.
2
 1
Z  R2 + 
  C
E rms
I rms 
Z
R
cos 
Z

3
Current will lead the voltage by an angle θ as shown in vector diagram.
Power = Erms x Irms cos θ
Transient behavior has been neglected.
CIRCUITS HAVING R, L &C IN SERIES

Figure no.
Let f be the frequency.
ω=2πf
2

1
Z  R +  L -
2

  C
1
L -
tan  C
Z
E rms
I rms 
Z
Depending upon whether circuit is inductive or capacitive, the current will lag or lead.

Vector diagram
Figure no.
In the above vector diagram, it has been assumed that the circuit is behaving inductively.
When XL= XC, the current will be in phase with the voltage and this phenomenon is
called resonance. Power as usual is given by
Power = Erms x Irms cos θ
Transient behavior has been neglected.

4
In case of parallel circuits, two or more series circuits are connected in parallel. Each
circuit is solved by the formulae given above paragraphs and the results are as required to
get the final result. It will become clearer once we solve problems on parallel circuits.
Similarly series-parallel problems are solved.
“SEIRIES CIRCUITS”
PROBLEM NO. 1
In a particular circuit, a voltage of 10 V at 25 Hz produces 10 mA, while the same
voltage at 75Hz produces 60mA. Draw the circuit diagram and insert values of constants.
At what frequency will be the value of the impedance be twice that at 25 Hz?

Figure no.
SOLUTION:

10  100  103 R 2 +  2  25L 

2
As per given conditions, ----- (1)

10  60  103 R 2 +  2  75L 
2
------- (2)

Two equations and two unknowns and we can solve them easily.

 2  25L 
2
From (1), we have  104  R 2 ------ (3)

25
 2  75L 
2
Similarly, from (2) we have   104  R 2 -----(4)
9
Dividing (3) by (4), we get
25  25 10 4  R 2

75  75 25
 104  R 2
9
25
Or, 9 (104  R 2 )   104  R 2
9
56
Or, 8R2 =  104
9

5
 56
Or, R2 =  104
72
So, R = 88.1Ω
Ans.
Putting value of R2 in (3), we get
7
 2  25L 
2
 104   104
9
2
 104
9
2  100
So L=
3  2  25
= 0.3H
Ans.
Z25 = 88.1 + j2 x 3.14 x 25 x 0.3 = 88.1 + j 47.123
Zf = 88.1 + j2π x f x 0.3 = 2Z25 = 176.2 + j 94.247
= 199.822 28.141
We have to calculate f. Hence,
(88.1)2 + (2πf x 0.3)2 = (199.822)2
Or, (2πf x 0.3)2 = (199.822)2-(88.1)2
= 32167.14
2πf x 0.3 =179.352
179.352
So f=
2  0.3
= 95.149 Hz
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 2
An inductance of 1 H is in series with a capacitance of 1μF. Find the impedance of the
circuit when the frequency is (a) 50Hz, (b) 1000Hz.
SOLUTION:

6
 Figure no.
j
(a) At 50 Hz, Z  j2  50  1 
2  50  1  106
= j314 - j3180
= - j2876Ω capacitive
Ans.
j  106
(b) At 1000Hz, Z  j2  1000  1 
2  1000
= j6280 - j159
= j6121 Ω inductive
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 3
A coil of power factor 0.6 is in series with a 100-μF capacitor. When connected to a 50Hz
supply, the potential difference across coil is equal to the potential difference across the
capacitor. Find the resistance and inductance of the coil.
SOLUTION:
I
As per given condition, IZ 
C
1
Hence, Z
C
106

2  50  100
= 31.8Ω
R = Z cosφ
= 31.8 x 0,6
= 19.1 Ω
X = Z sin (cos-10.6)
= 31.8 x 0.8
= 25.4 Ω

7
 25.4
L=
2  50
= 0.081H
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 4
A circuit is composed of a resistance 9 Ω and a series connected inductive reactance of
12 Ω. When a voltage e(t) is applied to the circuit, the resulting steady state current is
found to be I(t) 28.3 sin 377t.
(a) What is the value of the complex impedance?
(b) Determine the time expression for the applied voltage.
(c) Find the value of the inductance in Henrys?
SOLUTION:(a) Z =(9 + j12)Ω
= 1553.130 Ans.
(b) v=iz
= 28.3sin377t  1553.130
= 424.5sin(377t + 53.130) Ans.
XL
(c) L= Q   377

12
=
377
= 0.0318H Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 5
A resistor R in series with a capacitor C is connected to a 50Hz, 240V supply. Find the
value of C so that R absorbs 300 W at 100V. Find also the maximum charge and the
maximum stored energy in C.
SOLUTION:

8
 Figure no.
Power absorbed in R = 300W
VR = 100 volts
1002
  300
R
100  100
So R=
300
= 33.33Ω
V
I=
R
100  3
=
100
= 3 amps.
240
Total Z=
3
= 80 Ω
100 j
 80 = |  |
3 C
2 2
 100  1
Hence, 6400 =    
 3    C
2
 1 340  140
Or   
  C 3 3

 1 18.45  11.45
Or,   
  C 3
3
Hence, C
2  50  18.45  11.45
= 43.7μF
Ans.
VC = 2402  100 2
= 218.2 volts
Vcmax = 218.2 2
= 309 volts

9
Therefore, Qmax = 43.7 x 10 – 6 x 309
= 0.0135 Coulomb
Ans.
1
Emax = CV 2 max
2
1
=  43.7  10  309  309
-6

2
= 2.09 J
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 6
When 1 amp is passed through three air-cored coils A, B and C in series, the voltage
drops are respectively 6. 3 and 8 volts on direct current and 7, 5 and 10 V on alternating
current. Find (a) the power factor (b) the power dissipated in each coil, and (c) the
power factor of the whole circuit when the alternating current flows.
SOLUTION: (a) When D.C. is passed through the coils, resistances are measured.
6
RA = 6
1
3
RB = 3
1
8
RC = 8
1
At a certain frequency,
7
ZA = 7
1
5
ZB = 5
1
10
ZC =  10 
1
6
Power factor of coil A, i.e., (cosφ)A =  0.96
7
3
Similarly, (cosφ)B =  0..6
5

10
 8
(cosφ)C =  0..8
10
Ans.
(b) Power will be consumed only in resistances.
PA = I2RA =12 x 6 = 6 W
PB = I2RB =12 x 3 = 3 W
PC = I2RC =12 x 8 = 8 W
Ans.
(c) When all the coils are connected in series, we have
RT = 6 + 3 + 8
= 17 Ω
X = ZA sinφA + ZBsinφB + ZCsinφC
= 7 sin(cos-10.86) + 5sin(cos-10.6) + 10sin(cos-10.8)
= 3.605 + 4 + 6
= 13.605
Angle by which the current will lag voltage
13.605
= tan-1
17
= 38.60
Hence, power factor = cos 38.6
= 0.78
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 7
A current of 10 A flows in a circuit with a 30 0 angle of lag when the applied voltage is
100 V. Find (a) the resistance, reactance, and impedance;(b) the conductance,
susceptance and admittance.
V
SOLUTION: (a) Z=
I
100
=
10
=10Ω Ans.
R = Z cosφ

11
 = 10 cos30
= 8.66Ω Ans.
X = Z sinφ
= 10 sin0
= 5Ω Ans.
1
(b) Admittance Y =
Z
1
=
1030
= 0.1   300 Ans.
= 0.0866 - j0.05
Real part of admittance is conductance and imaginary part is susceptance.
Hence, conductance = 0.0866 J , susceptance = - 0.05 J
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 8
A circuit has a fixed resistance of 2 Ω and a reactance of 10 Ω in series with a resistance
R across 100 V constant frequency mains. For what value of R is the power consumed in
it a maximum?
SOLUTION:

Z = (R+2) 2  100

V
I=
Z
100
=
(R+2) 2  100

Figure no.

12
 104 R
Power dissipated in R, that is, PR =
(R+2) 2  100

dPR
For PR to be maximum, =0
dR

Hence, 104   (R+2) 2  100  2R(R+2)  0

Or, (R + 2)2 + 100 = 2R(R+2)

Or R2 = 104
Hence, R = 10.2 Ω
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 9
An rms voltage of 100 00 is applied to the series combination of Z1 and Z2 where Z1= 20

300 . The effective voltage drop across Z1 is known to be 40   300 volts. Find the
reactive component of Z2.
SOLUTION: I (Z1+Z2) = 100 00
IZ1 + IZ2 =100 00
VZ1 = 40   300
Z1 = 20 300

40-300
I=  2600
2030 0

Hence, 40  300  2  600 Z 2  100

We can find out Z2 from this equation.

Figure no.
So, 34.64 - j20 + (1 - j1.732) Z2 = 100

13
Or, (1 - j1.732) Z2 = 65.36 + j20
65 + j20 68.35117.013
Z2 =   34.17577.013
1-j1.732 2  60
= 7.68 + j33.30
Hence, reactive component of Z2 = 33.30Ω
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 10
An alternating voltage (80+j60) V is applied to a circuit and the current flowing
( 4  j10) A. Find (a) the impedance of the circuit, (b) the power consumed, and (c) the
phase angle.
SOLUTION: (a) V = 80 + j60 =100 36.80
I = - 4 + j10 = 10.8 111.80

V 10036.80
Z= 
I 10.8111.80
= 9.26   750
Ans.
(b) P = V I cosφ
= 100 x 10.8cos(111.80-36.80)
= 100 x 10.8cos(750)
= 100 x 10.8 x 0.259
= 280 W
(c) Phase angle = 750 leading
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 11
Calculate (a) the admittance Y, (b) the conductance G, and(c) the susceptance B of a
circuit consisting of a resistor of 10 Ω in series with an inductor of 0.1 H, when the
frequency is 50 Hz.
SOLUTION: Z = R + jωL
= 10 + j 2π x 0.1
= 10 + j31.4

14
 1
Admittance Y =
Z
1
=
10 + j31.4
= 0.0306   72.56500 Ans.
= 0.00917 - j0.0292
Real part of admittance is conductance and imaginary part is susceptance.
Hence, conductance = 0.00917 J , susceptance = - 0.0292 J
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 12
A resistor of 100Ω is connected in series with a 50μF capacitor to a supply at 200V, 50
Hz. Find (a) the impedance, (b) the current, (c) the power factor,(d) the phase angle, (e)
the voltage across the resistor and across the capacitor.
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
- j106
Xc =
314  50
= -j 63.6Ω
Z = R+ jX
= 100 – j 63.6
= 118.8   32.30 Ans.
V
I=
Z
200
=
118.8

15
 = 1.69 amps Ans.
Power factor = cos 32.30
= 0.845 Ans.
Phase angle = 32.30 lagging Ans.
VR = IR
= 1.69 x100 = 169 volts Ans.
VC = IXc
= 1.69 x 63.6 = 107.8 volts Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 13
A voltage of 125 volts at 60 Hz is applied across a non-inductive resistor connected in
series with a capacitor. The current is 2.2 amps. The power loss in resistor is 96.8 W, and
that in capacitor is negligible. Calculate the resistance and capacitance.
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
V 125
I = 2.2 amps., Z= =
I 2.2
= 56.8 Ω
P = VI cosφ
P
Hence, cosφ =
VI
96.8
=
125  2.2
= 0.352
R = Zcosφ
= 56.8 x 0.352
= 20Ω Ans.

16
 X = Zsin φ
= 56.8 sin(cos-10.352)
= 56.8 x 0.936
= 53.1Ω
1
C=
2  60  53.1
= 50μF Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 14
A low voltage release consists of a solenoid of resistance 50 Ω into which an iron plunger
is drawn against a spring. When supplied at 250 V, 50Hz, a current of 2.5 A flows, which
falls to 1 A when the plunger is drawn into the solenoid. Calculate, for both positions of
the plunger, (a) the inductance of the solenoid and (b) the stored energy.
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
250
(a) In position (1), Z=
2.5
= 100 Ω
Z 2 = R2 + X 2
X2 = 1002-502
= 7500
Hence, X = 86.5 Ω
86.5
L=
2  50
= 0.276 H Ans.
1 2
Maximum stored energy = LI max
2
1
=  0.276  (2.5 2) 2
2

17
 = 1.73 J Ans.
250
(b) In position (2) Z=
1
= 250 Ω
Z 2 = R2 + X 2
X2 = 2502-502
= 300 x 200
Hence, X = 245 Ω
245
L=
2  50
= 0.78 H Ans.
1 2
Maximum stored energy = LI max
2
1
=  0.78  ( 2) 2
2
= 0.78 J Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 15
An iron-cored coil takes 4 A at a power factor of 0.5 when connected to a 200V, 50 Hz
supply. When the iron core is removed and the voltage is reduced to 40 V, the current
rises to 5 A at a power factor of 0.8. Find the iron loss in the core, and the inductance in
each case.
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
Power factor = 0.5 Power factor = 0.8
200 40
Z= = 50Ω Z= = 8Ω
4 5
X = Zsin φ X = Zsin φ

18
 = 50sin(cos-10.5) = 50sin(cos-10.8)
= 43.30 = 4.8
43.30 4.8
L= L=
2  50 2  50
= 0.138H = 0.153H
R = Zcosφ R = Zcosφ
= 50 x 0.5 = 8x0.8
= 25Ω = 6.4 Ω
Hence, iron loss = I12 (R1-R2)
= 16(25-6.4)
= 297.6 W Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 16
A non-inductive load takes 10 A at 100 V. Calculate the inductance of a reactor to be
connected in series in order that the same current be supplied from 220V, 50 Hz mains.
What is the phase angle between the 220V supply and the current? Neglect the resistance
of the reactor.
SOLUTION: V = 100 volts, I = 10amps
100
Therefore, R= Ω
10

Figure no.
220
Z= = 22 Ω
10
Z 2 = R2 + X 2
X2 = 222-102

19
 = 384
Hence, X = 19.6 Ω
19.6
L=
2  50
= 0.062 H Ans.
Angle by which the current will lag voltage
19.6
= tan-1
10
= 630 Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 17
An inductive coil takes 10 A and dissipates 1000 W when connected to a supply at 250V,
25 Hz. Calculate (a) the impedance, (b) the effective resistance,(c) the reactance, (d) the
inductance,(e) the power factor, (f) the angle of lag.
SOLUTION:
P = 1000 W
250
Z= = 25 Ω Ans.
10
P
R=
I2

Figure no.
1000
=
100
=10 Ω Ans.
Z 2 = R2 + X 2
X2 = 252-102
= 525

20
Hence, X = 22.9 Ω
22.9
L=
2  50
= 0.146 H Ans.
R
Power factor =
Z
10
=
25
= 0.4 Ans.
Angle of lag = cos-1(0.4)
= 66.40 Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 18
An iron-cored coil of resistance 5 Ω tales 10 A when connected to 200V, 50 Hz mains,
and the power dissipated is 750 W. Assuming the coil to be equivalent to a series
impedance, calculate (a) the iron losses, (b) the impedance at the given value of the
current, and (c) the power factor.
SOLUTION:
Let R be the resistance due to core insertion.
P = 750 W

Figure no.
Iron losses = 750 -102 x 5
= 250W Ans.
750
Power factor cos φ =
2000  10
= 0.375 Ans.
V
Z=
I

21
 200
=
10
= 20 Ω
X = Zsin φ
= 20sin(cos-10.375)
= 20 x 0.926
= 18.52 Ω
18.52
L=
2  50
= 0.059 H Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 19
When a resistor and an inductor in series are connected to a 240V supply, a current of 3
A flows lagging 370 behind the supply voltage, while the voltage across the inductor is
171 volts. Find the resistance of the resistor, and the resistance and reactance of the
inductor.
SOLUTION:
Power factor angle cos φ = 370  cosφ = 0.8

Figure no.
V
Z=
I
240
=
3
= 80 Ω
R + r = Z cosφ

22
 = 80 x 0.8
= 64 Ω
X = Zsin φ
= 80 x 0.6
= 48 Ω Ans.
171
Zcoil =
3
= 57 Ω
Hence, r2 + 482 = 572
r2 = 105 x 9
So, r = 30.78 Ω Ans.
Therefore, R = 64 -30.78
= 33.22 Ω Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 20
A current of 5A flows through a non-inductive resistance in series with a coil when
supplied at 250 V, 50 Hz. If the voltage across the resistance is 125 V, and the across the
coil 200 V, calculate (a) the impedance, reactance, and resistance of the coil, (b) the
power absorbed by the coil, and (c) the total power. Draw the vector diagram.
SOLUTION:

Figure
no.
Vcoil
Zcoil =
I
200
=
5

23
 = 40 Ω Ans.
125
R= = 25 Ω
5
250
Z= = 50 Ω
5
Hence, 502 = (25 + r)2 + X2
Also 402 = r2 + X2
So (25 + r)2 - r2 = 502 - 402
Or, (25 + 2r) 25 = 900
Hence, r = 5.5 Ω Ans.
X2 = 402-5.52
= 1569.75
So X = 39.6 Ω Ans.
Power taken by coil = 25 x 5.5
= 13.75 W Ans.
Total power = 52 x 25 + 52 x 5.5
= 762.5 W Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 21
When a voltage of 100 V at 50 Hz is applied to a coil A, the current taken is 8A and the
power taken is 120 W. When applied to coil B, the current taken is 10 A and the power
taken is 500 W. What current and power will be taken when 100 V is applied to the two
coils connected in series?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
Power = 120W Power = 500W

24
 P 120 P 500
Power factor = = Power factor = =
VI 100  8 VI 100  10
= 0.15 = 0.5
V 100 V 100
Z= =  12.5 Z= =  10
I 8 I 10
R = Zcosφ R = Zcosφ
= 12.5 x 0.15 = 10x0.5
= 1.875Ω =5Ω
X = Zsin φ X = Zsin φ
= 12.5sin(cos-10.15) = 10sin(cos-10.5)
= 12.5 x 0.989 = 10 x 0.866
= 12.35Ω = 8.66 Ω
When both coils are connected in series,
Z = (1.875 + 5)+j(12.35 + 8.66)
= 6.875 + j21
= 22.096 71.8720
100
I=
22.096
= 4.52 amps. Ans.
Power = I2R
= 4.522x6.875
= 141W Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 22
A 200V, 50 Hz supply is connected to 20 Ω resistor in series with a coil. The reading of a
voltmeter across the resistor is 120 V and across the coil are 144 V. Calculate the power
and reactive volt-amps in the coil and the power factor of the circuit.
SOLUTION:

25
 Figure no.
120
I=  20 amps.
6
144
Zcoil =  24
6
Therefore, r2 + X2 = 242 ------- (1)
200 100
Z= 
6 3
2
 100
Also (R + r)2 + X2 =   ----- (2)
 3
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
(R + 2r)R = 535
R = 20 Ω. Putting this, we get
(20+2r) 20 = 535
Hence, r = 3.375Ω
r
Power factor of coil =
r 2  x2
3.375
=
24
= 0.141
Power taken by coil = 144 x 6 x 0.14
= 121 W Ans.
Reactive volt-amp of coil = 144 x 6 x sin (cos-10.14)
= 855 KVAr Ans.
For whole circuit X = 24 x 0.99
= 23.7 Ω
23.375  3
Power factor of circuit =
100
= 0.701 Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 23

26
An alternating current of frequency 100 Hz is passed through a non-inductive 10 Ω
resistor in series with a coil of resistance 1.3 Ω and inductance 0.018 H, when the
terminal voltage is at its maximum value, that is, 100V. What will be the voltage across
the resistor?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
Frequency = 100 Hz
XL = j2π x 100 x 0.018
= j11.3 Ω
100
RMS value of voltage =
2
= 70.7 volts
Z=R+jX
= 11.3 + j11.3
= 16 450
V
I=
Z
70.7
=
16
= 4.42 amps.
Hence, VR = 4.42x10
= 44.2 V Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 24
Find an expression for the current, and calculate the power, when a voltage represented
by v = 283sin 100πt is applied to a coil having R = 50Ω and L = 0.159H.
SOLUTION:

27
 Figure no.
Frequency ω = 100π rad/sec
X = j 100π x 0.159 Ω
= j 50Ω
Z = 50 + j50
= 50 2450
283
I=
2  50 2
= 2.83
 
Hence, i =2.83 2 sin  100  t- 
 4

 
= 4 sin  100  t- 
 4
Power factor = cos 45
= 0.707
283
Power =  2.83 2  0.707
2
= 400 W Ans.
PROBLEM NO 25
A coil having resistance of R ohms and inductance L henries is connected across a
variable frequency alternating current supply of 110 V. An ammeter in the circuit showed
15.6 amps when the frequency was 80 Hz and 19.7 amps when the frequency was 40 Hz.
Find the values of R and L and calculate the time constant of the coil.
SOLUTION:

28
 Figure no.
I = 15.6 amps when f = 80Hz
110
Hence, Z= =7.05Ω
15.6
7.052 = R2 + (2π80L)2 ------ (1)
I = 19.7 amps when f = 40Hz
110
Hence, Z= = 5.58Ω
19.7
5.582 = R2 + (2π40L)2 ------ (2)
Dividing (1) by (2), we get
(2  80L) 2 7.052  R 2

(2  40L) 2 5.582  R 2

49.6  R 2
4=
31.1  R 2
From this, we get R = 4.97 Ω Ans.
Substituting value of R in eq. (1), we get
49.6 – 24.9 = (2π80L)2
From this, we get L = 0.01H Ans.
L
Time constant =
R
0.01
=
4.97
= 2.02 ms Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 26
A reactor having negligible resistance and an inductance of 0.07H is connected in series
with a resistor of 20Ω resistance across a 200 V, 50 Hz supply. Find (a) the current
flowing in the circuit, (b) the cosine of the phase angle, (c) the voltage across(i) the
reactor and (ii) the resistor, (d) the maximum value of the energy stored in the coil.
SOLUTION:

29
 Figure no.
Z = 20 + j 314 x 0.07
= 20 + j 21.98
= 29.847.7
200
I 
29.8
= 6.72amp.
Cosine of phase angle
= cos 47.7
= 0.672
VL = 6.72 x 21.98
= 148 volts.
VR = 6.72 x20
= 134.4 volts
I max = 6.72 2

Maximum value of stored energy

1 2
= LI
2
1
= x0.07 x (6.72) 2 x 2
2
= 3.16 Joule.
PROBLEM NO. 27:
A coil of resistance 10  and inductance 0.1H is connected in series with a 150  F
capacitor across a 200v, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the inductive reactance, (b) the
capacitance reactance, (c) the impedance, (d) the current, (e) the power factor, (f) the
voltage across the coil and the capacitor respectively?

30
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
XL= j  L
= j 2  x 50 x 0.1
= j 31.4  .
j
XC 
C
 j10
=
2  50  150
= -j 21.2  .
Z = R + j(X L -X C )
= 10 + j (31.4 – 21.2)
= 10 + j 10.2
|Z|= 20.4
= 14.3 .
V 200
I = =  14 amps.
Z 14.3
R 10
Power factor = =  0.7lag
Z 14.3
Vcoil  14(10  j 31.4)

= 14 x 33.3 = 466 volts.

VC  14  21.2  297volts

Ans.
PROBLEM NO.28:

31
A voltage of 200V is applied to a series circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor and a
capacitor. The respective voltages across these components are 170, 150 and 100V and
the current are 4 amps. Find the power of the inductor and the circuit?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
200
Total Z =  50
4
170
R =  42.5
4
(50) 2  (r  42.5) 2  (X L -X C ) 2 .................................(1)

150
Zcoil   37.5
4
 (37.5) 2  r 2  (X L ) 2 ..............................................(2)
VC = 100
100
Hence, XC =  25
4
Putting XC = 25 in (1), we get
2500 = r2 + XL2 + 2431.25 + 85r-50XL
From (2), we have (37.5) 2  r 2  (X L ) 2
Hence, 2500 = 1406.25+ XL2 + 2431.25 + 85r-50XL
= 3837.5 + 85r-50XL
Or, 50 XL = 85r-1337.50
Or XL = 1.7r-26.75
Putting this in (2), we get
(37.5) 2  (26.75  1.7r) 2  r 2

32
Simplifying, we get
3.9r2 + 91r - 690.69 = 0
Solving this, we get r = 6.15 Ω
Hence, XL2 = 1406.25 - 37.8
= 1368.45
So XL = 37 Ω
6.15
So coil power factor =  0.16
37.5
42.5  6.15
Circuit power factor =  0.97
50
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 29
A230V, 50 Hz voltage is applied to a coil of L = 5H and R =2Ω in series with a
capacitance C. What value C must have in order that the potential difference across the
coil shall be 250 V?.
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
Zcoil = 2 + j2π50 x 5
 1570 Ω
Potential difference across coil = 250 volts
250
Hence, I=
1570
= 0.159 amps
230
Z=
0.159
= 1445 Ω

33
 Z = R + j (XL-XC)
 j (XL-XC), R is very less than reactance.
Hence, XC = 1570-1445
= 125Ω
1
So C=
2 50  125
= 25.4μF
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 30
In the arrangement shown, C has a capacitance of 20 μF, and the current flowing
through the circuit is 0.345 amps. If the voltages are as indicated, find the applied
voltage, the frequency, and the loss in the iron cored inductor L.

Figure no.
SOLUTION: C = 20μf
I = 0.345 amps
55
XC =
0.345
= 159 Ω
106
Frequency ω =
159  20
= 314 rad/sec
314
=
2  3.14
= 50 Hz Ans.
25
R=
0.345

34
 = 72.5 Ω
40
Z coil =
0.345
= 116 Ω
(116)2  r 2  (X) 2 ----- (1)
Similarly, (R + r)2 + X2 =1452 ------ (2) as 50/0.345 = 145
Putting R = 72.5 in (2) and solving (1) and (2), we get r = 15.9Ω
Hence, X2 = 1162-15.92 =131.9 x 100.9
So, X = 114.9 Ω
Now Z = 88.4 + j (114.9 - 159)
= 88.4-j 44.1
|Z| = 98.7
Hence, supply voltage = 98.7 x 0.345
= 34.1 Ω
Core loss = I2r
= 0.3452 x15.9
= 1.89 W
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 31
Find the values of R and C so that V b = 3 Va and Vb and Va are in quadrature. Find also
the phase relation between V and Vb and Va and I.

Figure
no.
SOLUTION:
Vb = 3 Va

35
 Vb = IZb
Here Vb = j 3Va
Hence, IZb = j3IZa
Zb
Za =
j3
6+j2 50  0.0255
=
j3
= 2.66 - j2
Hence, R = 2.66 Ω Ans.
1
C=
2 50  2
= 1590 μF Ans.

Figure no.
ZT = 6 + j8 + 2.66 - j2
= 8.66 + j6
PROBLEM NO. 32
Determine the magnitude of the pulsating energy in a series circuit of 10 Ω, 0.05H and
100 μF, when the terminals are connected to 200V, 50 Hz mains.
SOLUTION:

36
 Figure no.
XL = j 2π50 x 0.05 = 15.7 Ω
-j106
XC =   j 31.8
j2 50 100
Z = R + j (XL-XC)
= 10 +j (15.7-31.8)
= 10-j16.1Ω
|Z| = 102  16.12
= 18.95Ω
200
I=
18.95
= 10.55 amps
Imax = 10.55 2
Hence, maximum energy stored in inductance
1
=  0,05  10.55  2
2

2
= 5.565 J
Ans.
“PARALLEL CIRCUITS”
PROBLEM NO. 33
Two circuits having the same numerical ohmic impedance are joined in parallel. The
power factor of one circuit is 0.8 and the other 0.6. What is the power factor of
combination?
SOLUTION: |Z1| = |Z2 | = Z
Cos  1 = 0.8 Cos  2 = 0.6

37
 Figure no.
Z1 = Z ( 0.8 + 0.6 )
Z2 = Z ( 0.6 + 0.8 )
Z1Z 2
Z' 
Z1  Z 2

Z 2 (0.8  j0.6)(0.6  j0.8)

=
Z 1.4(1  j)
jZ
=
1.4(1  j)
Z(1  j)
=
2.8
So phase angle = 45 deg
Power factor = 0.707
Ans.
PROBLEM NO.34
When a 240V, 50 Hz supply is applied to a resistor of 15 Ω in parallel with an inductor,
the total current is 22.1amp. What value must the frequency have for the current to be
34amp?
SOLUTION:
I = I 1 + I2
240
I1 =
15

38
 Fgure no.
= 16amp
240
I2 = if resistance is neglected
jX
I = 22.1amp
( 22.12 ) = ( 162 ) + [ 240 / X ]2
Or 38.1 x 6.1 = [240 / X] 2
Or, 240 / X = 6.18 x 2.47
So, X = 15.75 ohm
2 x 3.14 x 50 L = 15.75…………………………………………………. (1)
Similarly,
( 34 ) ( 34 ) = ( 16 ) ( 16 ) + [ 240 / X’ ] [ 240 / X’ ]
X’ = 8
Or 2x3.14f L = 8…………………………………………… (2)
From (1) and (2), we get f = 50x8 / 15.75
= 25.5 Hertz
Ans.
PROBLEM NO.35
A coil of resistance 15 ohm and inductance 0.05H is connected in parallel with a non-
inductive resistor of 20 ohm. Find (a) the current in each branch (b) the total current
supplied; and (c) the phase angle of the combination, when a voltage of 200V at 50Hertz
is applied?
SOLUTION: Z1 = 20ohm

39
 Figure no.
I1 = 200 / 20
= 10amp
Z2 = 15 + j 2x3.14 x 5 0x 0.05
= 15 + j 15.7
Z2 = 21.7  46.2deg
I2 = 200  - 46.2deg / 21.7
= 9.2amp
In polar form,
I2 = 6.4 – j 6.64
I = I 1 + I2
= 10 + 6.4 – j 6.64
= 16.4 – j 6.64
= 17.69  - 22.04 deg
Hence, Current supplied by source = 17.69amp
Phase angle of the combination = 22deg

Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 36
Two impedances, Z1 and Z2 are connected in parallel. The first branch takes leading
current of 16amp and has a resistance of 5ohm, while the second branch takes a lagging
current at power factor 0.8. The total power supplied is 5KW, the applied voltage being
100 + j 200V. Determine the complex expressions for the branch and total currents, and
for the circuit constant?
SOLUTION: I1 = 16amp leading
R1 = 5ohm

40
 Power supplied = 5000W
V = 100 + j 200
= 100 5 63.4
= 223.8 63.4
223.8
Z1 =
16
= 14ohm
(5) (5) + (XC) (XC) = (14) (14)
(XC) (XC) = 171

Figure no.
Z1 = (5 – j13.1) ohm
= 14   69.1
223.863.4
I1 =
14  69.1
= 16 132.5
I1 = (-10.8 + j 11.8) amp

41
 Figure no.
Power dissipated in branch (1)
= (16) (16) x 5
= 1280
Power consumed in branch (2)
= 5000 – 1280
= 3720W
223.8 x I2 x 0.8 = 3720
3720
I2 =
223.8 x0.8
= 20.8
With respect to reference I2 is leading by
= (63.4 – 36.8)
= 26.6
I2 = 20.8 26.6
= (18.6 + j 9.3) amp
223.8
| Z2 | =
20.8
= 10.76
Z2 = 10.76 36.8
= (8.6 + j 6.42) ohm
I = I 1 + I2
= (-10.8 + j 11.8 + 18.6 + j 9.3) amp
= 7.8 + j 21.1
= 22.5 69.71
223.863.4
Z =
22.569.71
= 9.946   6.32
= 9.88 – j 1.09
So we have I1 = -10.8 + j 11.8, I2 = 18.6 + j 9.3, I = 7.8 + j 21.1
Z1 = (5 – j 13.1), Z2 = (8.6 + j 6.42), Z = (9.88 – j 1.09)
Ans.

42
PROBLEM NO. 37
Two circuits, the impedances of which are given by Z1 = (10 + j 15) ohm and Z2 = (6 – j
8) ohm, are connected in parallel. If the total current supplied is 15A, what is the power
taken by each branch?
SOLUTION: Z1 = 10 + j 15 = 18 56.3
Z2 = 6 – j 8 = 10   5.32

Figure no.
IZ 2
I1 
Z1  Z 2
15 x(6  8 j )
=
16  j 7
15 x(6  8 j )
=
16  j 7
15 x10  53.2
=
17.523.63
= 8.57   76.83
I1 = (8.57) (8.57) x 10
= 734.45W
IZ1
Similarly I2 =
Z1  Z 2
15 1856.3
=
16  j 7
= 15.4 32.67
P2 = (15.4) (15.4) x 6
= 1423W
Ans.

43
PROBLEM .38
A circuit with two branches Y1 = (0.16 + j 0.12) and Y2 = (- j 0.15) in parallel is
connected to a 100V supply. Find the total loss and the phase relationship between the
branch currents and the supply current?
SOLUTION: Y1 = (0.16 + j 0.12)
Y2 = - j 0.15
I1 = V Y1
= 100 (0.16 + j 0.12) A
= 16 + j 12
= 20 36.8

I 2  VY2
= 100 x – j 0.15
= - j 15
= 15   90

Figure no.
I = I1  I 2
= 16 + j 12 – j 15
= 16 – j 3
= 16.3   10.6

44
 Power = VI cos 
= 100 x 16.3 cos (10.6)
= 100 x 16.3 x 0.982
= 1600W
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 39
A small 1- phase, 240-V induction motor is tested in parallel with a 160ohm resistor. The
motor takes 2amp and the total current is 3amp. Find the power and power factor of (a)
the whole circuit, (b) the motor?
240
SOLUTION: I1 
160
= 1.5amp

Figure no.
I cos   1.5  2 cos  ………………………………….(1)
I sin   2sin  ………………………………………...(2)

Squaring both equations and adding, we get

( 3 ) ( 3 ) = 2.25 + 4 + 6 cos 
2.75
cos  
6
= 0.458

45
Power factor of motor = 0.458
Power of motor = 220 x 2 x 0.458
= 201.52W
Putting cos  = 0.458 in equation (1), we get
2 x 2.75
3cos   1.5 
6
cos   0.8055
Power = 240 x 3 x 0.8055
= 540W
Power factor of whole circuit = 0.8055
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 40
A sinusoidal, 50- HZ voltage of 200V supplied the three parallel circuits shown. Find the
current in each circuit and the total current. Draw the vector diagram?
SOLUTION: Z1 = 3 + j 314 x 0.03
= 3 + j 9.42
= 9.9 72.4

Figure no.

46
 200
I1    72.4
9.9
= 20.2   72.4
= 6.1 – j 19.3
jx106
Z 2  100 
314 x 400
= 100 – j 7.95 I1  1.5 A
= 100   4.55
2004.55
I2 
100
= 2 + j 0.16
j  106
Z 3  7  j (314  0.02  )
314  300
= 7 + j (6.28 – 10.6)
= 7 – j 4.32
= 8.23   31.7
200  31.7
I3 
8.23
= 24.3 31.7
= 20.64 + j 12.75
I  I1  I 2  I 3

= 6.1 + 2 + 20.64 + j (-19.3 + 0.16 + 12.75)

= 28.74 – j 6.4
= 29.4   12.6 Amp
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 41
A voltage of 240V is applied to a pure resistor, a pure capacitor and an inductor, all in
parallel. The resultant current is 2.3A, while the component currents are 1.5, 2.0, and
1.1A respectively. Find the resultant power factor and the power factor of the inductor?
SOLUTION: I1  1.5 A
I2  j2 A

47
 I1  I 2  1.5  j 2.0
= 2.5 53.2
2.32  2.52  1.12  2 x 2.5 x1.1cos(  53.2)
cos(  53.2)  0.395
  53.2  113.2

Figure no.
  60
Power factor of coil = cos (60)
= 0.5
We have,
2.3cos   1.5  1.1cos 60
= 1.5 + 0.55
= 2.05
cos   0.891
Power factor of circuit = 0.891
Ans.
PROBLEM NO.42

48
Two parallel circuits comprise respectively (1) a coil of resistance 20  and inductance
0.07H, and (2) a capacitance of 60microfarad in series with a resistance of 50 .
Calculate the current in the mains and the power factor of the arrangement when
connected across a 200-V, 50HZ supply?
SOLUTION: Z1  20  j 314 x0.07

Figure no.
= 20 + j 21.98
= 29.8 47.7
200
I1  (20  j 21.98)
883
= 4.52 – j 4.98
j 106
Z 2  50 
314  60
= 50 - j 53
200
I2 
50  j 53
= 2.75 46.6
= 1.89 + j 2
I  I1  I 2
= 4.52 – j 4.98 + 1.89 + j 2
= 6.41 – j 2.98
= 7.07   25 Amp
Power factor of whole circuit = cos 25

49
 = 0.907lag
Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 43
A coil having a resistance of 4  and an inductance of 1H is connected in parallel with
a circuit comprising a similar coil in series with a capacitor C and a non-inductive
resistor R. Calculate the values of C and R so that the currents in either branch of the
arrangement are equal but differ in phase by 90deg. Frequency 50Hz?
SOLUTION: f = 50HZ
I 2  jI1
jV
VY2 
4  jX 1
j
Y2 
4  jX 1

 Z 2  X 1 j 4

Figure no.
1
So 4  R  j ( X 1  )  X1  j 4
WC
 4  R  X1
4+ R = 314
R = 310 
1
Also X 1   4
WC

50
 1
 318
WC
1
C 
314 x318
= 10 micro farad
PROBLEM NO. 44
A reactor has a resistance of 5  and an inductance of 0.04H. Find a suitable shunt
circuit such that the current taken by the combination will be 20A at 100V, at all
frequencies?
V
SOLUTION: I  , I will be constant , if Z and V are constant.
Z
100
Z
20
= 5
It means that Z should be resistive.

Figure no.
Z1Z 2
Now Z
Z1  Z 2
1 1 1
Or  
Z Z1 Z 2
1 1 1
 
Z 2 Z Z1
Z1  Z
=
Z1Z

51
 Z1Z
 Z2 
Z1  Z
(5  jWL)5
=
(5  jWL  5)
25
=5–j
WL
It means that Z 2 is composed of resistance and capacitance in series
 R  5
If C is the value of capacitance,
1 25

WC WL
L
C
25
0.04
=
25
= 1600microfarad
PROBLEM NO.45
Find what inductance must be placed in series with a lamp requiring 3.05A, 410W at
unity power factor, when the supply is 230V, 50HZ. Find also the value of capacitance,
which must be placed across the supply power to unity?
SOLUTION: 3.05A , 410W , p.f. = 1
Supply 230V , 50Hz

52
 Figure no.
P  VI cos 
410  230 x3.05cos 
410
cos  
230 x3.05
= 0.585
230
Z =
3.05
= 75.4 
X  Z sin 

 75.4 x sin(cos 1 0.585)

= 75.4x0.812
= 61.2 
61.2
L
314
= 0.914H
If capacitance C is the connected for raising
p.f. to unity , the circuit diagram will become as shown below.
For p.f. to be unity
I 2  I1 sin 
V WL
VCW  .
R W L
2 2 2
R  W 2 L2
2

VWL
VCW 
R  W 2 L2
2

L
 R 2  W 2 L2
C
0.194
C 
(75.4) 2
= 34.1microfarad.
PROBLEM NO.46

53
An inductor L and a resistor R are connected in series. A capacitor C is shunted across L
and R. At what frequency will the total current in the circuit be independent of R, and
what is the value of current when the applied voltage is V?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
1
( R  jWL ) x
jwC
Z
1
( R  jwL ) 
jWc
( R  jwL)
=
1  w2 LC  jWCR

R 2  W 2 L2
Z
(1  w2 LC ) 2  ( wCR ) 2

1  w4 L2C 2  2 w2 LC  w2C 2 R 2
|Y|=
R 2  w2 L2

1  2 w2 LC  w2C 2 ( R 2  w2 L2 )
=
R 2  w2 L2

1  2w2 LC
=  w2 L2
R 2  w2 L2
1  2w2 LC
Now the only factor which involves R is .
R 2  w2 L2
At a certain frequency , this factor becomes zero . It is obvious that the frequency
at which this factor will be zero is given by

54
 1
f=
2 2LC
At this frequency
I = VY
= VwC
PROBLEM NO. 47
Find the condition that the currents in the two branches of the alternating current circuit
shown shall remain in quadrate when R1 and R2 are varied simultaneously. Determine
(a) the frequency at which the total current remains constant in magnitude under this
condition; (b) the magnitude of this current?

Figure no.
SOLUTION: Obviously
wL
tan  
R1
1
tan  
wCR2

55
 Figure no.
In accordance with the given condition,

  
2

tan(   )  tan
2
tan   tan  
 tan
1  tan  tan  2
wL 1

R1 wCR2

wL
1
R1 R2 wC
This will be possible when
L
1 0
CR1 R2
L
Or  R1 R2
C
j
( R  jwL)( R2 )
wC
(a) Z=
1
R1  R2  j ( wL  )
wC

L 2 R
( R1  R2  )  ( wLR2  1 ) 2
|Z|= C wC
1 2
( R1  R2 )  ( wL 
2
)
wC
V
I=
Z

1 2
( R1  R2 ) 2  ( wL  )
=V wC
L R
( R1 R2  ) 2  ( wLR2  1 ) 2
C wC

56
I has to be independent of frequency . It is possible when expression for I does

1
not has w . Numerator will not have w if w 
2

LC
We should try whether denominator contains w or not at this frequency.
2
4 L2 2 R L
Now denominator = 2
 w2 L2 R2  2 1 2  2 R1 R2
C wC C
4 L2 L L L L 1
[ Q  R1 R2 ] [ w 
2
=  ( R2 ) 2  ( R1 ) 2  2 R1 R2 ]
C 2
C C C C LC
L 2 4L
= [( R1 )  ( R2 ) 2   2 R1 R2 ]
C C
L
= [( R1 )2  ( R2 ) 2  2 R1 R2 ]
C
L
= [( R1  R2 ) 2 ]
C
So at this frequency

( R1  R2 ) 2 C
I =V
( R1  R2 ) 2 L

C
=V
L
PROBLEM NO. 48
Two impedances (14 + j 5)  and (18 + j 10)  are connected in parallel across a
200V, 50HZsupply. Determine (a) the admittance of each branch and of the entire circuit
(b) the total current, power and power factor and; (c) the capacitance which when
connected in parallel with the original circuit will make the resultant power factor unity?
SOLUTION: Z1 = 14 + j 5

57
 Figure no.
1
Y1 
Z1
1
=
14  j5
14  j 5
=
221
= (0.0634 – j 0.0226 )
1
Z2  ( ) 1
18  j10
1
Y2 
Z2
1
=
(18  j10)
18  j10
=
(324  100)
18  j10
=
424
= ( 0.0424 – j 0.0236 )
Admittances connected in parallel get added.
Therefore admittance for entire circuit i. e.
Y  Y1  Y2
= ( 0.1058 – j 0.0462 )
I = VY
= 200 ( 0.01058 –j 0.0462 )
= ( 21.16 – j 9.24 ) Amp
= 23.1   23.5
p.f. = cos( 23.5 )
= 0.916
Power = VI cos 

58
 = 200x 23.1x0.916
= 4.23KW
The capacitance connected in parallel should be such that admittance becomes
totally conductive for making p.f. unity.
 wC  0.0462
0.0462
C=
2 x50
= 147microfarad.
PROBLEM NO. 49
How is a current of 10A shared by three circuits in parallel, the impedances of which are
(2 – j 5)  , (6 + j 3)  and (3 + j 4)  ?
SOLUTION: I1  I 2  I 3  10................................(1)
I1 (2  j 5)  I 2 (6  j3) ……………..(2)
I1 (6  j 3)
Or 
I 2 (2  j5)
I1 (3  j 4)
Similarly  ……………………….(3)
I 2 (2  j5)

Figure no.
Putting values of I 2 and I 3 in the terms of I1 from (2) and (3) in (1), we get
2  j5 2  j5
I1[1   ]  10
6  j3 3  j 4
(2  j 5)(6  j3) (2  j 5)(3  j 4)
I1[1   ]  10
45 25
I1[1  0.067  j 0.8  0.56  j 0.92]  10

59
 I1[0.37  j1.72]  10
10
I1 
0.37  j1.72
10
| I1 |
1.76
= 5.68Amp.
(2  j5)10
I2 
(6  j3)(0.37  j1.72)
5.4 x10
| I 2 |
(3  j 4)(0.37  j1.72)
= 4.57Amp.
(2  j 5)10
I3 
(3  j 4)(0.37  j1.72)
5.4 x10
=
5 x1.72
= 6.12Amp.
PROBLEM NO. 50
A circuit A of resistance 8  and inductive reactance 6 is in parallel with a circuit B of
resistance 3 and inductive reactance 4 . Find (a) the conductance, susceptance and
admittances of combined circuits; (b) complex expressions for the total current; (c) the
angle of lag of each circuit and the combined circuit?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.

60
 (8  j 6)
Y1 
100
= ( 0.08 – j 0.06 )
(3  j 4)
Y2 
25
= ( 0.12 – j 0.16 )
Y  Y1  Y2
= ( 0.2 – j 0.22 )
I1  VY1
= V( 0.08 – j 0.06 )A
I 2  VY2
= V ( 0.12 – j 0.16 )A
I = VY
= V ( 0.2 –j 0.22 )A
3
Angle of lag of I1  tan 1 ( )
4
1 4
Angle of lag of I 2  tan ( )
3
1 2.2
Angle of lag of I  tan ( )
0.2
= tan 1 (1.1)
PROBLEM NO.51
Two coils of resistance 10 and 2 , and inductances 0.02H and 0.05H respectively are
connected in parallel. Calculate (a) the conductance , susceptance , and admittance of
each coil ; (b) the total current taken by the circuit when connected across a 200V
,50HZ supply ; (c) the characteristics of a single coil which will take the same
current and power as taken by the
original circuit ?
SOLUTION:

61
 Figure no.
Z1  10  j 6.28
(10  j 6.28)
Y1 
100  39.4
= 0.0717 – j 0.045
Similarly ,
2  j15.7
Y2 
250
= 0.008 – j 0.0628
Total Y  Y1  Y2
= 0.0797 – j 0.1078
I  VY
= 200 ( 0.0797 – j 0.1078 )
= 15.94 – j 21.56
|I|= 254  461
= 26.8Amp.
Z1Z 2
Suppose Z
Z 2  Z1
(10  j 6.28)(2  j15.7)
=
2  j15.7  10  j 6.28
20  j157  j12.56  98.5
=
12  j 21.98
78.5  j169.56
=
12  j 21.98

62
 186.85114.842
=
25.05961.39
= 7.45653.452
= 4.44 + j 5.98
 R  4.44
5.98
And L
2 x50
= 0.0191H.
PROBLEM NO. 52
Two impedances Z1  R1  jXL1 and Z 2  R2  R  j ( XL2  XC2 ) are in parallel ,

where R1  R2  10 and XL2  XL2  314 x0.1 . Calculate the resistance R and

the capacitance C in branch 2 such that I1  I 2 and the phase angle between

them is 90deg . w = 314 . Find 1 and 2 ?

SOLUTION:

Figure no.
R1  R2  10
XL1  XL2  314 x0.1
= 31.4 
I 2  jI1

63
 V jV

R2  R  j ( XL2  XC2 ) R1  jXL1

R2  R  j ( XL2  XC2 )  XL1  jR1

Putting numerical values , we get
10  R  j (31.4  jXC2 )  31.4  j10
Comparying real and imaginary parts , we get
10 + R = 31.4
 R  21.4
31.4  XC2  10
XC2  41.4
1
C
41.4 x314
= 76.9  F .
1  tan 1 (3.14)  72.3

2   tan 1 (0.318)  17.70 .

PROBLEM NO . 53
A voltage 200 35 V is applied to a circuit composed of two parallel branches . If
the branch currents are 10 40 and 20   30 A respectively , determine the
kilovolt amperes ,clovers , and kilowatts in each branch and in the whole circuit .
What is the power factor of the combined load ?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.

64
V = 20025
I1  1040
For branch (1)
KVA = 200x10x 103
=2
Reactive power = VIsin 
= 200x10sin 15 x103 KVAR
= 2x0.259
= 0.518KVAR
Power = VIcos 
= 200x10cos15x 103 KW
= 2x0.966
= 1.932KW
I 2  20  30
For branch (2)
200 x 20
KVA =
1000
=4
Reactive power = VIsin 
= 200x20xsin(25+30)x 103 KVAR
= 4x0.82
= 3.28KVAR
Active power = VIcos 
= 200x20cos(55x 103 )KW
= 4x0.572
= 2.288KW
I = I1  I 2
= 1040  20  30
= 7.65 + j 6.43 + 17.32 – j 10
= 24.97 – j 3.57

65
 = 25.2   8.1
For whole circuit
Reactive power = 200x25.2sin(8.1+25)x 103 KVAR
= 2.76KVAR
Active power = 200x25.2sin(33.1x 103 )KW
= 4.22KW
Volt ampere = 200x25.2x 103
= 5.04KVA
Power factor of whole circuit = cos(33.1)
= 0.84
PROBLEM NO. 54:
Two coils of resistances 20 and 30 , and self- inductances 0.1 and 0.05H
respectively , are connected in parallel across a 200V , 50HZ supply . If the mutual
inductances are 0.02H determine (a) the current in each coil and (b) the total
current ?
SOLUTION: Effective of mutual inductance can be either additive or subtractive.
First we shall take additive case.

Figure no.
(a) Writing loop equations , we get
200 = ( 20 + j w L1 ) I1  jwMI 2
200 = j wMI1  (30  jwL2 )
Substituting numerical values , we get

66
200 = (20  j 31.4) I1  j 6.28 I 2 ………………………………(1)
200 = j 6.28 I1  (30  j15.7) I 2 ……………………………….(2)
We will solve these equations by cramer’s rule


= ( 20 + j 31.4 ) ( 30 + j 15.7 ) + 39. 4

= 600 + j 31.4 + j 942- 492 + 39.4
= 147.4 + j 1256
= 1268  tan 1 (8.52)
1 =

= V ( 30 + j 9.42 )
= Vx 31.4 17.5
2 =

= V ( 20 + j 25.12 )
= Vx32.1 51.4
1
I1 

200 x31.417.5
=
126883.3
= 4.96   65.8

67
 1
I2 

200 x31.417.5
=
126883.3
= 4.96   65.8
2
I2 

200 x32.151.4
=
126883.3
= 5.08   31.9
I  I1  I 2
= 4.96  65.8 + 5.08   31.9
= 2.03 – j 4.52 + 4.32 – j 2.69
= 6.35 – j 7.21
| I | = 9.62Amp
(b) When effective of mutual inductance is subtractive.
Writing loop equations , we get
200= ( 20 + j 31.4 ) I1 - j 6.28 I 2
200 = -j6.28 I1 + ( 30 + j 15.7 ) I 2
Now ,  

= 1268 83.3
1 =

68
 = V ( 30 + j 21.98 )
= Vx37.3 36.2
2 =

= V ( 20 +j 37.68 )
= Vx 42.7 62
1
I1 

200 x37.336.2
=
126883.3
= 5.9   47.1
2
I2 

200 x 42.762
=
126883.3
= 6.75   21.3
I  I1  I 2
= 5.9   47.1 + 6.75   21.3
= 4.016 – j 4.322 + 6.288 – j 2.451
= 10.304 – j 6.773
= 12.33   33.31 .
PROBLEM NO. 55:
Two circuits of impedances Z A = ( 8 – j 7 )  and Z B = ( 5 + j 6 )  are connected
in parallel across a 100V , 50HZ supply . Calculate the current through each
circuit and the total current supplied ?
SOLUTION: Z A = ( 8 – j 7 ) 

69
 = 10.62   41.2
V
I1 
ZA
10041.2
=
10.62
= 9.41 41.2
V
I2 
ZB
100
=
5  j6

Figure no.
100  50.2
=
7.81
= 12.8   50.2
I  I1  I 2
= 9.41 41.2 + 12.8   50.2
= 7.1 + j 6.18 + 8.2 – j 9.83
= 15.3 – j 3.65
| I | = 15.72Amp.
“SERIES – PARALLEL CIRCUITS”
PROBLEM NO . 56:
In the arrangement shown , calculate the impedance AB and the phase angle
between voltage and current ?

70
 Figure no.
(8  j10)(7  j 9)
SOLUTION: Z AB =  5  j2
15  j 9
12.80651.34 x11.4052.12
=  5  j2
24.20751.709
= 6.03 51.75 + 5 – j 2
= 3.733 + j 4.735 + 5 – j 2
= 8.733 + j 2.735
= 9.151 17.389
| Z AB | 9.151
Angle of lag = 17.389
PROBLEM NO.57:
The circuit shown in fig. is in the sinusoidal steady state
(a) Determine the phasor voltage VAB
(b) To what value of radian frequency must the source voltage be set in order
that VAB (t) and i(t) be in phase.

Figure no.
5
SOLUTION: (a) Z CB = 2 + j 4x1.25 +
1  j 4 x0.1x5

71
 5
=2+j5+
1 j2
5(1  j 2)
= 2 + j5 +
(1) 2  ( j 2) 2
5(1  j 2)
=2+j5+
5
=2+j5+1–j2
= 3 + j3
3(1  j 2)
VAB 
2(3  j 3)
1  j2
=
2(1  j1)
(1  j 2)(1  j1)
=
2 x2

1  j 2  j1  j 2 2
=
2 2
1  j 3
=
2 2
5
(b) Z CB = 2 + j 1.25w +
1  j 0.5w
5(1  j 0.5w)
= 2 + j 1.25w +
1  (0.5) 2
5 j 2.5w
= 2 + j 1.25w + 
1  (0.5w) 2
1  (0.5w) 2
VCB (t) and i(t) will be in phase if Z CB does not contain imaginary

part . This will happen if

2.5w
1.25w =
1  (0.25w) 2

1 + (0.25w) 2 = 2
w=2
PROBLEM NO.58:

72
A voltage of 100V is applied
across AB to produce I = 40A. Find
the value of R when (a) RP  5 (b)

RP  10 ; also the power factor of

the circuit in each case ?
Figure no.

SOLUTION: (a) VAB = 100V , I = 40Amp

RP = 5 
5 xj 2
ZP 
5  j2
j10(5  j 2)
=
29
= 0.69 + j 1.725
Total Z = ( R + 0.69 ) + j 1.725
100
But total Z =
40
= 2.5 
 (2.5) 2  ( R  0.69) 2  (1.725) 2

( R  0.69) 2 = 3.28
R = 1.81 – 0.69
= 1.12
1.12
p.f. =
2.5
= 0.725

73
 10 xj 2
(b) Z P =
10  j 2
j 20(10  j 2)
=
104
= 0.385 + j 1.923
Total Z = (R + 0.385 ) + j 1.923
100
But total Z =
40
= 2.5
 (2.5) 2  ( R  0.385) 2  (1.923) 2

( R  0.385) 2  2.55
R + 0.385 = 1.605
R = 1.22
1.605
p.f. =
2.50
= 0.64.
PROBLEM NO. 59:
Refer to the circuit of the following figure.
(a) Find the equivalent reactance for the parallel branch.
(b) Find the r.m.s line current.
(c) Determine the r.m.s voltage across the parallel branch. Comment on this
result.
(d) What is the power dissipated?
(e) What is the power factor

74
 Figure no.
SOLUTION: (a) For parallel branch
106
XC 
j 377 x10
= - j 265.251  .
X L  j 377 x 2.35
= j885.95
X C xX L
Z=
XC  X L
 j 265.25 xj885.95
=
 j 265.25  j 885.95
= -j378.66
Impedance is capacitive.
(b)Z = 100 + j 377 – j 378.66
= 100
141.4
I r .m . s 
2 x100
= 1Amp
(c) Voltage across parallel branch
= 100 – 1x(100 + j 377)
= -j377V
(d) Power dissipated
= (100) 2 x100
= 1000KW.
(e) Power factor = 1.
PROBLEM NO. 60:
A capacitor of 50  F , shunted by a non- inductive resistor of 100 , is connected
in series with a resistor of 50 to a 200V, 50HZ supply. Calculate the current in
the shunted resistor ; (c) the total current ?

75
  jx106
SOLUTION: X C 
314 x50
= -j 63.5
100
Z = 50 +
1  j 314 x50 x106 x100
100
= 50 +
1  j1.57
= 50 + 28.9 – j 45.3

Figure no.
78.9  j 45.3
|Z|=
(78.9) 2  (45.3) 2

= 90.9 
 Total current
200
I=
90.9
= 2.20Amp.
100
I1 = Ix
100  j 63.5
2.20  29.8 x100
=
118.457  32.41
= 1.857 2.62 Amp.

76
 2 x  j 63.5
I2 =
100  j 63.5
2.20  29.8 x 63.5  90
=
118.457  32.41
= 1.17   87.39 Amp.
PROBLEM NO. 61:
A 230V ,1000HZ voltage is applied to a resistor in series with C = 0.05  F . When

C is shunted by a voltmeter of capacitance 0.06  F , the reading is 100V. Find the

current when voltmeter is disconnected ?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
Total C = ( 0.05 + 0.06 )  F
= 0.11  F .

 jx106
XC =
2 x1000 x 0.11
=  j1450
100
I= A
1450
230 x1450
Z= 
100
= 3335  .
 (3335) 2  R 2  (1450) 2

R 2  4785 1885

77
 R = 3003.28 .
When voltmeter is disconnected ,
j  106
Z = 3003.28 
2 103  0.05
= 3003.28 – j 3183.09
= 4376.27   46.664
230
 I=
4376.27
= 0.0525Amp.
PROBLEM NO. 62 :
In the circuit shown determine what 50HZ voltage must be applied across AB in
order that a current of 10A may flow in the capacitor ?

Figure no.
SOLUTION: XL1  j 2 x50 x0.0191
= j6
 jx106
XC 
2 x50 x398
= -j8
XL2  j 2 x50 x0.0318
= j10
I 2 = 10Amp.
 VAC = I 2 xZAC
= 10 ( 7 – j 8 )
= 70 – j 80

78
 VAC
I1 =
ZAEC
70  j80
=
5  j6
106.301  48.81
=
7.8150.194
= 13.610  99
= - ( 2.13 + j 13.442 ) Amp
I = I1  I 2
= 10 – 2.13 – j 13.442
= 7.87 – j 13.442
= 15.576   59.651
Z CB = 8 + j 10

= 12.806 51.304
VCB = I Z CB

= 12.806 51.304 x 15.576   59.651

= 199.466   8.347
= ( 197.353 – j 28.956 ) V
VAB = VAC  VCB
= 70 – j 80 + ( 97.353 – j 28.956 )
= 267.353 – j 108.956
= 288.70   22.172
 VAB = 288.70 V .
PROBLEM NO. 63 :
A 100  resistor , shunted by a 0.4H inductor , is in series with a capacitor C . A
voltage of 250 V at 50HZ is applied to the circuit . Find ( a) the value of C to
give unity power factor , ( b) the total current , and the current in the inductive
branch . Draw the vector diagram ?

79
 Figure no.
SOLUTION : X L = j314 x 0.4
= j 125.6
100 xj125.6 j
Z = 
100  j125.6 wC
j125.6 j
= 
1  j1.256 wC
j
= 61.1 + j 48.8 
wC
For p.f. to be unity , the reactive part should be zero .
1
Therefore 48.8 =
wC
1
C=
314 x 48.8
= 65  F
250
Total current =
61.1
= 4.08Amp.
Current in inductive branch
4.08 x100
=
100  j125.6
4.08
=
1  j1.256
4.08
=
1.605
= 2.55Amp.
PROBLEM NO . 64 :

80
In a series parallel circuit , the two parallel branches A and B are in series with

C . The impedances are Z A = ( 10 + j 8 ) , Z B = ( 9 – j 6), and Z C = ( 3 + j 2 ) , and the

voltage across C is ( 100 + j 0 )V. Find the current I A and I B and the phase
angle between them ?
100  j 0
SOLUTION : I =
3  j2

Figure
no.
100(3  j 2)
=
13
= ( 23 – j 15.4 ) A
= 27.7   34.1
Ix(9  j 6)
IA =
19  j 2
27.7  34.1x10.82  34.1
=
19.1260
= 15.7   74.2
= ( 4.274 – j 15.106 ) Amp.
IB = I I A
= 23 – j 15.4 – 4.274 + j 15.106
= 18.726 – j 0.294

81
 = 18.728   0.9
 Phase difference between I A and I B
= 74.2 – 0.9
= 73.3
PROBLEM NO. 65 :
In the current shown determine the characteristics of the impedance between the
points B and D ?

Figure no.
SOLUTION: Resistances of 5 and 10 are connected in parallel. The equivalent

5 x10
resistance =
15
10
= 
3
10
(  j 20)(  j15)
Z BD = 3
10
 j 20  j15
3
(3.33  j 20)( j15)
=
3.33  j5
20.2780.546 x15  90
=
6.00756.336
= 50.628   65.79 .
PROBLEM NO. 66 :

82
The circuit shown
takes 12A at a lagging
power factor and
dissipates 1.8KW when
the voltmeter reading
is 200V. Calculate the
values of R1 , X 1 and

X2 ? Figure no.

SOLUTION : Voltmeter measures voltage across coil .

200
 Z COIL 
12
= 16.65 
 (10) 2  ( X 2 ) 2  (16.65) 2

Or ( X 2 ) 2 = 276 – 100
= 176
X 2 = 13.3  .
I = 12Amp.
200
Z 
12
= 16.65 .
1.8 x1000
cos  
12 x 200
= 0.75

83
  Z = 16.65x0.75 + 16.65 sin ( cos 1 0.75)

Let series combination of R1 and X 1 and then in parallel with 20 be Z’, we
have
( R1  jx1 )( j 20)
Z’ =
( R1  jX 1  j 20)
 j 20 R1  20 X 1
=
( R1  jX 1  j 20)
20( X 1  jR1 )[ R1  j ( X 1  20)]
=
( R1 ) 2  ( X 1  20) 2

20[ R1 X 1  j ( R1 ) 2  jX 1 ( X 1  20)  R1 ( X 1  20)]

=
( R1 ) 2  ( X 1  20) 2

20[ R1 X 1  R1 ( X 1  20)  j ( R1 ) 2  jX 1 ( X 1  20)]

=
( R1 ) 2  ( X 1  20) 2
20[ R1 X 1  R1 ( X 1  20)]
= 12.5 – 10………………………………………………(1)
( R1 ) 2  ( X 1  20)2

20[( R1 ) 2  X 1 ( X 1  20)]
= 11 – 13.3……………………………………………….(2)
( R1 ) 2  ( X 1  20) 2

These are two equations in R1 and X 1 and by solving these equations , we can

find R1 and X 1 .
From (1) we get
( R1 )2  ( X 1  20)2  160 R1 ……………………………………….(3)
Putting this value in (2) , we get
20[( R1 ) 2  ( X 1 ) 2  20 X 1 ]
= 2.3…………………………………..(4)
160 R1
From (3) , we have
160R1 = ( R1 ) 2  ( X 1 ) 2  40 X 1  400 ……………………………..(5)
From (4) , we have
18.4 R1 = ( R1 )2  ( X 1 )2  20 X 1

Substituting value of [( R1 ) 2  ( X 1 ) 2  20 X 1 ] in (5) , we have

84
 160 R1 = 20 X 1  400  18.4 R1
( X 1  20) = 7.08 R1 …………………………………………………..(6)

Putting value ( X 1  20) in (3) , we get

( R1 ) 2  50( R1 ) 2  160 R1
160
R1 
51
= 3.14 .
Putting value of R1 in (5) , we get
X 1 = 2.19 .
PROBLEM NO. 67 :
Determine the impedance of the circuit shown and the power consumed in each
branch ?

Figure no.
SOLUTION : Suppose VAC = V volts
V
I1 
I
= V amps.
V
I2 
(0.5  j1)
= V ( 0.4 + j 0.8 )
V
I3 
2  j5

85
 = V ( 0.069 – j 0.172 )
100  V
I =
0.4  j 0.8
(100  V )(0.4  j1.0)
=
0.8
= ( 100 – V ) ( 0.5 – j 1.0 )
= 50 – j 100 – 0.5 V + jV
= ( 50 – j 0.5V ) + j ( V – 100 )
We know that I = I1  I 2  I 3
V ( 1 + 0.4 + j 0.8 + 0.069 – j 0.172 ) = ( 50 – 0.5V ) + j ( V – 100 )
V ( 1.97 + j 0.63 ) = ( 50 – 0.5V + jV - j 100 )
V ( 1.97 + j 0.63 + 0.5 – j 1.0 ) = 50 – j 100
V ( 1.97 – j 0.37 ) = ( 50 – j 100 )
50  j100
V=
(1.97  j 0.37)
= 56   52.8
= ( 33.8 – j 44.6 ) Volts.
I = ( 100 – 33.8 + j 44.6 ) ( 0.5 – j 1.0 )
= ( 66.2 + j 44.6 ) ( 0.5 – j 1.0 )
= ( 33.1 – j 66.2 + j 22.3 + 44.6 )
= ( 77.7 – j 43.9 ) Amp.
= 89.2   29.4
10029.4
Z 
89.2
= 1.12 29.4
56  52.8
I1 
1
= 56  52.8
P1  I 2 R1

= (56) 2 x1
= 3.12KW.

86
 56  52.8
I2  , because 0.5 – j 1.0 = 1.12
1.12  63.4
  63.4
= 5010.6
 P2  56 x50 x cos(52.8  10.6)
= 56x50x0.448
= 1.25KW.
56  52.8
I3 
(2  j 5)
56  52.8
=
5.468.2
= 10.4   121
P3  56 x10.4 x cos(121  52.8)

= 56x10.4x0.371
= 0.215KW.
Total power = 100x89.2xcos(29.4)
= 100x89.2x0.87
= 7.76KW.
Power consumed in Z 4 = 7.76 – ( 0.216 + 1.24 + 3.10 )
= 3.18KW.
PROBLEM NO. 68:
A potential difference of 100V at 50HZ is applied to the circuit shown. Calculate (a) the
equivalent resistance and reactance ; (b) the current in each branch circuit ; (c) the
power factor of supply ; (d) the current in the mains ?

87
 Figure no.
SOLUTION: The whole of the circuit is to be reduced to single impedance consisting of
a resistance and reactance.
For branch (1)
R = 12 .
X L  j314 x0.05

= j15.7

 jx106
XC 
314 x 250
=  j12.72
Z1  12  j15.7  j12.7
= 12 + j 3
= 12.4 14.1
For branch (2)
Z 2 '  10  j 314 x 0.02
= 10 + j 6.28
(5  j 6.28) x(  j 31.8)
Z2 " 
5  j 6.28  j 31.8
(5  j 6.28)( j31.8)
=
5  j 6.28  j 31.8
(5  j 6.28)( j31.8)
=
5  j 25.52
256  38.1
=
26  78.9
= 9.85 40.8
= 7.45 + j 6.44
Z 2 = 100+ j 6.28 + 7.45 + j 6.44
= 17.45 + j 12.72
= 21.6 36.2
100
I1 =
12.414.1

88
 = 8.06  14.1 .
= 7.82 – j 1.97
100  36.2
I2 =
21.6
= 4.62  36.2
= 3.73 – j 2.73
I = I1  I 2
= 7.82 – j 1.97 + 3.73 – j 2.73
= 11.55 – j 4.70
= 12.5  22.2
Power factor of supply
= cos(22.2)
= 0.926
10022.2
Total Z =
12.5
= 822.2
= 8x0.926 + j 8x0.378
= ( 7.4  j 3.05) .
PROBLEM NO. 69 :
When 220V is applied across AB in the circuit , the total power is 3.25KW and
the current is 20Amp. Taking the voltage across AC as the vector of reference ,

give complex expressions for the currents in Z 2 and Z 3 ?

Figure no.
SOLUTION: I = 20Amp

89
 Z1  (5  j10)
VCB  IZ1

= 20( 5 + j 10 )
= ( 100 + j 200 )volts
P = 3.25KW.
P = VIcos  .

3.25 x103
cos  =
220 x 20
= 0.738
VAB = 220  cos 1 0.738
= 220x0.738 + j 220xsin( cos1 0.738)
= 162.36 + j 148.46
VAC = VAB – VCB
= 162.36 + j 148.46 – 100 – j 200
= 62.36 – j 51.54
= 80.902  39.57
80.902
 I2 =
5  j 20
80.902  76
=
20.615
= 3.924  76 , if VAC is reference
80.902  39.57
I2 = , if I is reference
20.61576
= 3.924  115.57
= ( - 1.69 – j 3.54 ) Amp.
I3 = I - I 2

= 20 + 1.69 + j 3.54
= 21.69 + j 3.54
= 22 9.27 , if I is reference.
= 22 9.27  39.57
= 22 48.84 , if VAC is reference.

90
 “ SERIES RESONANCE “
PROBLEM NO . 70
A coil of resistance 2 and inductance 0.01H is connected in series with a
capacitor across 200V mains . What must be the capacitance in order that
maximum current occurs at a frequency of (a) 25 , ( b) 50 , ( c) 100HZ ? ( d ) Find
also the current , and the voltage across the capacitor , in each case ?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
(a) frequency = 25HZ
Maximum current will occur when
1
wL =
wL
1
or C=
( w) 2 L
1
=
(2 x 25) 2 x0.01
= 4050  F
(b)f = 50HZ.
1
C=
(2 x50) 2 x 0.01
= 1012 F
(c)f = 100HZ
1
C=
(2 x100) 2 x0.01
(d) At resosnance , maximum current will flow and it will be
200
=
2

91
 = 100Amp
VC = I X C

I
=
wC
In case (1) ,
100 x106
VC =
6.28 x 25 x 4050
= 157Volts
In case (2) ,
100 x106
VC =
6.28 x50 x1012
= 314 Volts
In case (3) ,
100 x106
VC =
6.28 x100 x 254
= 628 Volts.
PROBLEM NO . 71
A voltage of e(t) = 10sinwt is applied to a series R-L-C circuit . At the resosnant
frequency of the circuit the maximum voltage across capacitor is found to be
500V . Moreover , the bandwidth is known to be 400rad/sec and the impedance at
resonance is 100 ohms .
(a) Find the resonant frequency .
(b) Compute the lower and upper band limits of frequency .
(c) Determine the value of L and C for this circuit .
SOLUTION: (a) w2  w1 = 400 rad/sec
At resonance ,
Z = R = 100
R
w2  w1 
L
R
L=
w2  w1

92
 100
=
400
= 0.25H
At resonance ,
10
I= Amp .
2 x100
I
VC 
wo C
V
=
RwoC
V
= wo L
R
= QV
500
So Q =
10
= 50
wo L
But Q =
R
QR
 wo 
L
50 x100
=
0.25
= 20 x103 rad / sec
1
(b) Upper band limit = wo  wbw
2
400
= 20 x10 
3

2
= 20200 rad/sec
Lower band limit = 20000 – 200
= 19800 rad/sec
(c) L = 0.25 H
wo  20 x103 rad / sec

93
 1
( wo ) 2 =
LC
1
C 
( wo ) 2

1
= 3 2
(20 x10 ) x0.25
= 108 F
PROBLEM NO . 72 :
A resistor and a capacitor are in series with a variable inductor . When the
circuit is connected to a 200V, 50HZ supply , the maximum current obtainiable by
varying the inductance is 0.314A . The voltage across the capacitor is then 300V.
Find the circuit constants ?
SOLUTION: Maximum current obtainiable occurs at resonance.
This current is given by
V
, IM 
R
200
R=
0.314
= 636
VC  300 Volts

I X C  300
300
XC 
0.314
= 955.414
1
C= F
2 x50 x955.414
= 3.331  F
955.414
L=
2 x50
= 3.041 H.
PROBLEM NO . 73 :

94
A coil of inductance 9 H and resistance 50  in series with a capacitor is
supplied at constant voltage from a variable frequency source . If the maximum
current is 1A at 75HZ , find the frequency when the current is 0.5A ?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
I max  1Amp at 75HZ

V = 50x1
= 50 volts
At resosnance ,
Voltage across inductance = voltage across capacitance
1
This gives ( w0 ) 2 
LC
1
C=
(2 x75) 2 x9
= 0.5 F
When I = 0.5Amp
50
Z=  100
0.5
Let Z be occurring at w rad/sec , we have
1 2
( R ) 2  ( wL  )  (100) 2
wC

1 2
( R ) 2  ( wL  )  (100) 2
wC
1 2
( wL  )  0.75 x104
wC

95
 1
wL   0.866 x10 2 ……………….....................(1)
wC
106
9w   0.866 x102
0.5w
(9w) 2  86.6w  2 x10 6  0

86.6  7500  72 x106

w=
18
86.6  8485.72
=
18
8572.32
Taking +ve sign , we get f=
18 x 2
= 75.79 HZ
The other frequency is found by taking - ve sign in equation (1) and it
becomes
8398.72
=
18 x 2
= 74.26 HZ.
PROBLEM NO. 74
A constant voltage at a frequency of 1MHZ is applied to an inductor in series
with a variable capacitor. When the capacitor is set to 500pf , the current has its
maximum value ; while it is reduced to one- half when the capacitance is 600pf.
Find (a) the resistance , (b) the power factor , and (c) the voltage across the coil ?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
C = 500pf , w = 2 x106 rad/sec
At resonance ,

96
 1
(2 x106 ) 2 
Lx500 x1012
1
L=
(2 x10 ) x500 x1012
6 2

= 0.05066mH
Current is reduce to half when C = 600pf . Therefore impedance offered by
circuit at this stage is just double to that of in previous case .
In previous case Z = R
In second case Z = 2R
1 2
 ( wL  )  ( R) 2  (2 R) 2
wC
1
wL   3R
wC
1012
3R  2 x106 x 0.05066 x103 
2 x106 x600
= 318.306 – 265.26
= 53.04
53.04
R=
3
= 30.62
318.306
Q- Factor of coil =
30.62
= 10.395
PROBLEM NO . 75 :
A coil of resistance 40  and inductance 0.75H forms part of a series circuit for
which the resonant frequency is 55HZ . If the supply is 250V , 50HZ , find (a) the
line current (b) the power factor , and (c) the voltage across the coil ?
SOLUTION:

97
 Figure no.
Resonant frequency = 55Hz.
1
( w0 ) 2 
LC
1
C=
( w0 ) 2 L
1
=
(2 x55) 2 x0.75
= 1.116 x105 F .
At 50HZ
106
Z = 40 + j ( 2 x50 x 0.75  )
2 x50 x11.16
= 40 – j 50
= 64  51.34
40
p.f. =
64
= 0.625 leading
250
Line current =
64
= 3.90 Amp.
Z Coil  40  j 236

= 239.365
VCoil  3.90 x 239.365

= 933.52Volts.
PROBLEM NO . 76

98
A coil of inductance 0.2H and resistance 20  is connected in parallel with a
100  F capacitor . Calculate the value of frequency at which the circuit will act as
a non-inductive resistance of R ohms . Find also the value of R ?
SOLUTION:

Figure no.
1
Y=  jwC
R  jwL
R jwL
=   jwC
( R )  ( w) ( L) ( R)  ( w) 2 ( L) 2
2 2 2 2

When impedance is resistive , reactive part is zero .

wL
  wC
( R )  ( w) 2 ( L) 2
2

L
Or  ( R ) 2  ( w) 2 ( L) 2
C
L
( w) 2 ( L) 2   ( R)2
C
0.2
=  400
100 x106
= 2000 – 400
= 1600
Or wL= 40
40
f 
0.2 x 2
= 31.83 HZ .
At resonance ,

99
 ( R) 2  ( w) 2 ( L) 2
Effective resistance =
R
L L
= Because ( R) 2  ( w) 2 ( L) 2 
CR C
0.2
=
100 x106 x 20
= 100 .
PROBLEM NO . 77
A coil of resistance 10 and inductance 0.5H is connected in series with a
capacitor . On applying a sinusoidal voltage , the current is a maximum when the
frequency is 50HZ . A second capacitor is connected in parallel with this circuit; what
capacitance must it have so that the combination acts like a non-inductive resistor at
50Hz? Calculate the total current supplied in each case if the applied voltage is
220V ?
SOLUTION :

Figure no.
According to given condition
1
(2 x50) 2 
0.5 xC
1
C 
(2 x50) 2 x0.5
= 20.264  F
Total admittance

100
 1
 jC1
Y=  1
R  j  L  
 C

 1
j  L  
R  C
= 2
 2
 jC1
 1  1
( R) 2   L   ( R) 2   L  
 C   C
For impedance to be resistive , reactive part in above expression
should be zero i.e.
1
L 
C  C1
2
 1
( R)    L  
2

 C
106
2 x100 x0.5 
C1  2 x100 x 20.2
Or
106
(10) 2  (2 x50 x0.5 x 2  )2
2 x100 x 20.2
314.159  78.79
=
100  (314.159  78.79) 2
235.37
=
100  (235.37) 2
2.3537
=
1  235.37 x 235.37
2.3537
=
235.37 x 235.37
1
=
235.37
1
 C1 
2 x100 x 235.37
= 6.76  F
In first case
Z = R = 10 
220
So I =
10

101
 = 22Amp.
In second case
10
Y=
(10)  (235.37) 2
2

220 x10
I=
5.549 x104
= 0.0396Amp.
PROBLEM NO .78
A circuit has inductive reactance of 20  at 50HZ , its resistance being 15  . For
an applied voltage of 200V at 50HZ , calculate (a) the angle of phase difference
between current and applied voltage ; (b) the value of current ; (c) the value of the
shunting capacitance to bring the resultant current into phase with the applied
voltage ; (d) the resultant current in case (c) ?
SOLUTION :

Figure no.
(a) Z = 15 + j 20
20
  tan 1
15
= 53.2
|Z|= 225  400
= 25
200
(b) I =
25
= 8Amp.
(c ) For bringing current in phase with the applied voltage , the
condition which should be satisified is given by

102
 L
 ( R ) 2  ( ) 2 ( L) 2
C
= 225 + 400

= 625
20
C
2 x50 x625
= 101.86  F
(d) Effective resistance
L
=
CR
20 x106
=
2 x50 x101.86 x15
= 41.66
200
Current =
41.66
= 4.8Amp.
PROBLEM NO . 79
A coil of resistance R and inductance L is shunted by a capacitor C . Show that ,

L
for parallel resonance , the effective resistance is . Show also that the
CR

C
circulating current is V , so long as the resistance is small . A circuit
L

comprises an inductance of 10  F1 associated with a resistance of 10  , in

parallel with a capacitance of 104 pF . Find the current for resosnant frequency
and for 90percent of resosnant frequency ?
1
SOLUTION : Y =  jC
R  j L
R j L
=   jC
( R )  ( ) ( L) ( R)  ( ) 2 ( L) 2
2 2 2 2

For parallel resosnance , reactive part should be zero .

103
 Figure no.
L
Hence  C
( R )  ( ) 2 ( L) 2
2

L
Or  ( R ) 2  ( ) 2 ( L) 2
C
At resosnance ,
R
Y=
( R)  ( ) 2 ( L) 2
2

RC
=
L
L
So effective resistance =  Proved
CR
We also have ,
L
( R) 2  ( ) 2 ( L) 2 
C
L
( R)2 
C
 1  ( )2 LC 
1
L
R=
C
 1  ( ) 2
LC  2

L  1 
 1  ( ) LC
2
=
C  2 
If R is sufficiently small , it will be sufficiently right that
L
R=
C

104
 VRC
Current =
L
VC L
=
L C

C
=V
L

Figure no.
Resonance will occur when
L
( R) 2  ( ) 2 ( L) 2 
C
VCR
And , I =
L1

Vx104 x1012 x1
=
10 x106
= 103V .
L
Also , ( ) ( L)   ( R) 2
2 2

C
10 x106
= 4 1
10 x1012
= 103
 L  31.62
31.62

10 x106
= 3.162 rad\sec.
90 percent of   0.9 x3.162 x106 rad \ sec

105
 = 2.846 x 106 rad / sec
At this frequency ,
1
Y= 6
 j 2.846 x106 x104 x1012
1  j 2.846 x10 x10 x10
6

1
=  j 2.846 x102
1  j 28.46

= 0.0351   87.987  j 2.84 x102

= 1.232 x103  j 0.0350  j 2.84 x102

= 1.232 x10 3  j 6.54 x10 3

| Y | = 6.655 x103
 I  6.655 x103V .
PROBLEM NO . 80
A voltage consisting of a fundamental V1  100V ( rms) at 50HZ and a 10 percent
fifteenth harmonic is applied to a coil having R = 1 and L = 0.001H . Find
I1andI15 . (b) Find what capacitance is needed to make a rejector circuit for the

harmonic , and the resulting I1 and I15 ?

SOLUTION :

Figure no.
(a) For fundamental ,
Z = 1+j 2  x 50 x 0.001
= 1 + j 0.314
= 1.048
100
 I1 
1.048
= 95.402Amp.
For 15th harmonic

106
 Z = 1  j 2 x50 x15 x0.001
= 1 + j 4.712
= 4.817
100 x 0.1
 I15 
4.817
= 2.0758Amp.
(b)

Figure no.
Suppose C is the value of capacitance which is needed to make the required
rejector circuit .
According to the required condition
L
( R) 2  ( ) 2 ( L)2 
C
L
(1) 2  (2 x50 x15 x0.001)2 
C
L
23.206 =
C
0.001
C=
23.206
= 43.091 F .
1
Now Y1   j 314 x 43.1x106
1  j 0.314
= 0.912 – j 0.286 + j 0.0136
= 0.912 – j 0.273.
| Y1 | = 0.953
I1  1000 x 0.953
= 95.3Amp.

107
 VCR
I15 
L
100 x 43.1x106 x1
=
10 x0.001
= 0.431Amp.

108