Channel coding in 5G.

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Abdullatif Alsuwaidan Write your name here Write your name here
Computer Engimeering Write your department Write your department
name here name here
161033@student.kcst.edu.k Write you email here Write you email here
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Abstract:

The fifth-generation mobile communication network (5G) technology is a hot topic in the current
mobile communication field, and the channel coding technology is the foundation to realize the
reliable communication of 5G mobile system. Some channel coding schemes for 5G mobile
communication system is facing difficulty in satisfying the user requirements in machine-type
communication. This report discusses different channel coding schemes (LDPC, turbo, polar,)
and we will discuss the history of 5G and some of the applications based on the usage of 5G
 Introduction

Over the years, there has been a tremendous growth in digital communications especially in the
fields of cellular, satellite, and computer communication. In these communication systems, the
information is represented as a sequence of binary bits. The binary bits are then mapped
(modulated) to analog signal waveforms and transmitted over a communication channel. The
communication channel introduces noise and interference to corrupt the transmitted signal. At the
receiver, the channel corrupted transmitted signal is mapped back to binary bits. The received
binary information is an estimate of the transmitted binary information. Bit errors may result due
to the transmission and the number of bit errors depends on the amount of noise and interference
in the communication channel.

Channel coding is often used in digital communication systems to protect the digital information
from noise and interference and reduce the number of bit errors, also known as forward error
control coding (FECC), is a process of detecting and correcting bit errors in digital
communication systems. Channel coding is performed both at the transmitter and at the receiver.

At the transmit side, channel coding is referred to as encoder, where extra bits (parity bits) are
added with the raw data before modulation. At the receive side, channel coding is referred to as
the decoder. Channel coding enables the receiver to detect and correct errors, if they occur during
transmission due to noise, interference and fading.
 Background
The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector was born in 20th century out of a
marriage between two major industry sectors namely telecommunications and computing industry.
So, let’s get communication history:
First commercial analog mobile communication system was deployed in the 1950s and 1960s, even
though with low penetration. 1G is also known as analog standards since they utilize analogy
technology, usually frequency modulated radio signals with a digital signalling channel.

Second Generation (2G) This was the starting point of Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM). the global standard dominant 2G standard which was deployed internationally from 1991.
2G brought adoption of digital transmission and switching technology, Digital communication
allowed considerable improvement in voice quality, Improvement in Network capacity, And
Advanced applications such as Short Message Service (SMS) for storage and forwarding of textual
information.

After 2G became operational, industry players were already preparing and discussing net wireless
generation standards. In January 1998, CDMA was launched in two variants Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) Time Division Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CMDA).
CDMA was adopted by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) as Universal
Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).
UMTS was the major 3G mobile communication system.

Second UMTS evolution is commercially accepted as 4G. It is also known as Long Term Evolution
(LTE).
LTE is composed of a new air interface based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Access (OFDMA)
and a new architecture and Core Network (CN) called as System Architecture / Evolved Packet Core
(SAE / EPC).
LTE is not backward compatible with UMTS and was developed in anticipation of higher spectrum
block allocations than UMTS during World Radio Conference (WRC) 2007.
 Current Challenges
There are a lot of challenges that affects the 5G some are technical challenges, and some are
deployment challenges.
Since 5G is considered to incorporate the key characteristics of higher transmission rate of around 10
Gbps, delay less than 1 Ms, higher energy efficiency and higher spectral efficiency as compared to
4G. Hence the 5G channel coding techniques must adhere to these requirements too
Frequency bands: Though 4G LTE already operates on established frequency bands below 6GHz,
5G requires frequencies — all the way up to 300GHz. Some are better known as mmWave. Those
bands can carry far more capacity and deliver ultra-fast speeds that deliver a 20-fold increase over
LTE’s fastest theoretical throughput.
Wireless carriers still need to bid for the higher spectrum bands as they build and roll out their
respective 5G networks. In Canada, for example, the federal government held a spectrum auction for
600MHz in 2019, with 3500MHz ongoing for 2020 and 1GHz currently planned for 2021. More are
likely to follow after that.
Deployment and coverage: Despite 5G offering a significant increase in speed and bandwidth, its
more limited range will require further infrastructure. Higher frequencies enable highly directional
radio waves, meaning they can be targeted or aimed — a practice called beamforming. The challenge
is that 5G antennas, while able to handle more users and data, beam out over shorter distances.
Even with antennas and base stations getting smaller in this scenario, more of them would likely
have to be installed on buildings or homes. Cities will probably need to install extra repeaters to
spread out the waves for extended range, while also maintaining consistent speeds in denser
population areas. It’s likely carriers will continue to use lower-frequency bands to cover wider areas
until the 5G network matures.
Design of Shorter Code-word lengths and parallel decoders 5G networks demand for higher data
rates ranging from 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps and Channel Coding adds extra bits, which could decrease
5G transmission rate requirement. To overcome this challenge, M. Khan et al. illustrated the use of
LDPC codes along with puncturing methods which reduces the code-word length to increase
throughput.

Regulations and standards: Government regulators will figure into 5G deployment, particularly
with the additional infrastructure required to spread out the network. Providers will need to install
new antennas, base stations, and repeaters. Beyond that, regulators will need to tackle 5G services in
waves across multiple vertical sectors. These can include spectrum availability, EMF radiation
regulations, infrastructure sharing, and cybersecurity. A Research and Markets report dives into the
various facets and challenges involved in getting there.
Need of deliberately lower decoding error rate: 5G utilizes massive MIMO technology that deals
with the introduction of large number of antennas and enormous base-stations. The focus here is that
the cost should not increase as compared with the data rate provided.
 Proposed Solution/s
As described enormous challenges exist in the implementation of channel coding techniques so as to
meet 5G requirements which highly motivated us to present the survey of various channel coding
techniques.
Turbo Code (Convolutional Code):
Before the Turbo code was discovered, there was always a gap of 2 to 3dB between the designed
system gain and Shannon theoretical limit. Turbo code is also known as parallel concatenated.
convolutional code. The sending end generates random coding through encoder and interleaves, and
the receiving end uses decoder and deinterleaved to do multiple iterations to generate maximum
likelihood decoding.
LDPC (Low-Density Parity Check):
LDPC was first proposed by Gallarger in 1962, but it could not be realized due to the backward
conditions at that time. Until 1995, Mackay and Neal found that the LDPC decoding algorithm is
closer to Shannon limit than Turbo code system capacity when the code is longer.
Compared with Turbo code system, LDPC system has many advantages.
 low system complexity, low time delay and easier hardware implementation.
 better frame error ratio performance.
 error-floor is greatly reduced to meet the demand of extremely low error rate for
communication system.
 the decoder has smaller power, adopts parallel decoding, and has higher data
throughput.
Polar Code (Polarization Code):
Polar code is the only coding method so far discovered by human, which proves that the capacity of
communication system in binary discrete memoryless channel can reach Shannon limit. In 2009,
professor Arikan from Turkey proposed a linear channel coding method, Polar code, based on the
theory of channel polarization.

The theoretical basis of Polar code is Chanel Polarization, which occurs when the length of the
code tends to infinity. Multiple independent channels will be equivalent to noiseless channels with
channel capacity close to 1, while other channels are full-noise channels having transmission rate
close to zero. This phenomenon is the polarization of channels. The Polar coding strategy applies this
phenomenon by using the noiseless channel to transmit useful information of the user and the
conventional information or no information of the full-noise channel
 Applications
5G is not just an evolutionary upgrade of the previous generation of cellular, but it is a
revolutionary technology envisioned that will eliminate the bounds of access, bandwidth,
performance, and latency limitations on connectivity worldwide.
5G and the Power of IOT: 5G’s promise of low latency and high network capacity helps to
eliminate the biggest limitations to IoT expansion. Giving devices nearly real-time ability to sense
and respond, 5G and IoT are a natural pairing that will impact nearly every industry and consumer.
Mobile Service: Upgraded mobile service is among the most noticeable of the initial impacts of the
5G network rollout. All major US wireless carriers, as well as many smaller communications service
providers, intend to deploy 5G mobile networks that will deliver broadband-like services, such as
high-definition streaming video without dreaded buffering.

Edge Computing: With the move to cloud-native 5G networks, enterprises can take advantage of
strategically distributed computational power, allowing more data to be processed and stored in the
right place based on the needs of the application.

AI: Applying AI to an immense amount of data at scale will be accelerated with fast, efficient
connectivity. For example, smart city AI could correlate traffic light data automatically and
implement new patterns after an apartment complex nearby is opened. Smart security and machine
vision can keep secure facilities safe with automatic recognition of potential security breaches or
unauthorized visitors.

Healthcare: 5G healthcare use cases will enable doctors and patients to stay more connected than
ever. Wearable devices could alert healthcare providers when a patient is experiencing symptoms—
like an internal defibrillator that automatically alerts a team of ER cardiologists to be ready for an
incoming patient, with a complete record of data collected by the device.

Agriculture: Farms of the future will use more data and fewer chemicals. Taking data from sensors
located directly in fields, farmers can identify with pinpoint precision which areas need water, have a
disease, or require pest management.
As wearables become less expensive and 5G makes it easier to scale networks containing large
numbers of IoT devices, health monitoring for livestock may also emerge
 References

1. Sijie Cheng (2019), Comparative Study on 5G Communication Channel Coding Technology.