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    Assignment 1

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    Assignment 1

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    Bibek Gajmer
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    Assignment 1

    Uploaded by

    Bibek Gajmer
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Name: Bibek Biswakarma Date: 23 th Sep 2021

    Student no. 19-2-02646 Course: BS BIO 4-1

    Immunology
    Assignment 1: Introduction to immune system

    1. What are the two types of adaptive immunity, and what types of microbes
    do these adaptive immune responses combat?
     The two types of adaptive immunity are cell-mediated immunity and
    humoral immunity. Cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T cells, is
    essential for protection against intracellular pathogens. Humoral or
    antibody-mediated immunity provides protection primarily against
    extracellular pathogens.

    2. What are the principal classes of lymphocytes, how do they differ in


    function, and how may they be identified and distinguished?
     B lymphocytes express surface immunoglobulin, which functions as their
    antigen receptor and mediate humoral immunity. Following activation, B
    lymphocytes differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells. T
    lymphocytes express the T cell antigen receptor and either CD4 or CD8
    and mediate cell- mediated immune responses. After activation by peptide
    antigens displayed by cell surface MHC molecules, CD4+ T cells secrete
    cytokines and express membrane- bound activating ligands, which induce
    inflammation, enhance the functions of phagocytes, and promote B cell
    antibody responses. CD8+ T cells produce cytotoxic proteins that induce
    the death of infectedcells.
     T-lymphocytes can be distinguished from other lymphocytes like B cells
    and natural killer cells (NK cells) by the presence of a T cell receptor
    (TCR) on the cell surface.

    3. What are the important differences among naive, effector, and memory T
    and B lymphocytes?
     Naive lymphocytes are mature B or T cells that have not yet encountered
    a foreign antigen. Following activation, naive lymphocytes proliferate and
    differentiate into cells that acquire the ability to protect against or eliminate
    pathogens. These lymphocytes are known as effector cells. Most effector
    cells die after the antigen is eliminated, but a subset of previously
    activated lymphocytes known as memory cells live for extended periods.
    Memory lymphocytes not only self-renew and survive indefinitely but also
    respond more rapidly and vigorously when challenged byantigen.

    4. Where are T and B lymphocytes located in lymph nodes, and how is their
    anatomic separation maintained?
     B lymphocytes reside in follicles in peripheral (secondary) lymphoid
    organs. T cells reside in the parafollicular cortex of lymph nodes. B and T
    cells are maintained in these locations by specific cytokines called
    chemokines, which are secreted by stromal cells in the follicle and the
    parafollicular cortex,respectively.

    5. How do naive and effector T lymphocytes differ in their patterns of


    migration?
     Naive lymphocytes home from the blood into secondary lymphoid organs,
    and then, via lymphatics, they migrate back into the blood and recirculate
    through other secondary lymphoid organs. Effector lymphocytes are
    generated in secondary lymphoid organs, and most migrate into the blood
    and then home to the tissue site where the activating antigen may be
    located.

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