Introduction-To-Internet 12

Ministry of Secondary Education Republic of Cameroon
Progressive Comprehensive High School Peace – Work – Fatherland

 * *
PCHS Mankon – Bamenda SCHOOL YEAR 2013/2014
Department of Computer Studies
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

Class: Upper Six Comp. Science & ICT By: DZEUGANG PLACIDE
The term Internet is the short form of the expression “Inter-connecting Network”. It can be
defined as a giant computer network that results from the global interconnection of millions of
computers and related equipment based on the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet contains vast
information quantities that are constantly changing and extending. It is used by many
individually companies, school and even government agencies.
Learning objectives
After studying this lesson, student should be able to:
- Define Internet and understand what is internet and e-mail and its uses in modern
communication
- Discuss techniques of internet connections
- Discuss some Internet services (web, chat; VoIP, social networking, …)
- Differentiate Internet and intranet, intranet and extranet
Content of this topic
I. BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET ...................................................................................................... 2

II. INTERNET AND INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES............................................................................ 2
III. TECHNIQUES OF CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET ............................................................. 3
IV. HOW TO CONNECT TO INTERNET ............................................................................................ 4
V. USES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE INTERNET ....................................................................... 4
VI. INTERNET PROTOCOLS ............................................................................................................... 6
VII. INTERNET SERVICES ................................................................................................................... 6
VIII. INTRANET AND EXTRANET ..................................................................................................... 13
IX. NETIQUETE .................................................................................................................................. 15
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Topic. Introduction to Internet By: DZEUGANG Placide
I. BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET
In 1969, the US Department of Defense started a project to allow researchers and military
personnel to communicate with each other in an emergency. The project was called ARPAnet
and it is the foundation of the Internet. Throughout the 1970's, what would later become the
Internet was developed. While mostly military personnel and scientists used it in its early days,
the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990's changed all that.
Today, the Internet is not owned or operated by any one entity. This worldwide computer
network allows people to communicate and exchange information in new ways. According to
www.commerce.net, in April of 1999, there were 92.2 million Internet users over the age of 16
in the United States and Canada. By 2005, it is predicted 75% of the total US population will
be online.
II. INTERNET AND INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES
The Internet in simple terms is a network of the interlinked computers all over the world, which
is accessible to the general public. Internet is used for various important functions which include
the several means of communications like the file transfer, the online chat and even the sharing
of the documents and web sites on the WWW( World Wide Web).
→ A person who makes use of the Internet is called an Internet user.

→ Anything that the Internet provides for users to consume (e.g. information, program or
services) is referred to as an Internet resource.
→ The ability to explore, evaluate, and exploit Internet resource is known as Internet
literacy.
→ A community that is made up of Internet users and Internet resources is called a
cyberspace.
→ A business enterprise where Internet access is available for public use is called a
cybercafé.
→ A person or a computer that is connected to the Internet is said to be online.
→ To Download refers to the act of transmitting data from a remote computer on the
Internet or other network to one's own computer.
→ Upload is just the opposite of download. Upload refers to the act of transmitting data
from local computer to any other computer on the Internet or network.
III. TECHNIQUES OF CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET
There are several technologies that may be used for connecting a computer to the Internet. Some
of the most popular technologies include:
1- Analogue connection: Also called dial-up access, an analog Internet connection is

both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to your PC, users connect to
the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your
ISP) and connects to the network.
2- ISDN and B-ISDN Connection: Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an
international communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over
digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires. Typical ISDN speeds range from
64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.
3- DSL Connection: DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It is frequently referred
to as an "always on" connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone
line connected to the premise so service is delivered simultaneously with wired
telephone service .The two main categories of DSL for home subscribers are called
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) and SDSL (Symmetric DSL). DSL connection speeds
range from 128 Kbps to 9 Mbps.
4- Cable Connection: Cable connections are “always-on”, high-speed Internet
connections. Cable connection is known as broadband connections and is much
faster than analogue or ISDN links. It is more costly than analogue and ISDN
connections.
5- Wireless Connection: Wireless Internet or Wireless broadband is a new Internet
connection type which use radio frequency band instead of using telephone or cable
networks for the Internet connections. Wireless Internet is an “always-on”
connection that can be accessed from anywhere as long as you are geographically
within a network coverage area.
6- Satellite connection: Internet over Satellite (IoS) allows a user to access the
Internet via a satellite that orbits the earth. A satellite is placed at a fixed position
above the earth’s surface.
Network Type Speed Connection Description

Dial-up connection Up to 56 Twisted pair with Rapidly being replaced by
(POTS) Kbps RJ-11 connector. broadband technologies such as
DSL and cable.
Integrated Services 128 kbps Twister pair with Business access
Digital Network (ISDN) RJ-11 connector.
Digital Subscriber Line 256 Kbps to Twisted-pair with Home, small business, and
(DSL) 8 Mbps RJ-45 connector. enterprise access using existing
phone lines.
Cable modem 512 Kbps to Coaxial cable with Home, business, school access
52 Mbps F connector.
Satellite 400 kbps Satellite Dish Rural and remote areas
IV. HOW TO CONNECT TO INTERNET
Analogue connection is one of the simplest and the cheapest connectivity techniques. The basic
requirements are a modem, a phone line, and a contract with an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
in addition to your computer:
a) Computer - Generally any computer purchased in the last three years, particularly a
Pentium, should have no problems in supporting the software you need to install. Older
machines such as a 486 with only 8Mb RAM do work, but you may want to upgrade the
amount of RAM and your hard disk capacity.
b) A phone line: As a phone line, you can use your ordinary telephone line at home if you
already own one.
c) A modem (modulator/demodulator): A modem is a hardware, which converts digital
data into analog signals (i.e. modulation) that can be sent over an analog telephone line
and convert the analog signal back into digital data (i.e. demodulation). The most critical
aspect of the modem is its speed of operation. The speed of modem is measured in
kilobits per second (Kbps). Modern modem supports 28–56 Kbps speeds. There exist
internal and external modem.
d) An Internet account. It is an account that can be opened with an Internet service
Provider. The process of going to an ISP and getting an access account is refered to as
subscription. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company or organization that
provides Internet Access to user in return for money. Some examples of ISP are:
CamNet, Camtel, Africom, MTN, Orange, Ringo, YoMee
V. USES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE INTERNET
V.1- Uses of Internet
Internet is undoubtedly the most crucial technology of the modern world, the useful application
has not only made our lives easier than ever before but it also plays a very important role in the
future developments. The various uses of Internet include the following .
a) Educational purposes: For the students and educational purposes the internet is
widely used to gather information so as to do the research or add to the knowledge of
any sort of subject they have. E-leaning enables Internet users to have a full training
on a certain domain through the Internet.
b) Social purposes: The internet has served to be more useful in maintaining contacts
with friends and relatives who live abroad permanently. The easiest communication
means like the internet chatting systems and the emails are the best and the most
common for the maintaining contacts with the people around the world. One cannot
imagine an online life without social websites like Facebook or Twitter today
c) Entertainment: Not to forget internet is useful in providing with most of the fun
these days. May it be all the games, and networking conferences or the online movies,
songs, dramas and quizzes, internet has provided the users with a great opportunity to
eradicate the boredom from their lives.
d) Sharing of resources: Many resources like files, video or audios can be easily shared
over the Internet
e) Faster Communication: The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy
communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. New innovations are
only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a
fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world.
f) Information Resources: Information is probably the biggest advantage that Internet
offers. Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on
any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google,
Yahoo are at your service on the Internet.
g) Online Services: The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online
services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a
movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc., and right from your home. Services
like e-commerce are also available to enable people buying and purchasing online.
V.2- Shortcomings of Internet
Following are the disadvantages of Internet:
a) Spamming: Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e-mails in large numbers.

They are meaningless and they unnecessarily block the whole system. These activities
are treated as illegal.
b) Theft of personal details While using the Internet, there is high probability that your
personal details like name, address and credit card number may be accessed by con
artists and used for fraudulent purposes.
c) Pornography: Pornography is definitely harmful for your children. There are
numerous pornographic sites available over the Internet and watching any of those
can have very bad influence on the mental health of your children.
d) Virus threat Virus is a program that interrupts the usual operation of your personal
computer system. PCs linked to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and
as a result of this your hard disk can crash, giving you a lot of trouble.
e) Social Disconnect: Thanks to the Internet, people now only meet on social networks.
More and more people are getting are drifting apart from their friends and family.
Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with
other kids.
With all its falls the Internet has the potential to make your life simple and convenient, as well as
wreak havoc in your life. Its influence is mostly dictated by the choices you make while you are
online. With clever use, you can manage to harness its unlimited potential.
VI. INTERNET PROTOCOLS
A protocol is a standardized way in which a specific procedure is performed. When people agree
upon protocols it enables them to communicate and perform various tasks together. Some
examples of Internet protocols are:
→ HTTP: The protocol commonly known as HTTP is an acronym for Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol. These four letters are likely to appear in lowercase in the address bar of a web
browser while viewing this article. They are located at the beginning of the address and
are used to tell the browser how to properly process the data on the page and display the
data to a computer user.
→ FTP: The primary protocol used to transfer large amounts of data from place to place
across the Internet is known as FTP. FTP is an acronym that appropriately stands for File
Transfer Protocol. Computers known as FTP servers are places on the Internet where files
can be stored and accessed via File Transfer Protocol.
→ TCP/IP: The network protocol suite that is primarily responsible for the transfer of raw
data across the Internet is known as TCP/IP. The acronym stands for a combination of
Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. The TCP side primarily describes how
computers connect and how data is to be transmitted across the Internet properly. Internet
network addressing concepts such as an IP address are part of the IP side of the TCP/IP
protocol suite.
VII. INTERNET SERVICES
Once you are hooked up (connected) to the Internet, this giant network provides you with its
numerous resources. Apart from just sending and receiving e-mails, there are many other things
that can be done on the Internet. In fact the Internet provides you information on all possible
topics. It also provides you with additional courses, electronic game, the possibility of selling
and purchasing goods, as well as possibility of communicating live with other Internet users. All
these resources that the Internet puts at our disposal are referred to as Internet services. The
World Wide Web, the e-mail, live messenger and search tools are popular Internet services.
VII.1 World Wide Web

The WWW or the Web is the user-friendly graphical interface to Internet resources. It is made of
several interconnected electronic documents (called Web documents) stored on Internet
computers. These web documents are all interconnected by means of pathways called
hyperlinks or links. A hyperlink is usually a colored or underlined element (word, phrase,
graphic or icons) in a web document that connects element in the same or another document. A
document that contains links to other text documents is called hypertext. The one that contains
links to multimedia documents is known as hypermedia. A software program which allows you
to gain access to and explore the web, is called a web browser (e.g. Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Mozilla Firefox, Netscape, Opera, Google chrome, …). Information is presented to the visitor in
an aesthetic and readable manner in a document called Webpage. A named collection of related
web pages that are created and/or maintained by the same person or organizations is known as a
Website or site.
Notion of URL
Short for Uniform Resource Locator, a URL or Internet address is a standardized naming
convention used to locate a resource over the Internet or Intranet. A resource can be a specific
Web page, a document, or an image. An example of URL is:
http://www.computerhope.com/Jargon/start/main.htm . It can be divided into four main parts:
 Protocol: http stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol and enables the browser to
know what protocol it is going to use to access the information specified in the domain.
 Web Server Name/Domain Name: www.computerhope.com(unique reference that
identifies a website on the internet.)
 Path: /Jargon/start/ (The folder in which the page is found on the web)
 File Name: main.htm
VII.2 Electronic Mail

a) Definition
An electronic mail (e-mail) is a text message or letter that is sent through a computer network
such as Internet. An image, music or a video can be attached to an e-mail as an e-mail
attachment.
b) E-mail addresses
E-mails are sent and received with the use of E-mail addresses. An e-mail address is just a group
of character, which identifies a sender or receiver of an e-mail. An e-mail address has two parts
separated by the symbol @. The part before the @ is called the username or user ID; the portion
after the @ is called the location address or the domain name. It is the name of the computer
that handles your mail. Example: In the e-mail address pchs@yahoo.com, pchs is the username
and yahoo.com is the location address.
E-mail addresses are not case sensitive. It doesn’t make any distinction between upper case and
lower case (pchs@yahoo.com = PCHS@YAHOO.COM).
c) Advantages of Email
The e-mail has numerous advantages:
- Low cost: the cost of sending an e-mail is very low

- High-speed: An e-mail takes only a few seconds to reach a destination
- World-wide access: You can access or open your e-mail account from any computer
in the world that is connected to the Internet.
- Time independent: E-mail can be sent or received at any hour of the day.
- Distance independent: The cost of sending e-mail does not depend on the distance of
the receiver.
- Attachment: In addition to pure messages, an e-mail can also graphics, musics,
speech and video
- Multiple destinations: A single e-mail message can be sent to several people at the
same time.
d) How E-mail Works
The electronic mailing system works in a similar fashion as the postal service. To send e-mail,
one needs a connection to the Internet and access to a mail server, which forwards the mail. The
standard protocol used for sending e-mail is called SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). It
works in conjunction with POP (Post Office Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol)
servers.
e) E-mail Services
An e-mail service is a set of resources that provides the communication needs of the public on
the Internet. The most popular e-mail services are: Yahoo! Mail, Gmail, AIM Mail, AOL and
Hotmail. Yahoo! Mail which is one of the largest e-mail providers on the Internet is a web based
e-mail service from Yahoo! A program that is used to send and receive e-mails is called e-mail
client. Popular e-mail clients are: Outlook express, Eudora, Netscape communicator and
Yahoo! Mail client. A storage space for e-mails on the Internet is known as E-mail account. An
E-mail account is associated with a given user ID, and is usually protected by a password to
prevent other people from reading and changing its contents without the user’s permission.
VII.3 Internet Relay Chat

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service on the Internet that allows people to communicate in real
time and carry on conversations via the computer with one or more people. It provides the user
with the facility to engage in simultaneous (synchronous) online 'conversations' with other users
from anywhere in the world.
VII.4 Instant Messaging

Chat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate with each
other by typing in real time. They are sometimes included as a feature of a
website, where the users can log into chat rooms to exchange comments
and information about the topics addressed on the site.
Also called Online Chat, Instant messaging (IM) is a form of

communication over the Internet, that offers quick transmission of text-
based messages from sender to receiver.
Popular IM applications include MSN Messenger, Yahoo Messenger and

AOL Messenger. In addition to these dedicated applications a number of Web-based services
also provide instant messaging facilities within the Web site, such as YahooGroups.
VII.5 Online Social Networking

Online Social Networking has become very popular during the past few years. It is the use of a
dedicated Web site to communicate informally with other members of the site. These websites
are known as social sites. Some examples of online social networking website are:
a) Facebook
Facebook is a social networking service launched in February 2004, owned and operated by
Facebook, Inc. Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg. As of September 2012, Facebook
has over one billion active users. Facebook is a popular free social networking website that
allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in
touch with friends, family and colleagues. The site, which is available in 37 different languages,
includes public features such as:
 Marketplace - allows members to post, read and respond to classified ads.
 Groups - allows members who have common interests to find each other and interact.
 Events - allows members to publicize an event, invite guests and track who plans to
attend.
 Pages - allows members to create and promote a public page built around a specific topic.
 Presence technology - allows members to see which contacts are online and chat.
b) Twitter
Twitter is an online social networking service and microblogging service that enables its users to
send and read text-based messages of up to 140 characters, known as "tweets". It was created in
March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launched that July. The service rapidly gained worldwide
popularity, with over 500 million registered users as of 2012,
VII.6 Search tools

There are many tools and services designed for searching the Internet for sites and resources.
Search tools can be classified as search engine, meta-search engine and subject directories:
a) Search engine:
A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search
results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages
(SERP's). The information may be a specialist in web pages, images, information and other
types of files. Some examples are:
Search Engine Description

Google - The world's most popular search engine.
Bing Search: Microsoft's entry into the burgeoning search engine
market. Better late than never.
Yahoo! Search: The 2nd largest search engine on the web (as
defined by a September 2007 Nielsen Netratings report.
AltaVista: Launched in 1995, built by researchers at Digital
Equipment Corporation's Western Research Laboratory.
Excite: Now an Internet portal, was once one of the most
recognized brands on the Internet. One of the famous 90's dotcoms.
Galaxy: More of a directory than a search engine. Launched in
1994, Galaxy was the first searchable Internet directory.
Live Search (formerly Windows Live Search and MSN Search)
Microsoft's web search engine, designed to compete with Google
and Yahoo!.
Lycos: Initial focus was broadband entertainment content, still a
top 5 Internet portal and the 13th largest online property according
to Media Metrix.
b) Meta-search engine:
A meta-search engine is a search tool that sends user requests to several other search engines
and/or databases and aggregates the results into a single list or displays them according to their
source. Meta-search engines enable users to enter search criteria once and access several search
engines simultaneously. Meta-search engines operate on the premise that the Web is too large for
any one search engine to index it all and that more comprehensive search results can be obtained
by combining the results from several search engines. This also may save the user from having to
use multiple search engines separately.
Meta-Search Ad
Primary WebDatabases
Engine Databases
Vivisimo Ask, MSN, Gigablast, Looksmart, Open Directory, Wisenut Google
Clusty Ask, MSN, Gigablast, Looksmart, Open Directory, Wisenut Google
Ixquick AltaVista, EntireWeb, Gigablast, Go, Looksmart,Netscape, Yahoo
Open Directory, Wisenut, Yahoo
Dogpile Ask, Google, MSN, Yahoo!, Teoma, Open Directory, more Google, Yahoo
Mamma About, Ask, Business.com, EntireWeb, Gigablast, Open Miva, Ask
Directory, Wisenut
AlltheWeb, AltaVista, EntireWeb, Exalead, Hotbot,
Kartoo Looksmart, Lycos, MSN, Open Directory, Teoma,
ToileQuebec, Voila, Wisenut, Yahoo
c) Subject directories
Subject directories are a collection of sites organized by a human. At the top of the directory is
a general topic. From that general topic the deeper you go into the directory, the more specific
the information you will find. Sometimes subject directories are called trees. Examples of
subject directories include the following: Internet Public Library, BUBL, Scirus, INFOMINE,
The WWW Virtual Library, Intute, Librarian's Internet Index, Statistical Sites on the World
Wide Web, The Scout Archives
VII.7 VoIP (Voice over IP):

This is a technology that allows voice conversations to be transmitted over the Internet as
opposed to traditional phone lines. Here, a suitable combination of hardware and software
enables people to make phone call using the Internet. VoIP is often used as a voice extension of
instant messaging services like Yahoo! Messenger. The most known example of VoIP is Skype:
Skype:
Skype is widely known as a software application that allows you to make free or low cost calls
across the Internet to other Skype users, cell phones, VoIP and PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network) lines. But Skype is about more than just making calls from your PC. With
Skype you can also:
- Send and Receive Instant Messages

- Conduct Video Calls
- Collaborate and share documents
- Send and Receive Faxes
These options make Skype a complete communications service for just about any user, whether
you are using it for personal or professional use.
a) Google Hangout, Google Talk, Google voice
There are three different programs that you can use as alternatives to Skype. It all depends on
what you were using Skype for.
- If you need a quick and easy way to set up group video conferences, look no further
than Google Hangouts. You can add up to 8 other participants for a total of 10.
- If you just need a service that lets you call other people over the Internet, then Google
Voice is your solution. Assign yourself a Voice-provided phone number that you can
use for everything no matter what your phone or service provider is. Through Google
Voice, you can make free calls to anywhere in the U.S. or Canada; everywhere else
has extremely low rates.
- If it’s instant messaging that you need, use Google Talk. As a bonus, you can use
Google Talk to initiate private video chat sessions; all you need to do is install a
plugin. Google Talk interfaces with Gchat (on Gmail), iGoogle, and Orkut.
VII.8 Weblog
A weblog or a blog is a shared online diary where people can post daily entries about their
personal experiences and hobbies. The activity of updating a blog is called blogging and
someone who keeps a blog is known as a blogger. Quelques examples de serveurs de blog sont.
Overblog(www.overblog.com), Blog4ever (www.blog4ever.com), Blogger (www.blogger.com)
VII.9 Video Conferencing

Video conferencing uses the same technology as IRC, but also provides sound and video
pictures. It enables direct face-to-face communication across the networks. A video conferencing
system has two or more parties in different locations, which have the ability to communicate
using a combination of video, audio and data. A video conference can be person to person
(referred to as point-to-point) or can involve more than two people (referred to as multipoint) and
the video conferencing terminals are often referred to as endpoints. It uses VoIP software like
Skype.
VII.10 9 Newsgroups (Usenet)

Newsgroups are international discussion groups that focus on a particular topic and helps in
gathering information about that topic. The topics discussed here cover all the fields such as
politics, computers, technology and many more. The information or articles that make up the
'news' are written by people interested in a specific topic. These articles are posted to the
newsgroup so that others can read, reply and comment on them.
Other services
The use of Internet is not limited only to browsing, searching, and exchange of messages. Other
important uses of Internet include the following.
a) Online game: This is a type of game which is played on the Internet. They are different
from video and computer game in the sense that they are not dependent of hardware or
software a computer may have.
b) Webcasting: It is the process of broadcasting information over the Internet, rather than
by radio or television.
c) Online learning: This is a form of education r training that occurs on computer network
such as the Internet.
d) E-commerce: This is the buying or selling goods and services on the Internet
e) Online translation: This is a service that translates a given piece of text from one
language to another language with the help of special software called online translator
(e.g. Google translate).
VIII. INTRANET AND EXTRANET
A key requirement in today’s organizations is the ability of the organization to communicate

effectively, both internally with its employees and externally with its partner and customers.
Both forms of communication can be set up by means of private computer nxetworks. Intranet
and extranet are two common examples of private computer network used for such case.
1- Intranet
An intranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols to provide Internet services restricted
within an organization. It is protected from unauthorized users by a firewall. Intranet enhances
existing communication between employees and provides a common knowledge base and
storage area for everyone in an organization or company. It utilizes network hardware and
software technologies like Ethernet, WI-Fi, TCP/IP, Web browser and Web servers.
An intranet may consist of many interlinked LANs and also used leased lines in the WAN. The
main purpose of an Intranet is to share company information sans computing resources among
employees
Benefits of Intranet
The main benefits of an intranet are:
- Better internal communications: Corporate information can be stored centrally and

access at any time.
- Sharing of resources at best practice
- Improve customer service
- Reduction of paperwork
2- Extranet
An extranet is a private network that enables an organization to communicate and collaborate
more effectively with selected business partners, suppliers and customers. An extranet can play
an important role in enhancing business relationships and improving management. The extranet
uses Internet protocols so users can navigate with a browser, but resides on the company’s
private server rather than on a public Internet server. One very valuable application for an
extranet is customer service. Online patches, upgrades, downloads, knowledge bases, and an
interactive help desk are just a few examples of ways to serve a client using an extranet.
Benefits of Extranet
An extranet can offer a wide range of benefits to a business establishment, starting from lowering
costs, to producing faster results, and improving the quality of service to customers. However,
the type of benefits that those organizations using extranets typically experience includes:
- More integrated supply chain through the use of online ordering, order tracking and
inventory management.
- Reduced cost by making manuals and technical documentation available online to
trading partners and customers.
- More effective collaboration between business partner
- Improve business relationships with key trading partner because of the close
collaborative working that extranet supports.
- Improve customer service by giving customer s direct access to information
Shortcomings of extranet
- Extranets can be expensive to implement and maintain within an organization (e.g.

hardware, software, employees training cost), if hosted internally rather than by an
application service provider
- Security of extranet can be a concern when hosting valuable or proprietary
information
3- Comparison Internet-Extranet
An extranet is actually an Intranet that is partially accessible to authorized outsiders. Similarly, if
the Intranet is connected to the internet and allows access from the Internet, it becomes an
extranet. There are many similarities and differences between extranet and intranet.
a) Differences
Intranet Extranet
Not accessible beyond a company’s firewall accessible beyond a company’s firewall
Is an entirely internal network Has a portal to the outside world
More secure Less secure
b) Similarities
- Make use of Internet technologies and protocols
- Are both private networks
- Enable easy information sharing workgroup.
IX. NETIQUETE
It seems complicated but it’s not. These are just simple guidelines that one needs to follow while
you are online. These will prevent you from hurting somebody you’re talking to. Internet
etiquette, or netiquette guides us in proper behavior on the Internet. There are widely accepted
rules of behavior to follow when you're online. It is very important to learn and follow these
rules.
Some netiquette tips are:
1. Avoid hurting someone's feelings with e-mail.

Sometimes, online, people can't tell that you are joking. When you write an e-mail
message, make sure the person you're sending it to will know whether you are happy,
sad, angry, joking, etc. You can do this by using smileys, such as :).
2. Respect other people's online rights.
People on the Internet have rights just as they do in everyday life. If someone sends you a
threatening letter, or makes crank phone calls to your house, it can be annoying and
sometimes very scary. The same is true on the Internet. If someone sends you e-mail
which threatens you or makes you feel uncomfortable, talk to a parent or other adult right
away.
3. Avoid insulting someone unless you want to start a flame war.
A flame war is when angry people try to punish each other with e-mail. Sometimes this
can be done by sending so many messages that a mailbox gets jammed, and sometimes
this is done by sending a few very nasty messages meant to hurt someone's feelings. If
you insult someone with e-mail, they will probably get angry just as they would if you
insulted them face to face.
4. If someone insults you, be calm.
Starting a flame war is serious business on the Net. Even if you are angry with someone,
you don't need to take things any further. Try being calm, ignoring the message, or
sending a polite message asking for them to explain what they meant. It may have been a
misunderstanding.
5. Avoid "crashing" discussion groups or forums.
People on the Net frequently get together online to talk about things they may have in
common. This can be done on a listserv, a bulletin board, a chat group, etc. If you join the
discussion just for the fun of "crashing" it, or ruining it, people will definitely get angry.
6. Respect the privacy of other people.
If someone tells you something secret, it should be kept secret. This includes passwords,
full names, addresses, or interests. Sharing your own password with someone else, even
someone you like, is never a good idea. Passwords and personal information are private,
and are never safe to share with others.
7. Be responsible online.
When you are at the computer, you are in control. Avoid using the computer to harm
other people. Taking things which are not yours (such as files, passwords, or credit card
numbers), spreading rumors about other people online, and infecting other computers
with viruses (on purpose) are examples of harming other people online.
8. Help other people learn more about the Net.
Chances are someone else taught you a lot of what you know about the Internet. The Net
is growing quickly, and it's difficult to keep up. Other kids, or even your parents and
teachers, may need help understanding what it's all about. Try to help them if you can.
Who knows? They might show you a thing or two someday!

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Ministry of Secondary Education Republic of Cameroon

Progressive Comprehensive High School Peace – Work – Fatherland

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

After studying this lesson, student should be able to:

Content of this topic

I. BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET ...................................................................................................... 2

I. BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET

II. INTERNET AND INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES

→ A person who makes use of the Internet is called an Internet user.

III. TECHNIQUES OF CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET

1- Analogue connection: Also called dial-up access, an analog Internet connection is

Network Type Speed Connection Description

IV. HOW TO CONNECT TO INTERNET

V. USES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE INTERNET

V.1- Uses of Internet

V.2- Shortcomings of Internet

Following are the disadvantages of Internet:

a) Spamming: Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e-mails in large numbers.

VI. INTERNET PROTOCOLS

VII. INTERNET SERVICES

VII.1 World Wide Web

VII.2 Electronic Mail

The e-mail has numerous advantages:

- Low cost: the cost of sending an e-mail is very low

d) How E-mail Works

VII.3 Internet Relay Chat

VII.4 Instant Messaging

Also called Online Chat, Instant messaging (IM) is a form of

Popular IM applications include MSN Messenger, Yahoo Messenger and

VII.5 Online Social Networking

VII.6 Search tools

Search Engine Description

VII.7 VoIP (Voice over IP):

- Send and Receive Instant Messages

a) Google Hangout, Google Talk, Google voice

VII.9 Video Conferencing

VII.10 9 Newsgroups (Usenet)

VIII. INTRANET AND EXTRANET

A key requirement in today’s organizations is the ability of the organization to communicate

The main benefits of an intranet are:

- Better internal communications: Corporate information can be stored centrally and

- Extranets can be expensive to implement and maintain within an organization (e.g.

Some netiquette tips are:

1. Avoid hurting someone's feelings with e-mail.

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