MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AND SCIENCE, GWALIOR

SEMINAR REPORT

DTH
( DIRECT-TO-HOME)

SUBMITTED TO:-

Mr. SHAILENDRA SINGH

SUBMITTED BY:-

ADHYA SHIVHARE

EL08002

B.E. 3rd YEAR

1|Page
CONTENTS
 THE DTH ……………………………………………………..Page 3

 WORKING OF DTH …………………………………………Page 4

 CABLE TV Vs DTH …………………………………………..Page 6

 HISORY OF DTH IN INDIA ………………………………….Page 8

 BROADCAST TV PROBLEM ………………………………..Page 9

 SATELLITE TV SOLUTION ………………………………….Page 9

 ROLE OF SATELLITES ………………………………………Page 11

 COMPRESSION ……………………………………………….Page 13

 ENCRYPTION AND TRANSMISSION ………………………Page 14

 DTH APPLICATIONS …………………………………………..Page 15

 DTH BENEFITS ……………………………………………….....Page 15

 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………Page 16

 REFERENCES …………………………………………………..Page 17

2|Page
The DTH

DTH stands for Direct-To-Home television. DTH is defined as the reception of satellite
programs with a personal dish in an individual home.

DTH does away with the need for the local cable operator and puts the broadcaster directly in
touch with the consumer. Only cable operators can receive satellite programs and they then
distribute them to individual homes

The word ‘DTH’ is synonymous with transmission of digital video channel to home subscriber’s
using a small dish antenna. The DTH utilizes a technology which enables a home to receive high
speed internet broadband access data communication, voice over internet protocol (IP) telephony
and much more using an open standard Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) technology.

The video channels are received with a suitable set top box capable of demodulating Motion
Picture Engineering Group (MPEG-2) standard videos. It is for the return channel required for
other services such as voice over internet protocol and broadband access data communications,
that a return channel is also required for the home terminal. The return channel via the satellite is
called RCS and is an open standard.

Hardware compatible with DVB-RCS technology are readily available in the market in both Ku-
band and C-band. Today, most satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their
programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider, such as DISH TV or DTH
platform.

WORKING OF DTH

3|Page
A DTH network consists of a broadcasting centre, satellites, encoders, multiplexers, modulators
and DTH receivers

A DTH service provider has to lease Ku-band transponders from the satellite. The encoder
converts the audio, video and data signals into the digital format and the multiplexer mixes these
signals. At the user end, there will be a small dish antenna and
Set-top boxes to decode and view numerous channels. On the user's end, receiving dishes can be
as small as 45 cm in diameter.

DTH is an encrypted transmission that travels to the consumer directly through a satellite. DTH
transmission is received directly by the consumer at his end through the small dish antenna. A set
top box, unlike the regular cable connection, decodes the encrypted transmission.

4|Page
CABLE TV Vs DTH

HOW DOES DTH REALLY DIFFER FROM CABLE TV?

The way DTH reaches a consumer's home is different from the way cable TV does. In DTH, TV
channels would be transmitted from the satellite to a small dish antenna mounted on the window
or rooftop of the subscriber's home. So the broadcaster directly connects to the user. The
middlemen like local cable operators are not there in the picture. DTH can also reach the
remotest of areas since it does away with the intermediate step of a cable operator and the wires
(cables) that come from the cable operator to your house. As we explained above, in DTH
signals directly come from the satellite to your DTH dish.

5|Page
Also, with DTH, a user can scan nearly 700 channels!

DTH RATHER THAN CABLE TV

DTH offers better quality picture than cable TV. This is because cable TV in India is analog.
Despite digital transmission and reception, the cable transmission is still analog. DTH offers
stereophonic sound effects. It can also reach remote areas where terrestrial transmission and
cable TV have failed to penetrate. Apart from enhanced picture quality, DTH has also allows for
interactive TV services such as movie-on-demand, Internet access, video conferencing and e-
mail.

But the thing that DTH has going for it is that the powerful broadcasting companies like Star,
Zee, etc are pushing for it. In DTH, the payments will be made directly by the subscriber to the
satellite company offering the service.

A big problem that broadcasters face in India is the issue of underreporting of subscribers by
cable operators.

WILL DTH BE CHEAPER THAN CABLE OR MORE EXPENSIVE?

DTH will be definitely more expensive than cable as it exists today. A set-top box is a must for
DTH. Earlier, when CAS made set-top box mandatory for households, the costs between DTH
and cable would not have been too wide. But CAS on the backburner now -- which means no
set-top box (a must for DTH), the price gap between DTH and cable, will be wide.

MARKET COMPARISON OF DTH AND CABLE TV

The cable system is well entrenched in India and is showing quite rapid growth. If DTH had
come to India in 1996-97 (like Star had originally attempted), then it could have made a
significant breakthrough.

Europe is an example of this. DTH developed there before cable and now controls nearly 80 per
cent of the total satellite television subscriber base. But in US, cable rules because it came before
DTH.

DTH will definitely cut into the existing cable user base. It will make the local cable operator
less important and take business away from him. It will give consumers greater choice. But it is
likely to be an up market premium product and most middle class households will stick to cable.

6|Page
HISTORY OF DTH IN INDIA

DTH services were first proposed in India in 1996. But they did not pass approval because there
were concerns over national security and a cultural invasion. In 1997, the government even
imposed a ban when the Rupert Murdoch-owned Indian Sky
Broadcasting (ISkyB) was about to launch its DTH services in India. Finally in 2000, DTH was
allowed. The new policy requires all operators to set up earth stations in India within 12 months
of getting a license. DTH licenses in India will cost $2.14 million and will be valid for 10 years.
The companies offering DTH service will have to have an Indian chief and foreign equity has
been capped at 49 per cent. There is no limit on the number of companies that can apply for the
DTH license.

Some of the Indian companies offering DTH services in India are:-

 DD direct

 Dish TV

 Tata Sky

 Airtel Digital TV

 Big TV

 Videocon D2H

THE BROADCAST TV PROBLEM

Conceptually, satellite television is a lot like broadcast television. It's a wireless system for
delivering television programming directly to a viewer's house. Both broadcast television and
satellite stations transmit programming via a radio signal. Broadcast stations use a powerful
antenna to transmit radio waves to the surrounding area.
Viewers can pick up the signal with a much smaller antenna. The main limitation of broadcast
television is range. The radio signals used to broadcast television shoot out from the broadcast
antenna in a straight line. In order to receive these signals, you have to be in the direct "line of
sight" of the antenna. Small obstacles like trees or small buildings aren't a problem; but a big

7|Page
obstacle, such as the Earth, will reflect these radio waves. If the Earth were perfectly flat, you
could pick up broadcast Photo courtesy DirecTV television thousands of miles from the source.
But because the planet is curved, it eventually breaks the signal's line of site. The other problem
with broadcast television is that the signal is often distorted even in the viewing area. To get a
perfectly clear signal like you find on cable, you have to be pretty close to the broadcast antenna
without too many obstacles in the way.

THE SATELLITE TV SOLUTION

Satellite television solves the problems of range and distortion by transmitting broadcast signals
from satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky, there are a lot more
customers in the line of site. Satellite television systems transmit and receive radio signals using
specialized antennas called satellite dishes.

Satellites are higher in the sky than TV antennas, so they have a much larger "line
of sight" range.

The television satellites are all in geosynchronous orbit, meaning that they stay in one place in
the sky relative to the Earth. Each satellite is launched into space at about 7,000 mph (11,000
kph), reaching approximately 22,200 miles (35,700 km) above the Earth. At this speed and
altitude, the satellite will revolve around the planet once every 24 hours -- the same period of
time it takes the Earth to make one full rotation. In other words, the satellite keeps pace with our
moving planet exactly. This way, you only have to direct the dish at the satellite once, and from
then on it picks up the signal without adjustment, at least when everything works right. At the

8|Page
core, this is all there is to satellite television. But as we'll see in the next section, there are several
important steps between the original programming source and your television.

ROLE OF SATELLITES

NSS 6

NSS 6, Ku-band satellite with Ka band uplink capabilities, will provide fully interactive access to
high speed internet and other multimedia communications. Additionally, it will provide direct to
home broadcasting services a well AS THE full compliment of traditional enterprise
telecommunications services across the large coverage area stretching from the eastern
Mediterranean and southern Africa to Australia, Japan and Korea.

GEO STATIONARY SATELLITES

Geostationary satellites play an important role for DTH systems

Receiver which point to a geostationary satellite

In above fig. receiving antenna of DTH is shown located at the top of a house.

9|Page
Position of receivers at different location of earth

 Above fig. is there to explain that within the focus there is a uplink station which
transmits programs to satellite.
 Satellite again broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider’s
goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of channels to the customer’s television.

Ku BAND FREQUENCIES

Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz to 14
GHz).
Rain Fade Effects on Ku-band Transmissions

There is one major drawback to satellites down linking signals at frequencies greater than 10
GHz: the signal wavelength is so short that rain, snow, or even rain-filled clouds passing

10 | P a g e
overhead can reduce the intensity of the incoming signals (Figure 6-14). At these higher
frequencies, the lengths of the falling rain droplets are close to resonant submultiples of the
signal's wavelength; the droplets therefore are able to absorb and depolarize the microwaves
as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere.

COMPRESSION

The two major providers in the United States use the MPEG-2 compressed video format -- the
same format used to store movies on DVDs. With MPEG-2 compression, the provider can
reduce the 270- Mbps stream to about 5 or 10 Mbps (depending on the type of programming).
This is the crucial step that has made DBS service a success.

With digital compression, a typical satellite can transmit about 200 channels. Without digital
compression, it can transmit about 30 channels.

ENCRYPTION AND TRANSMISSION

After the video is compressed, the provider needs to encrypt it in order to keep people from
accessing it for free.

Encryption scrambles the digital data in such a way that it can only be decrypted (converted back
into usable data) if the receiver has the correct decryption algorithm and security keys.

Encryption is an electronic method of securing the video and audio of any TV program so that
satellite, cable, and broadcast TV services can maintain control over the distribution of their
signals.

11 | P a g e
To receive encrypted or "scrambled" TV services, cable and SMATV system operators, hotel
chains, private satellite networks, and home dish owners must possess a compatible decoder that
can sense the presence of the encrypted TV signal and then
automatically decode the pictures and sound Premium program services purchase the rights to
movies from film production companies with the understanding that every individual will pay for
the right to view them.

Programmers also are very concerned about hotels, bars, and other commercial establishments
that derive monetary benefit from signal piracy

DTH APPLICATIONS

 To view pay & free-to-air TV channels of various DTH platform on your home TV.

 Doordarshan free-to-air services providing 40 TV channels with no subscription fees is

 One can scan the entire globe with a motorized dish using a CI set top box with CAM
modules and watch TV channels of several DTH platforms visible to the dish terminals.

 A number has started IP broadcast with return channel on PSTN line and this would be
for education and other application.

DTH-BENEFITS

Benefits of DTH extends to all sections of the society since DTH has a reach in all areas whether
it is remote or urban; it provides equal benefits to everyone. Benefits of DTH are listed below:

 Cost effective communication, information and entertainment to all .

12 | P a g e
  Small size terminals can provide up to 4000 TV channels and 2000 radio channels
through a click of a button and thus brings world’s at least information, news, and
entertainment to your home.

 DTH services bypasses mediators and thus content provider comes with customer
directly.
 DTH services are transparent providing digital quality video, audio, radio, and IP to all at
equal prices and other benefits with reliability.

CONCLUSION

DTH projects in India are just a beginning and we are taking the advantage of DTH revolution.
Direct to home connects urban, rural and remote areas of the country and provides desire
information communication, education and entertainment at the click of a button.

REFERENCES

13 | P a g e
  www.scribd.com

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.howstuffwork.com

14 | P a g e