CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

 Policing is one of the most important functions undertaken by the every sovereign
government.
 For the state machinery, police is an inevitable organ which would ensure maintenance of
law and order, and also the first link in the criminal justice system.
 On the other hand, for common man, police force is a symbol of brute force of authority
and at the same time, the protector from crime.
 Policemen get a corporate identity from the uniform they wear; the common man
identifies, distinguishes and awes him on account of the same uniform.
 The police system across the world had developed on a socio cultural background, and
for this reason alone huge differences exist between these police system.
 Policing mainly rests on either of the two broad principles:
1. Policing by consent; and
2. Policing by law.
There are three (3) practical reasons we should compare systems of and issue in criminal justice.
 To benefit from experience of others;
 To broaden our understanding of different cultures and approaches to problem; and
 To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world today.

GLOBALIZATION
= The rapid development of the western culture that affects other cultures in the world as brought
by intellectual and technological advances, in which some crimes occurring in other countries are
attributed.

= The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture
through acculturation.
= Is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment, information, ideas, and
authority.
THREATS OF GLOBALIZATION IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
Some threats brought about by globalization are:
 Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass killing
 The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and
security
 Conflict between nations
 Transnational crime networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION to Law Enforcement

= law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people…….unaccountable flow of
migration and open markets present new threats to state-based human rights regimes – great
challenge to law enforcement.
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM
1. Common Law Systems = usually exists in English speaking countries of the world
= there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the
public trial is a main focal point
= also known as “Anglo-American Justice”
2. Civil Law Systems = distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted
to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
= also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
3. Socialist System = distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.
= known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia
4. Islamic System = based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal
traditions

DISCUSSION ON INNOVATIVE POLICING

Community Policing
- is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of
partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give
rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.

Community Policing Three Key Components:

 Community Partnerships
Collaborative partnerships between the law enforcement agency and the individuals and
organizations they serve to develop solutions to problems and increase trust in police
1. Other Government Agencies
Police partner with agencies such as probation and parole, health and human services,
schools, and other law enforcement agencies. All agencies benefit from sharing
resources and experience.
2. Community Members and Groups
Police forge partnerships with people who live and work in the community. These
partnerships can help develop trust and transparency, leading to more efficient and
effective policing and better community-police relationships.
3. Nonprofits and Service Providers
Police often partner with entities such as support groups, issue and advocacy
organizations, and the faith-based community. These partnerships allow for more
coordinated and targeted use of shared resources.
4. Private Businesses
Police develop partnerships with the small business community, large corporations,
and local chamber of commerce and visitors bureaus.
5. Media
Police develop partnerships with local newspapers, television outlets, radio stations,
and bloggers. These lead to greater transparency, better public image, and more
effective crime-solving.
 Organizational Transformation
The alignment of organizational management, structure, personnel, and information systems
to support community partnerships and proactive problem solving
1. Agency Management – Community policing helps law enforcement executives to
incorporate community policing ideals into all areas of an agency.
2. Organizational Structure - A community policing structure provides line-level
officers with decision-making authority and accountability. This empowers the
officers who interact and build relationships with their community members on a
daily basis.
3. Personnel - Community policing ideals are incorporated into all personnel practices
including recruitment, hiring, section, training, and evaluations. The goal and
emphasis of every practice is the development of a positive relationship between
police and the community.
4. Information Systems and Technology - Technology plays a central role in providing
access to accurate community information and enhancing two-way communication.

 Problem Solving
The process of engaging in the proactive and systematic examination of identified problems
to develop and evaluate effective responses
1. Scanning - Officers identify and prioritize problems, determine the nature of the
problem, and the scope of the problem.
2. Analysis - Officers research what is known about the problem to gain a thorough
understanding of all possible contributing factors.
3. Response - Officers develop solutions to bring about lasting reductions in the number
and extent of problems.
4. Assessment - Officers evaluate the success of the response and make adjustments as
necessary.
5. Using the crime triangle - Officers look for vulnerabilities in the crime triangle.
Problems can be solved by disrupting the relationship among the victim, offender,
and location.
BROKEN WINDOW THEORY
- is a physical symbol  that the residents of a particular neighborhood do not especially care about
their environment and that low-level deviance is tolerated. The theory influenced policy-makers on both
sides of the Atlantic and, most famously, in New York in the 1990s.
Their response was zero tolerance policing where the criminal justice system took low-level
crime and anti-social behaviour much more seriously than they had in the past.  This included "three
strikes and you're out" policies where people could get serious custodial sentences for repeated minor
offences, such as unsolicited windscreen cleaning, prostitution, drunk and disorderly behaviour, etc.

Evaluating Broken Windows Theory

 The impact of the policy in New York appeared to be dramatic with crime levels (including very
serious crimes like murder) falling rapidly. There was a 40% drop in overall crime and over 50%
in homicide. Fans of Broken Windows on the political right in America hailed this as a success,
but there are two main criticisms.
 This policy coincided with a period of economic growth and a reduction in poverty.  Those who
feel that social conditions are a stronger driver of crime than broken windows suggest that the
crime rates in New York fell because the social conditions for people in New York significantly
improved. As such it is possible that it was purely a coincidence that it happened at the same time
as the implementation of broken windows. Just because there was a correlation does not mean
that there was causality.
 Some accused Broken Windows of achieving control without justice. Yes, the crime rates fell, but
people were in prison, sometimes serving long sentences, for very minor misdemeanours.  
Furthermore, there was evidence showing that the policy impacted much more heavily on
minority ethnic groups, particularly African Americans and Latin Americans, than on the
majority white population.  While poor black people might be arrested for public drunkenness or
jay-walking, white middle-class students celebrating the start of their freshman year by doing the
same things are tolerated. Therefore, police discretion makes the implementation of broken
windows unjust. Supporters of the theory, however, would counter that zero tolerance should
mean zero tolerance and white students shouldn't get away with public drunkenness either.
PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING
= is an analytic method used by police to develop strategies that prevent and reduce crime. Under
this model, police agencies are expected to systematically analyze the problems of a community, search
for effective solutions to the problems, and evaluate the impact of their efforts. Problem-Oriented
Policing represents police-led efforts to change the underlying conditions at hot spots that lead to
recurring crime problems. It also requires police to look past traditional strategies and consider other
possible approaches for addressing crime and disorder. Today, it is one of the most widely used strategies
among progressive law enforcement agencies.

Component of Problem-Oriented Policing

1. Scanning
 Police rely on several different sources to identify and prioritize potential problems
associated with crime and disorder in a jurisdiction. This can include identifying
problems of concern to the community, confirming that the problem exists, figuring
out the consequences of the problem, and determining how frequently the problem
occurs.

2. Analysis
 This stage of the process involves identifying and analyzing relevant data to learn
more about the problem, including potentially narrowing its scope and figuring out
possible explanations why the problem is occurring. This information is essential for
selecting the most effective and appropriate response to the problem, which occurs in
the next step.

3. Response
 Police and their partners select one or more responses or interventions based on the
results from the Analysis conducted in the previous step. A response plan is outlined
that includes the nature of each response, the specific objectives these responses are
intended to achieve, and the responsibilities of the various partners involved in
implementing the response. Once the response is selected, it is implemented by the
police and their partners.
 4. Assessment
 Involves evaluating whether the responses were implemented in a way that was
consistent with the Response plan, and whether the responses achieved their intended
effects. Thus, the assessment phase includes both process evaluation and impact
evaluation components.

PULLING LEVERS POLICING

 Also referred to as Focused Deterrence Strategies are problem-oriented policing
strategies that follow the core principles of deterrence theory. The strategies target
specific criminal behavior committed by a small number of chronic offenders who are
vulnerable to sanctions and punishments. Offenders are directly confronted and
informed that continued criminal behavior will not be tolerated.

At a general level, the approach of focused deterrence strategies includes the following:

1. Selecting a particular crime problem (such as youth homicide);

2. Convening an interagency working group that may include law enforcement, social service, and
community-based practitioners;
3. Developing a response to offenders or groups of offenders that uses a variety of sanctions
(“pulling levers”) to stop continued violent behavior;
4. Focusing social services and community resources on target offenders to match the prevention
efforts by law enforcement; and
5. Directly and continually communicating with offenders to make them understand why they are
receiving special attention.

THIRD PARTY POLICING

- describes police efforts to persuade or coerce non-offending persons to take actions which are
outside the scope of their routine activities, and which are designed to indirectly minimize disorder
caused by other persons or to reduce the possibility that crime may occur. The practice applies formal,
noncriminal controls found in civil law as coercive tools against an intermediate class of non-offending
persons who are thought to have some power over offenders' primary environments. The police use
coercion to create place guardianship that previously was absent, so as to decrease opportunities for crime
and disorder.

HOT SPOT POLICING

- is a strategy that involves the targeting of resources and activities to those places where crime is
most concentrated. The strategy is based on the premise that crime and disorder is not evenly spread
within neighbourhoods but clustered in small locations.

COMPSTAT POLICING
- is a performance management system that is used to reduce crime and achieve other police
department goals. Compstat emphasizes information-sharing, responsibility and accountability, and
improving effectiveness. It includes four generally recognized core components:
(1) Timely and accurate information or intelligence;
(2) Rapid deployment of resources;
(3) Effective tactics; and
(4) Relentless follow-up.

EVIDENCE POLICING
- is an approach to policy making and tactical decision-making for police departments. It has its roots
in the larger movement towards evidence-based practices.

Advocates of evidence-based policing emphasize the value of statistical analysis, empirical research and
ideally randomized controlled trials. EBP does not dismiss more traditional drivers of police decision-making,
but seeks to raise awareness and increase the application of scientific testing, targeting and tracking of police
resources, especially during times of budget cuts and greater public scrutiny.

Scope of Evidence Policing

1. Enforcement - Policy-makers may factor in the population-wide priorities in policing
action. Freedom from violent coercion is associated with happier populations, which may
inform the use of force, or actions that nominally enforce laws but raise levels of
 community violence. Law enforcement may make enforcement decisions on the basis of
flow-through effects in subsequent crimes.

2. Education - Police may also share evidence about the consequences of crime as a preventative
measure. For instance, politically motivated groups that use violent methods, or escalate from
nonviolent to violent methods are less likely to gain the compliance of governments, suggesting that
terrorism is less effective than civil action.

3. Sentencing - Evidence can also be used in sentencing. Certainty of punishment, and

therefore consistency of sentencing deters crime far more effectively than the imminence
or severity of punishment.

4. In Forensics - There is a growing movement for the use of blinded

procedures in lineups in which the officer who shows the photos to the witness does not
know which photo is of the suspect. The use of such blinded procedures may reduce false
identification of suspects.

CHAPTER 2

GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM and TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

Republic Act No. 9372

Human Security Act of 2007

 Is a Philippine law that took effect on July 20, 2007. This law is one of the most primary
anti-terrorism law that brings the Philippines in line with its Southeast Asian neighbors battling
Islamist militants. It is aimed at tackling militants in the southern Philippines.

The law defines terrorism a crime of “causing widespread and extraordinary fear and panic
among the populace” and allows authorities to arrest terror suspects without warrants and
temporarily detain them without charges for a maximum of three days.[3] Under the law,
detained terrorists are entitled to see a lawyer, a priest, a doctor, or family members.

Background

The first anti-terror bill was sponsored in Congress by Senator Juan Ponce Enrile in 1996; the
bill that passed was close to Senator Enrile’s proposal.

The final version included many amendments by Senator Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.[6] These
revisions introduced several amendments and safeguards that have caused the law to be called
“toothless” and “watered down”. It was ratified by the Senate on February 8, then approved by
the House of Representatives during a special session two weeks later on February 19, 2007.[ It
was later signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 6.[7] It took effect on
July 20, 2007.

The Philippines had long been urged by the United States and other Western countries to bring in
stricter anti-terror legislation, citing the presence of al Qaeda-linked extremists who have been
blamed for bombings, beheadings, and kidnappings.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION

History
For more than 100 years, police across the globe have been cooperating to prevent and fight
crime.

While some of the basic crimes remain unchanged over the years (murder, robbery) other crimes
have followed technological, economic and sociological developments in our world (such as
cybercrime and people smuggling).

Policing has also advanced in line with developments in technology. Until the 1980s, when our
records were computerized, data was processed and analyzed manually.

In 1935, we launched a dedicated radio network for sharing police information while today’s
secure web-based system allows police to check our databases in real-time from the frontline.

Yet the very first initiatives to discuss extradition procedures, identification techniques and
record keeping are still at the heart of our role today. Locating fugitives remains a core activity,
biometrics have replaced paper fingerprints and our databases contain millions of global records
of criminal data.

We began as the International Criminal Police Commission, created in 1923, and became the
International Criminal Police Organization-INTERPOL in 1956.

INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization operating world-wide with
186 member countries. Its headquarters, the General Secretariat, are located in Lyon, France. In
addition to a representative office at United Nations Headquarters in New York, INTERPOL
currently operates six Sub-regional bureaus staffed by law enforcement representatives
originating from the region. These bureaus are located in Argentina, Ivory Coast, El Salvador,
Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe with a seventh regional office expected to commence functions
in Cameroun in early 2008. Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central
Bureau, known as an NCB. The NCB which is fully staffed and operated by the relevant services
of the member country is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat and other
member countries requiring assistance with transnational investigations, the location and
apprehension of fugitives, and other international enquiries relating to the work of law
enforcement.

INTERPOL CONSTITUTION

INTERPOL

 Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal Police Organization) is the police forces

organization that primarily manifest global or international cooperation in addressing
transnational crime. Its headquarters was initially located in Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol
was founded) but at present it is transferred to Lyon France.

 INTERPOL = is the world’s largest international police organization, with 194 member
countries. It exists to help create a safer world by supporting law enforcement agencies
worldwide to combat crime.

 It aims to facilitate international police co-operation, and supports and assists all
organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat internal crime.

 = the organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves as transmission or

communication line for the exchange of information, data and request for assistance between and
among the member countries.

 It focuses on: (1) Combat crimes and transnational crimes; (2) protect minorities against
the dominant groups; and (3) Maintain law enforcement regardless of race or religion.
INTERPOL’s Structure

 General Assembly

 Executive Committee

 General Secretariat

 National Central Bureaus

 Advisers

 The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files.

General Assembly = is the supreme governing body of the Interpol, it meets annually and
comprises delegates appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important
decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities and programmers.

Executive Committee = consisting of 13 members elected by the General Assembly and

comprises the president, three vice –presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.

It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ which meets three times a year, usually in
March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.
Current Members of the EC as of 2012

 KHOO Boon Hui (Singapore) – Current President and Singapore’s Senior Deputy
Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs and former Commissioner of Police.

3 Vice Presidents

Adamu Abubakar MOHAMMED (Nigeria)

Mireille BALLESTRAZZI (France)

Oscar Adolfo NARANJO TRUJILLO (Colombia)

9 Delegates

 Pieter Jaap AALBERSBERG (The Netherlands)

 Fath ELRAHMAN Osman (Sudan)

 Emmanuel GASANA (Rwanda)

 Francisco GIL MONTERO (Spain)

 Nobuyuki KAWAI (Japan)

 Tariq KHOSA (Pakistan)

 Sanna PALO (Finland)

 Marcos VASQUEZ MEZA (Chile)

 Timothy A. WILLIAMS (United States)

General Secretariat = (Lyon, France) operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the
Secretary General. It Works with Officials of more than 80 countries side-by-side using four
official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. It consists of seven (7) regional offices
across the world namely:

 Argentina,

 Cameron,

 Cote D’Ivoire,

 Kenya,

 El Salvador,

 Thailand, and

 Zimbabwe.
MEMBERS STATE AND SUB-BUREAUS

INTERPOL has 194 member countries, making us the world’s largest police organization. They
work together and with the General Secretariat to share data related to police investigations.

Countries come together at our annual General Assembly to decide policy, working methods,
finances and activities. In addition, heads of NCB meet annually at a conference to share
experiences.

Members State of INTERPOL:

AFGHANISTAN

ALBANIA

ALGERIA

ANDORRA

ANGOLA

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA

ARGENTINA

ARMENIA

ARUBA
AUSTRALIA

AUSTRIA

AZERBAIJAN

BAHAMAS

BAHRAIN

BANGLADESH

BARBADOS

BELARUS

BELGIUM

BELIZE

BENIN

BHUTAN

BOLIVIA

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

BOTSWANA

BRAZIL
BRUNEI

BULGARIA

BURKINA FASO

BURUNDI

CAMBODIA

CAMEROON

CANADA

CAPE VERDE

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CHAD

CHILE

CHINA

COLOMBIA

COMOROS

CONGO
CONGO (Democratic Rep.)

COSTA RICA

CROATIA

CUBA

CURAÇAO

CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

DENMARK

DJIBOUTI

DOMINICA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EGYPT

EL SALVADOR

EQUATORIAL GUINEA
ERITREA

ESTONIA

ESWATINI

ETHIOPIA

FIJI

FINLAND

FRANCE

GABON

GAMBIA

GEORGIA

GERMANY

GHANA

GREECE

GRENADA

GUATEMALA
GUINEA

GUINEA BISSAU

GUYANA

HAITI

HONDURAS

HUNGARY

ICELAND

INDIA

INDONESIA

IRAN

IRAQ

IRELAND

ISRAEL

ITALY

JAMAICA

JAPAN
JORDAN

KAZAKHSTAN

KENYA

KIRIBATI

KOREA (Rep. of)

KUWAIT

KYRGYZSTAN

LAOS

LATVIA

LEBANON

LESOTHO

LIBERIA

LIBYA

LIECHTENSTEIN

LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

MALAYSIA

MALDIVES

MALI

MALTA

MARSHALL ISLANDS

MAURITANIA

MAURITIUS

MEXICO

MOLDOVA

MONACO

MONGOLIA

MONTENEGRO

MOROCCO
MOZAMBIQUE

MYANMAR

NAMIBIA

NAURU

NEPAL

NETHERLANDS

NEW ZEALAND

NICARAGUA

NIGER

NIGERIA

NORTH MACEDONIA

NORWAY

OMAN

PAKISTAN

PALESTINE
PANAMA

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

PARAGUAY

PERU

PHILIPPINES

POLAND

PORTUGAL

QATAR

ROMANIA

RUSSIA

RWANDA

SAMOA

SAN MARINO

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

SAUDI ARABIA

SENEGAL
SERBIA

SEYCHELLES

SIERRA LEONE

SINGAPORE

SINT MAARTEN

SLOVAKIA

SLOVENIA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

SOMALIA

SOUTH AFRICA

SOUTH SUDAN (Rep.of)

SPAIN

SRI LANKA

ST KITTS & NEVIS

ST LUCIA
ST VINCENT & GRENADINES

SUDAN

SURINAME

SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

SYRIA

TAJIKISTAN

TANZANIA

THAILAND

TIMOR LESTE

TOGO

TONGA

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

TUNISIA

TURKEY

TURKMENISTAN
UGANDA

UKRAINE

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED STATES

URUGUAY

UZBEKISTAN

VANUATU

VATICAN CITY STATE

VENEZUELA

VIET NAM

YEMEN

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE
SUB-BUREAUS of INTERPOL

National Central Bureaus (NCB) = Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National
Central Bureau staffed by National law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact
point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring
assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

Advisers = these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the
Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’ File (CCF) = this is an independent body whose
mandate is threefold:

(1) To ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies

with the Organization’s regulations,

(2) To advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter
concerning the information contained in INTERPOL’S files.

The heart of INTERPOL

NCBs are at the heart of INTERPOL and how we work. They seek the information needed from
other NCBs to help investigate crime or criminals in their own country, and they share criminal
data and intelligence to assist another country.

As part of their role in global investigations, NCBs work with:

• Law enforcement agencies in their own country

• Other NCBs and Sub-Bureaus around the world

• The General Secretariat’s offices worldwide

NCBs can also develop training programmers for their national police to raise awareness on
INTERPOL’s activities, services and databases.

Sharing criminal data

NCBs contribute national crime data to our global databases, in accordance with their respective
national laws. This ensures that accurate data is in the right place at the right time to allow police
to identify a trend, prevent a crime, or arrest a criminal. For example, our Red Notices alert
police in all countries to wanted persons.

Cooperating on investigations
NCBs cooperate on cross-border investigations, operations and arrests. To take investigations
beyond national borders, they can seek cooperation from any other NCB.

Given the common issues faced within each region, NCBs work together increasingly on a
regional basis. They combine resources and expertise in successful interventions against those
crime areas which affect them the most.

Who works in an NCB?

The composition of an NCB varies from country to country, but they are usually part of the
national police force, and are staffed by highly-trained police officers.

NCBs often sit structurally in a unit close to the national police chief and most of them have the
authority to trigger law enforcement action in their own countries.

Heads of NCB Conference

NCB staff shape INTERPOL’s activities and plans, coming together each year at the Heads of
NCB Conference. This provides a unique forum for building relationships and working together
to find joint solutions to common challenges. Many Heads of HCB also participate at our
General Assembly.

Contact with the public

INTERPOL NCBs do not respond to requests from the general public. Anyone wishing to report
a crime or provide information on an international investigation should contact their local or
national police, who will in turn contact the NCB.
INTERPOL’s FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure Global Police Communications Services

INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 global police communications system to exchange crucial data
quickly and securely is a cornerstone of effective international law enforcement.

2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

INTERPOL provides operational data services and databases for police to fight
international crime, police need access to information which can assist investigations or help
prevent crime. INTERPOL manages several databases, accessible to the INTERPOL bureaus in
all member countries through its I-24/7.

3. Operational Police Support Services

a. 24-Hour Support

The Command and Co-ordination Centre(CCC) operates round the clock in all of
INTERPOL’s four official languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic) and serves as the
first point of contact for any member country faced with a crisis situation.

b. Crisis Response and Major Events

 In the event of a disaster or major crime, INTERPOL Response Teams or Disaster Victim
Identification teams composed of officers from the General Secretariat and member countries
can be dispatched to the scene within hours of an event.

c. International Alert System

An important component of INTERPOL’s operational police support is the notice system,

of which the Red Notice for wanted persons is the most well-known. In addition to the six color-
coded notices (Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Black and Orange), is the INTERPOL-United Nations
Special Notice issued for groups or individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions against Al
Qaeda and the Taliban.

d. Analyzing Crime Data

Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized by the law enforcement community as a

valuable tool, helping to provide timely warning of threats and operational police activities.
INTERPOL contributes to investigations by assisting officers working at the General Secretariat
and in member countries with research and analysis on crime trends and with training courses in
criminal analysis techniques.

Divisions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis

a. Operational Analysis = aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome.

Usually, it has immediate benefit

b. Strategic Analysis = provides early warning signals of threats and to support

decision making in setting priorities to deal with criminal issues
 5. Police Training and Development

As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions, Police Training and Development continues
to evolve as a priority for INTERPOL and member countries.

INTERPOL RULES AND GOVERNANCE

INTERPOL assists international police cooperation even where diplomatic relations do

not exist between particular countries; all actions are politically neutral and taken within the
limits of existing laws in different countries.

The Secretary General is the Organization’s chief executive, and is responsible for overseeing
the day-to-day work of the General Secretariat.

Our supreme governing body is the General Assembly, which brings all member countries
together once a year to take all major decisions affecting general policy. The 13-member
Executive Committee is led by the President and oversees the execution of General Assembly
decisions.

INTERPOL’s Governance

= comprises the General Assembly and the Executive Committee, which is headed by the
President.

The President of the Organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of four
(4) years. His role is to chair the General Assembly and Executive Committee and ensure that
INTERPOL’S activities conform with decisions made at these meetings.
 Oskar Dressler = the first secretary general of the Interpol.

 Johann Schober = the first president of the Interpol.

INTERPOL’S NOTICE

1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted
persons with a view to extradition.

2. Blue Notice – this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain
information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation.

3. Green Notice – to warn about a person’s criminal activities if that person is considered to
be a possible threat to public safety.

4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons
who are unable to identify themselves.

5. Black Notice – a notice issued to seek information on unidentified bodies.

6. Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an

imminent threat and danger to persons or property.
 7. Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and
concealment methods used by criminals.

8. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is issued for individuals

and entities that are subject to UN sanctions.

The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international cooperation against
transnational crime:

 Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;

 Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individual states;

 European multilateral cooperation via Europol.

*System of policing that serves as a grass root approach to bring the people and the police
together in cooperative manners:

 Problem Oriented Policing

 Community Oriented Policing

 Cooperative Policing

 Team Policing
INTERPOL’S FINANCING

INTERPOL is primarily financed by our member countries, whose governments pay annual
statutory contributions to the Organization and can make voluntary and in-kind donations.

INTERPOL ACTIVITIES

Our crime-fighting activities assist member countries through three global programmes:

■ Counter-terrorism – To prevent and disrupt terrorist activities by identifying members of

terrorist networks and their affiliates, and tackling the main factors that enable their activities:
travel and mobility, online presence, weapons and materials, and finances.

■ Cybercrime – Our primary activities target ‘pure cybercrime’ (crimes against computers and
information systems). We also fight cyber-enabled crimes, where the use of technology amplifies
crimes such as financial fraud and terrorists’ use of social media.

■ Organized and emerging crime – To target and disrupt transnational organized criminal
networks, and to identify, analyze and respond to emerging threats.
INTERPOL CAPABILITIES

Our policing capabilities are the expertise, tools and services that we provide to our member
countries.

■ Police data management – We maintain global databases detailing suspects, travel documents,
vehicles, works of art, fingerprints, DNA, firearms, and more, and make these available to
frontline officers in real time.

■ Forensics – Our experts have specialist knowledge of fingerprints, DNA, DVI, facial
recognition and digital forensics.

■ Criminal analysis – By making connections between crimes (people, places, modus operandi),
we can establish patterns and trends.

■ Fugitive investigative support – International fugitives are opportunistic and often dangerous.
We work to close the net on criminals who are on the run.

■ Command and Coordination Centre – The CCC is our first point of contact for countries who
need assistance. It operates round the clock from offices in Buenos Aires, Lyon and Singapore.

■ Special projects – We establish projects to respond to specific trends and issues, such as our
Border Management Task Force.

■ Innovation – Criminals are quick to adopt new technologies and police need to stay ahead of
the game. Our Innovation Centre looks at research and development in policing matters.
■ Capacity building and training – Continuous learning and development is essential for police at
all levels. We provide training tailored to the specific needs of our member countries.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

- A crime perpetuated by organized criminal groups which the aim of committing

one or more serious crime or offenses in order to obtain directly or indirectly, a
financial or other material benefits committed through crossing of borders or
jurisdictions.

According to the United Nation Convention of Transnational Organized Crime, an offense is

transnational if it:

• Is committed in more than one state;

• Is committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning,

direction or control takes place in another state;

• Is committed in one state but involves organized crime group that engages in
criminal activities in more than one state; or
 • Is committed in one state but has subs effect in another state.

TERRORISM

= Define as the unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate
or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in furtherance of
political or social objectives.

= The term terrorism comes from French “terrorisme”, from Latin: “terror”, great fear,
“dread”, related to the Latin verb “terrere”, “to frighten”.

= The use of the word first appeared in January 1975 in The Times.

Characteristics of Terrorism

• Premeditated or Planned

• Politically motivated

• Aimed at civilians

• Carried out by sub-national groups

Typology of Terrorism

• Nationalist Terrorism – seek to form a separate state of their own and

frequently depict their activities as a fight for liberation.

• Religious Terrorism – pursue their own vision of the divine will and use
violence intended to bring about social and cultural changes.

• State-sponsored Terrorism – deliberately used by radical states as foreign

policy tools.

• Left-wing Terrorism – seek to destroy economies based on free enterprise and

to replace them with socialist or communist economic systems.

• Right-wing Terrorism – motivated by fascist ideals and work toward the

dissolution of democratic governments.

• Anarchist Terrorism – are revolutionaries who seek to overthrow all

established forms of government.

• Domestic Terrorism – refers to the unlawful use of force or violence by a

group or an individual who is based and operates within a state.

• International Terrorism – is the unlawful use of force or violence by a group

or an individual who has connection to a foreign power or whose activities
transcend national boundaries against person or property to intimidate or
coerce a government.
 • Cyber Terrorism – is a form of terrorism that makes use of high technology –
especially computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web – in the planning
and carrying out of terrorist attacks.

Terrorist Organizations

1. Al-Qaeda

 Founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988 in Saudi Arabia.

 An Islamic jihadist movement to release Western-controlled or dominated Muslim

countries with Islamic fundamentalist regimes.

Osama bin Laden

 Born in March 10, 1957 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 The only so of his father’s tenth wife.

 At the age of 17, Osama married his first wife.

 Osama married four women and fathered roughly 25 or 26 children.

The September 11, 2001 Attack

 Al-Qaeda’s well known attack.

 19 men hi-jacked 4 commercial passenger jet airliners.

 Crashing 2 of them into the World Trade Center, 1 in Pentagon and the other 1 in
Pennsylvania.

 2,973 died and the 19 hi-jackers.

2. Bangsa Moro

 “the MORO people” in the generic name for the 13 ethno linguistic Muslim tribes in the
Philippines which constitute a quarter of the population in Mindanao in the Southern Philippines.

Three Major Groups:

a. Maguindanaons

b. Maranaos

c. Tausogs

3. Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

Aliases: Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyah

Bearer of the Sword

Father of the Swordsman

Founding Philosophy:
 The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed in 1991 during the peace process between the
Philippine government and the nationalist/separatist terrorist group, the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF).

 ASG was lead by Abdurajak Janjalani, who was recruited for training in Afghanistan.

4. Rajah Solaiman Movement

 Aliases: “Balik Islam” or “Back to Islam”

 Founded by Hilarion Del Rosario Santos III, a.k.a Hannah Santos, Ahmed Santos,
Hilarion del Rosario.

 Converted to Islam in 1993 and married into the top ranks of the leadership of the Abu
Sayyaf Group (ASG).

5. Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)

 Aliases: Islamic Community, Islamic Group

 The Philippine cell is the smallest of the JI cells in Southeast Asia.

 Considered as the major logistics cell, responsible for acquiring explosives, guns and
other equipment.
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

DRUG TRAFFICKING

= is the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture,

sale, trading, transportation, distribution, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 The world’s largest market for illegal drugs.

 Marijuana, Cocaine and Heroin

- The most heavily abused drugs

 Methamphetamine

- The cause of the fastest-growing drug problem in the United States.

DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA)

- The Federal Agency responsible for controlling the spread of illegal drugs in the
United States and abroad.

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)

 - Created through Republic Act 9165 “Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of
2002” under the Dangerous Drugs Board.

- PDEA is under the Office of the President

SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION

 Considered as a “hot spot” in relation to the drug trade.

 Chine – leading producer of opium poppy.

 The “Golden Triangle” – manufactures opium and heroin

REGIONAL INITIATIVES TO ADDRESS THE DRUG TRADE

1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

- Continuously pooling their resources to effectively address drug trafficking.

2. Association of Southeast Asian Nation Chief of National Police (ASEANAPOL)

- Consolidate National Police Forces, enhance regional law enforcement

cooperation and harmonize policing system in the region.

- 1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police
= Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and
Thailand)

FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

- 1. Brunei 4. Myanmar

- 2. Cambodia 5. Vietnam

- 3. Laos

ORANIZATION

1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE = comprise of deputy heads of delegation

attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the
activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation

2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT

= is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL conference
and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.

= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors

Tenure of Services

a. Executive Director – 2 years

b. Directors – 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs

*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference
on the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was
made the permanent seat.

*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.

DRUG TRADE IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The Philippines is a producer, exporter and consumer of cannabis plant-based drugs

(marijuana, hashish, et.al)

 The Philippines is an importer and consumer of synthetic drugs, in particular

methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu.)

 The Philippines is a transit point for the international trade in heroin and cocaine.

 The Philippines is being used as a recreation place, an investment and money laundering
haven.

MONEY LAUNDERING
 = is the method by which criminals disguise the illegal origins of their wealth and protect
their asset bases.

= Is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity as herein defined are

transacted, thereby making them appear to have originated from legitimate sources.

Brief History

 The term “money laundering” originated from Mafia ownership of Laundromats in the
United States.

 The first use of the term “money laundering” was during the Watergate Scandal 1973 in
United States.

Stages of Money Laundering

1. Placement

- The first stage in the washing cycle. The money are placed into the financial
system or retail economy or are smuggled out of the country.

- The aim is to remove the case from the location of acquisition.

 2. Layering

- The first attempt of concealment or disguise of the source of the ownership of the
funds by creating complex layers of financial transactions designed to disguise the
audit trail and provide anonymity.

- Moving money in and out of the bank account of bearer through electronic funds
transfer.

3. Integration

- The final stage in the process.

- The money is integrated into the legitimate economic and financial system and
assimilated in all other assets in the system.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING

= A crime against humanity.

= It involves an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a

person through the use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

1. The Act (What is done)

- Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons.

2. The Means (How it is done)

- Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or

vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim.

3. The Purpose (Why it is done)

- For the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of

others, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar practices and the
removal of organs.

CYBER CRIME

= Refers to all activities done with criminal intent in the cyberspace.

= Crimes committed with the use of Information Technology, where computer, network,
internet is the target and where the internet is the place of activity.
Types of Cyber Crime

1. Hacking – the act of illegally accessing the computer system/network of an individual,

group or business enterprise without the consent or approval of the owner of the system.

2. Cracking – a higher form of hacking in which the unauthorized access culminates with
the process of defeating the security system for the purpose of acquiring money or
information and/or availing of free services.

3. Malicious Sending of E-Mails – sending of malicious and defamatory electronic mails as

a medium of extorting money, or threatening prospective victims.

4. Internet Pornography – trafficking, distribution, posting and dissemination of obscene

material including children’s nude pictures, indecent exposure and child sex slavery
posted into the internet, live streaming videos aired into the internet under a certain fee.

5. Launching of Harmful Viruses

 Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDOS)

 Website Defacement

- The unauthorized modification of a website.

 Acquiring credit card information from a website that offers services

 Internet shopping using fraudulently acquired credit cards

 Wire transfer of funds from a fraudulently acquired credit card

 Online Auction Fraud

EXERCISE 2

1. Explain why R.A 9372 “Human Security Act of 2007 was created.

2. Explain one core function of INTERPOL?

3. Explain INTERPOL’S Governance.

4. What is Terrorism?

5. Explain drug trade in Philippines.