NAME: MICLAT, JOHN JOSHUA M. LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO.

2
OGAYON, CLYDE A.
SECTION: BSCpE 3-1 CPEN85 LAB

LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 2

I. Objective:
 The objective of this activity is to examine the characteristics of a common emitter
amplifier, specifically voltage gain, input impedance and output impedance. A
method for experimentally determining input and output impedance is investigated
along with various potential troubleshooting issues.

II. Schematics

Figure 1
III. Methods: Figure 2

Table 1 Methods: Theoretical (DC Analysis)

After making sure the AC source is turned off, we calculate the theoretical DC voltages at
the base, emitter, and collector, as well as the collector current.

𝑉𝐸 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸
= 0𝑉 − 0.7𝑉
𝑽𝑬 = −𝟎. 𝟕𝑽 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵𝐸 + 𝑉𝐸𝐸 + 𝑉𝑅 𝐸
𝑉𝑅 𝐸 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸 − 𝑉𝐸𝐸
𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑉𝑅 𝐸 = 0𝑉 − 0.7𝑉 − (−12𝑉)
𝑅𝐸
𝑉𝑅 𝐸 = 11.3𝑉
11.3𝑉
𝐼𝐸 =
22𝑘Ω
𝐼𝐸 = 0.513636364 𝑚𝐴 𝑉𝑅 𝑐 = 𝐼𝐶 (𝑅𝐶 )
𝑉𝑅𝐶 = (0.513636364)(15𝑘Ω)
𝑉𝑅 𝐵 𝑉𝑅𝐶 = 7.7045𝑉
𝐼𝐵 =
𝑅𝐵
0𝑉 𝑜𝑟 126.759 𝑉𝑅 𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑐
𝐼𝐵 = = 0𝑉 𝑜𝑟 0.00384118
33𝑘Ω 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑐 = 15𝑉 − 7.7045𝑉
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟓𝑽
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝐸 − 𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝑐 = 0.513636364 𝑚𝐴 − 0𝑉 𝑜𝑟 0.00384118
𝑰𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟒
Experiment: - Multisim Software

DC Analysis:

Table 2 Methods: AC Analysis

In terms of the AC analysis, since the capacitors blocks the ac current and it acts as a
short circuit, the outer portion of the rectangle was only evaluated on the AC analysis.

𝑅𝐶 15𝑘Ω
𝐴𝑣 = − ( ) = −( ) = −𝟐𝟗𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟕
𝑟𝑒 + 𝑅𝐸 50.61947𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑐 = 15𝑘Ω
𝑟𝑒 = 50.61947
𝑅𝐸 = 22𝑘Ω

26 𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒 =
𝐼𝐸
26𝑚𝑉 𝑧𝑖𝑛 =
𝑅𝐵 (𝛽𝑟𝑒 )
𝑟𝑒 = 𝑅𝐵 +𝛽𝑟𝑒
0.513636364 𝑚𝐴
33𝑘Ω(7.592𝑘Ω) 𝑧𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅𝑐
𝒓𝒆 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟕 Ω 𝑧𝑖𝑛 =
33𝑘Ω + 7.592𝑘Ω 𝒛𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓𝒌Ω
𝒛𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟐Ω
IV. Result and Discussion:

Table 1 Data: DC Circuit Voltages

𝑉𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝐸 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 𝐼𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝐵 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝐸 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝑉𝐶 𝐸𝑥𝑝 𝐼𝐶 𝐸𝑥𝑝

0V -0.7V 7.2955V 0.5136 mA -127mV -0.772V 7.40V 0.5065 mA

The data acquired from theoretical and experimental values are listed in the table above.
We begin by ensuring that the AC source is turned off, and then we determine the
theoretical DC voltages at the base, emitter, and collector, as well as the collector current.
We can simply compute the DC emitter voltage, which is -0.7V, as well as the DC collector
current, because the DC voltage at the base is 0V and the V BE has a typical voltage of
0.7V. To calculate the DC collector current, first determine the I E (emitter current) and I B
(base current), then subtract them to get the DC collector current, which is 0.5136 mA.
Finally, we determine the DC collector voltage by first determining the voltage through R
C, then using KVL to determine the DC collector voltage, which is 7.2955V.

In terms of the experiment, we used Multisim software to redraw the circuit, and then, as
previously said, we disconnected all ac sources. The probe function is used to measure
the DC voltages at the base, emitter, and collector, as well as the collector current. Probes
are schematic objects that aid in the data extraction process from simulation results. We
measured 0V for the DC voltage at the base, -772mV for the DC voltage at the emitter,
which is equal to – 0.772V, and 507uA for the DC collector current, which is equal to 0.507
mA, and 7.40V for the voltage.

Table 2 Data: AC Circuit Voltages

𝑟′𝑒 𝐴𝑣 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡

Since capacitors block ac current and act as a short circuit, we only evaluate the outer
portion of the rectangle in ac analysis. We don't have emitter equivalent resistance after
examining the circuit, thus we'll have to figure that out first before we can solve the Voltage
26𝑚𝑉
gain. The formula 𝐼 was derived in order to determine the emitter equivalent resistance.
𝐸
We obtained 50.6195 since we had solved for emitter current by substituting it into the
formula. We can now solve for voltage gain by dividing the DC collector resistor by the
emitter equivalent resistance, which we found to be -296.32867. By the way, we created a
transistor equivalent model to quickly find the input and output impedances. We got 6.172
for the input impedance and 15k for the output impedance because Rc=Zout.
Table 3 Data: Troubleshooting

Issue 𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝐵 Short 0.001fV
𝐶1 Open 0V
𝑅𝐶 Short 206.074V
𝑅𝐶 Open 0.101fV
𝑅𝐸 Open 0.09fV
𝐶2 Open 0V
𝐶3 Open 0V
𝑉𝐶𝐸 Open 0V

Screenshot Table 3 Troubleshooting

𝑅𝐵 Short
𝐶1 Open

𝑅𝐶 Short
𝑅𝐶 Open

𝑅𝐸 Open
𝐶2 Open

𝐶3 Open
𝑉𝐶𝐸 Open
Simulation: Multisim

Original

Lower value Rb and C3

1. Does the common emitter amplifier produce a considerable amplification effect and if
so, are the results consistent across transistors?

Yes. The voltage gain of the common emitter amplifier is the largest, resulting
in a significant amplification effect. And another Yes, it is consistent across transistors
as well.

2. Does the value of the transistor beta play any role in setting the input impedance?
Was a considerable variation in input impedance apparent?
Yes, since beta, provides an important link between the base and collector
currents. If the beta is set to 100, the input impedance will be high or low depending
on the beta. Yes, the significant variation in input impedance is readily apparent.

VI. Conclusion:
We therefore conclude that the Common Emitter Amplifier is a voltage amplifier
consisting of three single-stage bipolar junction transistors. The base terminal provides the
amplifier's input, the collector terminal provides the output, and the emitter terminal is
shared by both terminals. It's crucial because Common Emitter Amplifier has an inverted
input as well as voltage gain, which is one of the most frequent transistor configurations in
electrical circuit design.
Finally, we could analyze the properties of a common emitter amplifier, specifically
voltage gain, input impedance, and output impedance, at the end of this activity. The
numerous potential troubleshooting concerns, as well as a method for experimentally
determining input and output impedance, are investigated.