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INTERNET AND EMAIL

Internet, a system architecture that has revolutionized communications

and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks
around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a “network of
networks,”. It use TCP/IP (TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL
AND INTERNET PROTOCOL) to serve billions of users worldwide, so it
is called the backbone of internet.

The Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not
become visible to the general public until the early 1990s. By 2020,
approximately 4.5 billion people, or more than half of the world’s
population, were estimated to have access to the Internet.

The first workable prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with
the creation of ARPANET, or the Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network. Originally funded by the U.S. Department of Defense,
ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple computers to
communicate on a single network.

The technology continued to grow in the 1970s after scientists Robert

Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications model that set standards
for how data could be transmitted between multiple networks.

ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, and from there

researchers began to assemble the “network of networks” that became
the modern Internet. The online world then took on a more recognizable
form in 1990, when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the
World Wide Web. While it’s often confused with the internet itself, the
web is actually just the most common means of accessing data online in
the form of websites and hyperlinks.

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INTERNET AND EMAIL

During 1991-1993 commercial use of Internet took its speed.

 For the first time, on 15 August 1995 VSNL (Videsh Sanchar

Nigam Limited) and ISP (Internet Service Provider) launched
Internet services in india.

 The First political party of India is Bharatiya Janata Party, which

created its own website on internet.

 First telephone directory on internet was made available by

Sikkim state.

 India's first Hi-speed rural broadband network has been

commissioned in district of Idukki, Kerala.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOE USING INTERNET-

1. MODEM
2. WEB BROWSER
3. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
4. WI-FI
5. BROADBAND CONNECTION

MODEM- Modem is short for "Modulator-Demodulator." It

is a hardware component that allows a computer or another
device, such as a router or switch, to connect to the Internet. It

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INTERNET AND EMAIL
converts or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or
cable wire to digital data (1s and 0s) that a computer can
recognize. Similarly, it converts digital data from a computer
or other device into an analog signal that can be sent over
standard telephone lines.
The first modems were "dial-up," meaning they had to dial a
phone number to connect to an ISP.
Modern modems are typically DSL or cable modems, which
are considered "broadband" devices.
Modems are not needed for fiber optic connections because
the signals are transmitted digitally from beginning to end.

ROUTER- A router is a device that analyzes the contents of

data packets transmitted within a network or to another
network. Routers determine whether the source and
destination are on the same network or whether data must be
transferred from one network type to another, which requires
encapsulating the data packet with routing protocol header
information for the new network type.

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INTERNET AND EMAIL

Web Browser : Web Browser is a software that is used to navigate the

world wide web. It connects computer to Internet, Before, start working
on otherwise, we will not be able to surf the net. The most popular types
of browser today are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome etc. We can get
available resources from any location through visit site of that location.
Each location has a unique address called URL (Uniform Resource
Locator), which we type in Web Browser to get resources.

Internet Service Provider (ISP): ISP is an organisation that

provides Internet access to users. If we have a computer with a
web browser, a modem and a telephone line connected to our
computer, we also need an Internet connection. We can get an
Internet connection from various ISPs. Early ISPs provided
Internet access through dial-up modems. This type of connection
took place over regular phone lines and was limited to 56 Kbps. In
the late 1990s, ISPs began offering faster broadband Internet
access via DSL and cable modems. Some ISPs now offer high-
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INTERNET AND EMAIL
speed fiber connections, which provide Internet access
through fiber optic cables.

BROADBAND-This refers to high-speed data transmission in

which a single cable can carry a large amount of data at once. The
most common types of Internet broadband connections are cable
modems (which use the same connection as cable TV) and DSL
modems (which use your existing phone line).

WI-FI- Wi-Fi is defined as an abbreviation for wireless fidelity,

meaning you can access or connect to a network using radio
waves, without needing to use wires. Wi-Fi allows computers and
other devices to communicate over a wireless network.

Wi-Fi network components are based on the one of the 802.11

standards developed by the IEEE and adopted by Wi-Fi alliance.
It provides a standard way to connect with wireless network. Wi-
Fi is the trademark of the Wi-Fi alliance and used as a brand
name for products using the IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi can be
used on several types of devices like personal computers, video
game console, smart phones, digital camera, tablet computers etc.

URL- URL stands for Uniform Resource Locater. It is a standard

way to locate a resource such as file or document on the Internet.
The URL specifies the address of a file and every file on the
Internet has a unique address. Every URL consists of three parts.
The first part of the URL contains the name of the protocol to be
used to access the file resource, the other is IP address or domain
name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet.

WWW- orld Wide Web (WWW): It is commonly known as Web,

is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet.

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INTERNET AND EMAIL
In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee played an active role to develop
the World Wide Web. World Wide Web is interlinked hypertext
documents that contain resources. It is a vast collection of
information related pages called web pages. Web pages are
written in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) computer
Language.
A hyperlink which is often called link is the "address" to a
document or a resource on the web. When we click it then it
makes available the resources of linked web pages. To reload a
webpage, we use reload button.

Web server : For a web site to be available to everyone all over

world
at all times, it needs to be stored or hosted on a computer. Such a
computer is known as a web Server. A web server can mean two
things, a computer on which a web site is hosted or stored and a
program that runs on such a computer and can send web pages
out to other computers over Internet. But the most important is to
have a Permanent Internet address also known as an I.P. address.
If the I.P. address changes, the web site would not be found and
will appear off line, the browser will display an error 'cannot find
website'.

HTML- HTML- HYPERTEXT MARK UP LANGUAGE – a

computer language used to create hypertext documents for thwe
world wide web. Web pages are created using HTML.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) :

TCP/IP
is the communication protocol for the Internet, it defines the rule
which

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INTERNET AND EMAIL
computers must follow to communicate with each other over the
Internet.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): It is a standard network protocol

used to exchange and manipulate files over internet. FTP
represents the network functionality that enables users to upload
web page files like simple text files, images, multi-media files, etc.
from their personal computers to the server where their websites
are located and vice versa - to download files from a particular
server to their own machines.

HTTP- HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL- used by www.

It defines how messages are transmitted, what actions web servers
and browsers should take in response to various commands.

IP ADDRESS – The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric

address written as four numbers separated by periods. Each
number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.177.10.248 could be an
IP address. It is an identifier for a computer on a TCP/IP
network.

Domain name : Domain names are specific names used in URLS

to identify particular Web pages. A name that identifies one or
more IP addresses. For example, in the URL
http://www.hotmail.com, the domain name is hotmail.com. Every
domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level domain it
belongs to. There is only a limited number of such domains. For
example:

 .com- commercial business

 .edu- educational institute
 .org- organisations
 .net- network organisations
 .in- india
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INTERNET AND EMAIL

VIRUS- A computer virus is a type of computer program that, when

executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and
inserting its own code. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas
are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus.

USES OF INTERNET

 search engine
 online shopping
 net banking
 social media/ communication
 education
 video conferencing
 e- commerce
 e- learning
 on line entertainment
 e-mail etc.

E-mail : ELECTRONIC MAIL

 It is the most widely used application on the Internet. It is simple,

very fast and a reliable tool for sending and receiving messages
from an individual or a group of people across the world via the
Internet as similar to writing a letter.
 In 1971, Ray Tomlinson created the first ARPANET email
application, so he is considered to be the father of E-mail.
 Hotmail was the first free email service launched in June 1996 by
Sabeer Bhatia. Today, hotmail is still one of the biggest free email
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INTERNET AND EMAIL
services.
 E-mail addresses are written with a custom username at the
beginning followed by the email service provider's domain name,
with an @ sign separating the two. Here's an example:
name@gmail.com.

 More plainly, e-mail is a message that may

contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a
network to a specified individual or group of individuals.

Writing an e-mail

When writing an e-mail message, it should look something like the

example window below. As you can see, several fields are required when
sending an e-mail:

 The To field is where the e-mail address of the person receiving

the e-mail is placed.
 The From field should contain your e-mail address.

If you are replying to a message, the To: and From: fields are
automatically filled out. If it's a new message, you'll need to specify the
recipients in the To: field by selecting them from your contact list or by
typing the e-mail addresses. If you enter more than one recipient (e.g.,
group e-mail), the addresses should be separated by a comma and a
space, or by pressing the Tab key.

 The Subject should consist of a few words describing the e-mail's

contents. The subject lets the recipient see what the e-mail is
about, without opening and reading the full e-mail. This field is
optional.

 The CC ("Carbon Copy") field allows you to specify recipients

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INTERNET AND EMAIL
who are not direct addressees (listed in the "To" field). For
instance, you can address an e-mail to Jeff and CC Linda and
Steven. Although the e-mail is addressed to Jeff, Linda and Steven
also receive a copy and everyone can see who received the e-mail.
This field is optional.
 The BCC ("blind carbon copy") field is similar to CC, except the
recipients are secret. Each BCC recipient will receive the e-mail,
but will not see who else received a copy. The addressees (anyone
listed in the "To" field) remain visible to all recipients. This field
is optional.

Finally, the Message Body is the location you type your main message. It
often contains your signature at the bottom; similar to a handwritten
letter.

Advantages of e-mail

There are many advantages of e-mail and the usage of e-mail versus
postal mail. Some of the main advantages are listed below.

 Free delivery - Sending an e-mail is virtually free, outside the cost

of Internet service. There is no need to buy a postage stamp to
send a letter.

 Global delivery - E-mail can be sent to nearly anywhere around

the world, to any country.

 Instant delivery - An e-mail can be instantly sent and received by

the recipient over the Internet.

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INTERNET AND EMAIL
 File attachment - An e-mail can include one or more file
attachments, allowing a person to send documents, pictures, or
other files with an e-mail.

 Long-term storage - E-mails are stored electronically, which

allows for storage and archival over long periods of time.

 Environmentally friendly - Sending an e-mail does not require

paper (paperless), cardboard, or packing tape, conserving paper
resources.

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