Elasticity - Thermal Expansion

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ELASTICITY & THERMAL EXPANSION

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. Elasticity ........................................................................................ 2
2. Stress ......................................................................................... 2 – 3
3. Strain .......................................................................................... 3 – 5
4. Young Modulus ............................................................................ 5 – 6
5. Thermal Expansion .................................................................... 6 – 12
6. Exercise - I ................................................................................ 13 – 16
7. Exercise - II ............................................................................... 17 – 18
8. Exercise - III .................................................................................. 19
9. Answer key ................................................................................... 20
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Page # 2 ELASTICITY & THERMAL EXPANSION
1. DEFINATION
Elasticity is that property of the material of a body by virtue of which the body opposes any change
in its shape or size when deforming forces are applied to it, and recovers its original state as soon
as the deforming forces are removed.
On the basis of defination bodies may be classified in two types :
(a) Perfectly Elastic (P.E.) : If body regains its original shape ans size completely after removal of force.
Nearest approach P.E. : quartz-fibre
(b) Perfectly Plastic (P.P.) : If body does not have tendency to recover its original shape and size.
Nearest Approach P.P. : Peetty
Limit of Elasticity : The maximum deforming force upto which a body retains its property of elasticity
is called the limit of elasticity of the material of the body.
2. STRESS
When a deforming force is applied to a body, it reacts to the applied force by developing a reaction (or
restoring force which, from Newton's third law, is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the applied
force. Thereaction force per unit area of the body which is called into play due to the action of the applied
force is called stress. Stress is measured in units of force per unit area, i.e. Nm–2. Thus.
F
Stress =
A
where F is the applied force and A is the area over which it acts.
A
10 N
Stress = 10/A
Unit of stress : N/m2
Dimension of stress : M1L-1T-2
2.1 Types of stress :
Three Types of Stress :
A F
(A) Tensile Stress : Pulling force per unit area. F
It is applied parallel to the length

It causes increase in length or volume
(B) Compressive Stress : Pushing force per unit area.
A F
It is applied parallel to the length F
It causes decrease in length or volume

(C) Tangential Stress : Tangential force per unit area. It causes shearing of bodies.
Note :
1. If the stress is normal to surface called normal stress.
2. Stress is always normal to surface in case of change in length of a wire or volume of body.
3. When external force compresses the body  Nature of atomic force will be repulsive.
4. When external forces expanses the body  Nature of atomic force will be attractive.
Difference between Pressure v/s Stress :
S. No. Pressure Stress

Pressure is always normal to Stress can be normal or
1
the area. tangential
May be compressive or
2 Always compressive in nature
tensile in nature.
3 Scalar Tensor

ELASTICITY & THERMAL EXPANSION Page # 3
Ex.1 A 4.0 m long copper wire of cross sectional area 1.2 cm2 is stretched by a force of 4.8 × 103 N
stress will be -
(A) 4.0 × 107 N/mm2 (B) 4.0 × 107 KN/m2 (C) 4.0 × 107 N/m2 (D) None
Sol. [C]
F 4.8  10 3 N
Stress = = = 4.0 × 107 N/m2
A .  10 4 m 2
12
3. STRAIN
When a deforming force is applied to a body, it may suffer a change is size or shape. Strain is defined as the
ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape of the body. Strain is a number; it has no
units or dimensions.
The ratio of the change in length to the original length is called longitudinal strain. The ratio of the change in
volume to the original volume is called volume strain. The strain resulting from a change in shape is called
shearing strain.
L final length – original length
Strain   =  T,,
L0 original length
Note : Original and final length should be at same temperature.
3.1 Types of strain : F

Three Types of Strain :
(A) Linear Strain : Change in length per unit length is called linear strain
Change in length
Linear Strain =
Original length
L
=
L
(B) Volume Strain : Change in volume per unit volume is called volume strain.
V  V
Volume
sirain
Volume Strain
Change in volume V
= =
Original volume V
(C) Shear Strain : Angle through which a line originally x
normal to fixed surface is turned.
x
 =
L L 
Note : Strain is unitless.
Ex.2 A copper rod 2m long is stretched by 1mm. Strain will be - Shear strain
(A) 10-4, volumetric (B) 5 × 10-4, volumetric
(C) 5 × 10-4, longitudinal (D) 5 × 10-3, volumetric
 1 10 3
Sol. [C] Strain = = = 5 × 10–4, longitudinal
 2

4. THERMAL STRESS
If the ends of a rod are rigidly fixed and its temperature is changed, then compressive stresses are
set up in the rod. These developed stress are called thermal stress.
Thermal Stress = Y  t
Y  modulus of elasticity,   Coefficient of linear expansion
t  change in temperature
5. WORK DONE IN STRETCHING A WIRE
In stretching a wire work is done against internal restoring forces. This work is stored in body as elastic
potential energy or strain energy.
If L = length of wire &
A = Cross-sectional Area.
F/A YA
Y =  F = x
x/L L
work done to increase dx length
YA
dW = Fdx = xdx
L
L YA 1 YA
Total work done = W =  xdx = (L)2
0 L 2 L
2
W 1  L 
Work done per unit volume = = Y   [ V = AL]
V 2  L 
W 1
= Y (strain)2
V 2
W 1 Stress
= x stress x strain [ Y = ]
V 2 Strain
W 1 ( stress)2 W 1 F L
=  = ×
V 2 Y AL 2 A L
1 1
W = F × L = load x elongation
2 2
6. STRESS-STAIN CURVE stress D
C E
If we increase the load gradually on a vertical
suspended metal wire, B
In Region OA : A
Strain is small (< 2%)
Stress  Strain  Hook's law is valid. O strain
Slope of line OA gives Young's modulus Y of the material.
In Region AB : Stress is not proportional to strain, but wire will still regain its original length after
removing of stretching force.
In region BC : Wire yields  strain increases rapidly with small change in stress. This behavior is
shown up to point C known as yield point.
In region CD : Point D correspondes to maximum stress, which is called point of breaking or tensile
strength.
In region DE : The wire literally flows. The maximum stress corresponding to D after which wire begin
to flow.
In this region strain increase even if wire is unloaded and rupture at E.
7. HOOKES' LAW
Hookes' law states that, within the elastic limit, the stress developed in a bodyis proportional to the strain
produced in it. Thus the ratio of stress to strain is a constant. This constant is called the modulus of
elasticity. Thus
stress
Modulus of elasticity =
strain
Since strain has no unit, the unit of the modulus of elasticity is the same as that of stress, namely, Nm–2

8. YOUNG'S MODULUS
Suppose that a rod of length l and a uniform crossectional area a is subjected to a logitudinal pull. In other
words, two equal and opposite forces are applied at its ends.
F
Stress =
A
The stress in the present case is called linear stress, tensile stress, or extensional stress. If the direction of
the force is reversed so that L is negative, we speak of compressional strain and compressional stress. If
the elastic limit is not exceeded, then from Hooke's law
Stress  strain
or Stress = Y × strain
stress F L
or Y  . ...(1)
strain A L
where Y, the constant of proportionality, is called the Young's modulus of the material of the rod and may be
defined as the ratio of the linear stess to linear strain, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. Since strain
has no unit, the unit of Y is Nm–2.
Consider a rod of length  0 which is fixed between to rigid end separated at a distance  0 now if the
temperature of the rod is increased by  then the strain produced in the rod will be :
length of the rod at new temperatrue

– natural length of the rod at new temperature F F
strain =
natural length of the rod at new temperature
0
 0 –  0 (1  ) –  0 
=  0 (1  ) =  0 (1  )
  is very small so
strain = –  (negative sign in the answer represents that the length of the rod is less than the natural
length that means is compressed by the ends.)
stress
We know that   then F = T A
strain
Note :
(A) For Loaded Wire :
FL  FL 2
L = 2  Y  AL & A  r 
r Y  
for rigid body L = 0 so Y =  i.e.
elasticity of rigid body is infinite.
(B) If same stretching force is applied to different wire of same material.
L
L  [As F and Y are const.]
r2
Greater the value L, greater will be elongation.
(C) Elongation of wire by its own weight :
In this case F = Mg acts at CG of the wire so length of wire which is stretched will be L/2
FL (Mg)  L / 2 MgL gL2
    L = = 2 = =
AY r Y 2AY 2Y
[ M = AL]
gL2
L =
2Y

Ex.3 A wire of length 1m and area of cross section 4 x 10-8 m2 increases in length by 0.2 cm when
a force of 16 N is applied. Value of Y for the material of the wire will be
(A) 2 × 106 N/m2 (B) 2 × 1011 kg/m2 (C) 2 × 1011 N/mm2 (D) 2 × 1011 N/m2
Sol. [D] By Hook's law
F/A FL
Y = =
 /L A
16  1
Y = = 2 × 10111 N/m2
( 4  10 8 ) (0.2  10 2 )
7.2 Bulk Modulus :
Volume stress P VP
B = = V
 B = –
Volume strain V

V
7.3 Compressibility :
k =
1
= –
1 FG V IJ
B V H P K
7.4 Modulus of Rigidity :
tan gentialstress F/A
 =   = D
tan gentialstrain 
Only solid can have shearing as these have definite shape.
8. POISSION'S RATIO
L
Lateralstrain d/D dL
 = =   =
Linear strain L / L LD
Interatomic force constant = Young Modulus x Interatomic distance. 
9. THERMAL EXPANSION d
Most substances expand when they are heated. Thermal expansion is a consequence of the change in
average separation between the constituent atoms of an object. Atoms of an object can be imagined to be
connected to one another by stiff springs as shown in figure. At ordinary temperatures, the atoms in a solid
oscillate about their equilibrium positions with an amplitude of approximately 10–11 m. The average specing
between the atom is about 10–10 m. As the temperature of solid increases, the atoms oscillate with greater
amplitudes, as a result the average separation between them increases, consequently the object expands.
9.1 LINEAR EXPANSION

When the rod is heated, its increase in length L is proportional to its original length L0 and change in
temperture T where T is in °C or K.
L0 L  L 0  L
Before heating After heating

dL =  L0dT  L =  L0T If a T << 1
L
 = L T where  is called the coefficient of linear expansion whose unit is °C–1 or K–1.
0
L = L0(1 +  T) . Where L is the length after heating the rod.

Variation of  with temperatue and distance

(a) If  varies with distance,  = ax + b
Then total expansion =  (ax  b) Tdx x dx

(b) If  varies with temperature,  = f(T)
Then L =  L dT
0
Note :
• Actually thermal expansion is always 3-D expansion. When other two dimensions of object are
negligible with respect to one, then observations are significant only in one dimension and it
is known as linear expansion.
• Avery linear dimenstions of the object changes in the same fashion
d
Ex.4 A rectangular plate has a circular cavity as shown in
the figure. If we increase its temperature then which
c b
dimension will increase in following figure.
Sol. Distance between any two point on an object increases
with increase in temperature. So, all dimensions a,b,c a
and d will increase.
Ex.5 In the given figure, when temperature is increased then

which of the following increases R1
(A) R1 (B) R2 (C) R2 – R1
Ans. All of the above R2
- - - - - - represents expanded Boundary
----------- represents original Boundary
As the intermolecular distance between atoms increases
on heating the inner and outer perimeter increases. Also
if the atomic arrangement in radial direction is observed
then we can say that it also increases hence all A, B, C
are true.
Ex.6 A small ring having small gap is shown in figure on

heating what will happen to size of gap.
Sol. Gap will also increase. The reason is same as in above example.
Note : Original and final length should be at same temperature.
A = Area 0
Ex.7 Find the equillibrium length for the system
A A
after increasing temperature by T.
B B
Sol. here  'A and B' are the natural length of the rod A and B A A
after increase in temperature by T, and  '0 is actual  A  B
length after temperature increase by T.

 'A
 0' – 'A
So strain in A = 'A
 B' – '0
and in B =  'B
Now force balance
 '0
F ' – '
Now  A 0 A ...(1)
A ' A  B'
2F ' – '
and  B B 0 ....(2) A
A 'B F
(1)  (2)
1  A ['0 –  0 (1   A T)]  0 (1   B T )

2  B  0 (1   A T)[  0 (1   B T) – '0 ]
 0 (  B  2 A )[ 1  ( B   A )T)
'0 
2 A (1  B T)   B (1   A T)
9.2 Measurement of length by metallic scale :

case (i)
When object is expanded only
 2  1 {1   0 ( 2 – 1)}
1 = actual length of object at 1°C = measure length of object at 1°C.
 2 = actual length of object at 2°C = measured length of object at 2°C
0 = linear expansion coefficient of object
1 2
, , 0 3
1 2 2
case (ii)
When only measureal instrument is expaneded actual length of object will not change but measured value
(MV) decreases. 1
MV = 1{1 –  s ( 2 – 1)}
s = linear expansion coefficient of measuring instrument.
2
case (iii)
2  C
If both expanded simultaneously
MV = l1{1 + (0 – s) (2 – 1)}
1  C
(i) if 0 > s, then measured value is more than actual value at 1°C 0 1 2 3 4 5
(ii) If 0 < s, then measured value is less than actual value at 1°C
2  C
at 1 °C MV = 3.4, 2 °C MV = 4.1 0 1 2 3 4
9.3 Effect of temperature on the time period of a pendulum :

The time period of a simple pendulum is given by
I
T  2 or T I
g
As the temperature is increased length of the pendulum and hence, time period gets increased or a pendu-
lum clock becomes slow and it loses the time,
T' I' I  l
 
T I l
Here, we put l = l  in place of l T so as to avoid the confusion with change in time period. Thus,
T' I  I  1 
  (1  )1/ 2 or T'  T1   
T l  2 

1
or T = T – T = T  
2
Time lost in time t (by a pendulum clock whose actual time period is T and the changed time period at some
higher temperature T) is
 T 
t   t
 T' 
Similarly, if the temperature is decreased the length and hence, the time period gets decreased. A pendulum
clock in this case runs fast and it gains the time.
T' I' I – I 1  1 
   1 –  or T '  T  1 –   
T I I 2  2 
1
T  T – T '  T  
2
and time gained in time t is the same, i.e.,
 T 
t   t
 T' 
Ex.8 A second's pendulum clock has a steel wire. The clock is calibrated at 20°C. How much time does the
clock lose or gain in one week when the temperature is increased to 30°C? steel = 1.2 × 10–5 (°C)–1.
Sol. The time period of second's pendulum is 2 second. As the temperature increases length and hence, time
period increases. Clock becomes slow and it loss the time. The change in time period is
1  1 –5
T  T   (2) (1.2  10 )(30  – 20) = 1.2 × 10–4 s
2 2
 New time period is ,
T = T + T = (2 + 1.2 × 10–4) = 2.0012 s
 Time lost in one week
 T  (1 .2  10 –4 )
t   t  (7  24  3600 ) = 36.28 s
 T'  (2.00012 )
9.4 SUPERFICIAL OR AREAL EXPANSION
When a solid is heated and its area increases, then the thermal expansion is called superficial or areal
expansion. Consider a solid plate of side l0 and linear expansion coefficient s. Then Ai = ab
final Area = l × b = ab(1 + s T)2
= ab(1 + 2 s T) = ab(1 +  T) Ti
length(f)  a (1   s T)
Af = Ai (1 + T) b s
breath(f)  b (1   s T)
 = 2
 = coefficent of Area expansion. a
Isotropic Material
Material having coefficient of linear Expansion is same in all the direction.
An isotropic Material
Material having coefficient of linear Expansion is different for different direction.
Note : • Most of the time we take material as the isotropic material
For an isotropic material
Ti Tf
2 b(1   2 T )
2 b
 1
1
a a(1  1T )
Ai = ab
Af = ab (1 + 1T) (1 + 2 T) = ab (1 + 1 + 2T + 12 T2
= ab (1 + 1 + 2T) = Ai (1 + 1 + 2T)

9.5 VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION

When a solid is heated and its volume increases, then the expansion is called volume expansion or cubical
expansion.
Note : Now after increase in temp by T
Vf = a bc
= a[1  T ] 3 bc b vi=abc
a
= abc [1 + 3  T]  T << 1 c
vf = vi [1 + 3 T]
So 3 =  = coefficient of volume expansion.
a
Hollow
a
Cubical Container of
Solid cube same material
1. When temperature changes the volume of the container and volume of the cube change in the same
fashion because a changes in the same fashion.
2. In volume expansion of container we use  of the container material.
For Isotroptic
vf = vi (1 + 3T)
For Isotroptic
v f  v i [1  (1   2   3 )T ]
Note :-
(i)  :  :  = 1 : 2 : 3
(ii) And they are dependent of temperature.
9.6 Effect of temperature on density :

If the initial density of the body is i having mass m and volume v then
m
i =
v
If the temperature increases then volume should be changes and the final volume is given by
vf = v (1+ T). So the final density
m m
f = v   f  v(1  T)
f
f = i(1 + T)–1
from binomial theorem
f = i (1 – T)
9.7 Temperature scale 100°C
Relation between different scales. 0°
K = Kelvin
32° F 212°F
C = Centigrade
F = Fahrenheit Freezing Boiling
Point 273.15K 373.15K points
100°C difference = 180° F difference
9
1°C difference = F difference
5

9C
 F – 32
5
K = C + 273.15
Relation between temperature. on two difference scales.
L.F. value = Lower fixed value
U.F. value = Upper fixed value
Temperature on S1 scale – L.F. value of S1 Temp. on S 2 Scale – L.F. value of S 2

U.F value of S1 – L.F. value of S1 = U.F.value of S – L.F. value of S
2 2
Ex.9 A faulty thermometer reads 5° at freezing point and 95° at boiling point then findout original reading
in °C when it reads 50°.
50 – 5 x–0 45 x
Sol. =  =  x = 50 Ah w g
95 – 5 100 90 100
Effect of temperature of Buoyancy Force h
Initially at temperature T
FB = v l g w
on increase temperature at T then 
V(1   B T )  g (1   B T )
FB  = v  g (1   T )
(1    T )  v w g
Ah l g
0
( l   0 )
(a) If B > L & T 
then FB 
(a) If L > B & T  
then FB  and T 
then FB 
v(1   B T) v 0 g  mg
9.8 Barometer
Their is a capaillary tube which have coefficient of linear
expansion c and a liquid of volume v of volume expansion A
coefficient v of volume expansion coefficient of  at
temperature Ti. and given 3 c    . The Area of cross-
section of capillary tube is A.
Now temperature increases to Tf, So volume of liquid rises Ti
in the capillary. Let it rises to height H. So volume rises
in tube = V V c
V = V[1 +  T] – V[1+ 3 c T] = V ( – 3c ) T
And Area of cross section of capillary = A
= A [1 + 2CT]
V VT(   – 3 C )
So height in capillary tube H'  A'  A(1  2 T)
C

Ex.10 What will happen to the water level if the vessel is heated ? 
Sol. (i) if     c then overflow occure and overflow

= AH(1    t ) – AH (1 + c T)
H
(ii) if     c
final volume Vfc = AH (1  C T)
final volume Vf = AH (1   T) c
Now AF = A[1  2 C T]
H[1  y  T ]
So H = final height = [1  2 T ]
c
Note If two strips of equal length but of different metals are placed on each other and riveted, the single strip so
formed is called 'bimetallic strip' [see given fig.]. This strip has the characteristic property of bending on
heating due to unequal linear expansion of the two metals. The strip will bend with metal of greater  on outer
side, i.e., convex side. This strip finds its application in auto-cut or thermostat in electric heating circuits. It
has also been used as thermometer by calibrating its bending.
T1 T2
Fe
Fe
Cu Cu
(T2 > T1)

(A) (B)
Ex.11 When the two rods having expansion cofficient 1, 2 (2 > 1) and width d are heated then the radius
of the rod after expansion.
2
2
T d
dI (2 > 1) 1
 R
1
d
R = (  –  ) T
2 1
Proof :  2  (1   2 t)  (R  d)   1  (1  1t )  R
R  d (1   2 T )
 from binomial theorem
R (1   1T )
d
R = ( –  )T
2 1
Downloaded from www.iitjeephysics4u.com IVRS No : 0744-2439051, 52, 53, www. motioniitjee.com, info@motioniitjee.com
EXERCISE-I (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
1. A steel scale is to be prepared such that the millimeter intervals are to be accurate within 6 × 10–5 mm. The
maximum temperature variation from the temperature of calibration during the reading of the millimeter marks
is ( = 12 × 10–6 k–1)
(A) 4.0 ºC (B) 4.5 ºC (C) 5.0 ºC (D) 5.5 ºC
2. A steel rod 25 cm long has a cross-sectional area of 0.8 cm2. Force that would be required to stretch this rod
by the same amount as the expansion produced by heating it through 10ºC is :
(Coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 10–5/ºC and Young’s modulus of steel is 2 × 1010 N/m2.)
(A) 160 N (B) 360 N (C) 106 N (D) 260 N
3. Two rods of different materials having coefficients of thermal expansion 1, 2 and Young’s moduli Y1, Y2
respectively are fixed between two rigid massive walls. The rods are heated such that they undergo the same
increase in temperature. There is no bending of the rods. If 1 : 2 = 2 : 3, the thermal stresses developed in
the two rods are equal provided Y1 : Y2 is equal to
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 1 (C) 3 : 2 (D) 4 : 9
4. If I is the moment of inertia of a solid body having -coefficient of linear expansion then the change in I
corresponding to a small change in temperature T is
1
(A)  I T (B)  I T (C) 2  I T (D) 3  I T
2
5. A metallic wire of length L is fixed between two rigid supports. If the wire is cooled through a temperature
difference T (Y = young’s modulus,  = density,  = coefficient of linear expansion) then the frequency of
transverse vibration is proportional to :
 Y  
(A) Y
(B) (C) (C)
 Y Y
6. A metal wire is clamped between two vertical walls. At 20°C the unstrained length of the wire is exactly equal
to the separation between walls. If the temperature of the wire is decreased the graph between elastic energy
density (u) and temperature (T) of the wire is
u u u u
(A) (B) (C) (D)

T (in °C) T (in °C) T (in °C) T (in °C)
20 20 20 20
7. A steel tape gives correct measurement at 20°C. A piece of wood is being measured with the steel tape at
0°C. The reading is 25 cm on the tape, the real length of the given piece of wood must be :
(A) 25 cm (B) < 25 cm (C) >25 cm (D) can not say
8. A rod of length 20 cm is made of metal. It expands by 0.075 cm when its temperature is raised from 0°C to
100°C. Another rod of a different metal B having the same length expands by 0.045 cm for the same change
in temperature, a third rod of the same length is composed of two parts one of metal A and the other of metal
B. Thus rod expand by 0.06 cm for the same change in temperature. The portion made of metal A has the
length.
(A) 20 cm (B) 10 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 18 cm
9. A sphere of diameter 7 cm and mass 266.5 gm floats in a bath of a liquid. As the temperature is raised, the
sphere just begins to sink at a temperature 35°C. If the density of a liquid at 0°C is 1.527 gm/cc, then
neglecting the expansion of the sphere, the coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid is f :
(A) 8.486 × 10–4 per °C (B) 8.486 × 10–5 per °C (C) 8.486 × 10–6 per °C (D) 8.486 × 10–3 per °C

10. The volume of the bulb of a mercury thermometer at 0°C is V0 and cross section of the capillary is A0. The
coefficient of linear expansion of glass is ag per °C and the cubical expansion of mercury m per °C. If the
mercury just fills the bulb at 0°C, what is the length of mercury column in capillary at T°C.
V0 T(  m  3ag ) V0 T(  m – 3ag ) V0 T(  m  2ag ) V0 T(  m – 2a g )
(A) A (1  2a T) (B) A (1  2a T) (C) A (1  3a T) (D) A (1  3a T )
0 g 0 g 0 g 0 g
11. A metallic rod 1 cm long with a square cross-section is heated through 1°C. If Young’s modulus of elasticity
of the metal is E and the mean coefficient of linear expansion is  per degree Celsius, then the compressional
force required to prevent the rod from expanding along its length is : (Neglect the change of cross-sectional area)
(A) EAt (B) EA t/(1 +  t) (C) EA t/(1 – t) (D) E/t
12. The loss in weight of a solid when immersed in a liquid at 0°C is W 0 and at t°C is W. If cubical coefficient of
expansion of the solid and the liquid by s and 1 respectively, then W is equal to :
(A) W 0[1 + (s – 1) t] (B) W 0[1 – (s – 1) t] (C) W 0[ (s – 1) t] (D) W 0t / (s – 1)
13. A thin walled cylindrical metal vessel of linear coefficient of expansion 10–3 °C–1 contains benzenr of volume
expansion coefficient 10–3 °C–1. If the vessel and its contents are now heated by 10°C, the pressure due to the
liquid at the bottom.
(A) increases by 2% (B) decreases by 1% (C) decreases by 2% (D) remains unchanged
14. A rod of length 2m at 0°C and having expansion coefficient  = (3x + 2) × 10–6 °C–1 where x is the distance (in
cm) from one end of rod. The length of rod at 20 °C is :
(A) 2.124 m (B) 3.24 m (C) 2.0120 m (D) 3.124 m
15. A copper ring has a diameter of exactly 25 mm at its temperature of 0°C. An aluminium sphere has a
diameter of exactly 25.05 mm at its temperature of 100°C. The sphere is placed on top of the ring and two are
allowed to come to thermal equilibrium, no heat being lost to the surrounding. The sphere just passes
through the ring at the equilibrium temperature. The ratio of the mass of the sphere & ring is :
(given : Cu = 17 × 10–6/°C, Al = 2.3 × 10–5/°C, specific heat of Cu = 0.0923 Cal/g°C and specific heat of
Al = 0.215 cal/g°C)
(A) 1/5 (B) 23/108 (C) 23/54 y (D) 216/23
16. A cuboid ABCDEFGH is anisotropic with x = 1 × 10–5/°C, A B

y = 2 × 10–5/°C, z = 3 × 10–5/°C. Coefficient of superficial C
D
expansion of faces can be F G
x
(A) ABCD = 5 × 10–5 /°C (B) BCGH = 4 × 10–5 /°C E
H
(C) CDEH = 3 × 10–5/°C (D) EFGH = 2 × 10–5/°C
z
17. An open vessel is filled completely with oil which has same coefficient of volume expansion as that of the
vessel. On heating both oil and vessel,
(A) the vessel can contain more volume and more mass of oil
(B) the vessel can contain same volume and same mass of oil
(C) the vessel can contain same volume but more mass of oil
(D) the vessel can contain more volume but same mass of oil
18. A metal ball immersed in Alcohol weights W 1 at 0°C and W 2 at 50°C. The coefficient of cubical expansion of
the metal ()m is less than that of alcohol ()Al. Assuming that density of metal is large compared to that of
alcohol, it can be shown that
(A) W 1 > W 2 (B) W 1 = W 2 (C) W 1 < W 2 (D) any of (A), (B) or (C)
19. A solid ball is completely immersed in a liquid. The coefficients of volume expansion of the ball and liquid are
3 × 10–6 and 8 × 10–6 per °C respectively. The percentage change in upthrust when the temperature is
increased by 100°C is
(A) 0.5 % (B) 0.11 % (C) 1.1% (D) 0.05 %

20. A thin copper wire of length L increase in length by 1% when heated from temperature T1 to T2. What is the
percentage change in area when a thin copper plate having dimensions 2L × L is heated from T1 to T2 ?
(A) 1% (B) 2% (C) 3% (D) 4%
21. If two rods of length L and 2L having coefficients of linear expansion  and 2 respectively are connected so
that total length becomes 3L, the average coefficient of linear expansion of the composition rod equals :
3 5 5
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) none of these
2 2 3
22. The bulk modulus of copper is 1.4 × 1011 Pa and the coefficient of linear expansion is 1.7 × 10–5 (C°)–1. What
hydrostatic pressure is necessary to prevent a copper block from expanding when its temperature is increased
from 20°C to 30°C ?
(A) 6.0 × 105 Pa (B) 7.1 × 107 Pa (C) 5.2 × 106 Pa (D) 40 atm
23. The coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and a metal X are respectively 12 × 10–6 and 2 × 10–6 per °C, At
40°C, the side of a cube of metal X was measured using a steel vernier callipers. The reading was 100 mm.
Assuming that the calibration of the vernier was done at 0°C, then the actual length of the side of the cube at
0°C will be
(A) > 100 mm (B) < 100 mm (C) = 100 mm (D) data insufficient to conclude
24. A glass flask contains some mercury at room temperature. It is found that at different temperature the volume
of air inside the flask remains the same. If the volume of mercury in the flask is 300 cm3, then volume of the
flask is (given that coefficient of volume expansion of mercury and coefficient of linear expansion of glass are
1.8 × 10–4(°C)–1 and 9 × 10–6(°C)–1 respectively)
(A) 4500 cm3 (B) 450 cm3 (C) 2000 cm3 (D) 6000 cm3
Question No. 25 to 29 (5 question)

Solids and liquids both expand on heating. The density of substance decreases on expanding according to
the relation
1
2 = 1  ( T – T )
2 1
where, 1  density at T1
2  density at T2
  coeff. of volume expansion of substances
when a solid is submerged in a liquid, liquid exerts an upward force on solid which is equal to the weight of
liquid displaced by submerged part of solid.
Solid will float or sink depends on relative densities of solid and liquid.
A cubical block of solid floats in a liquid with half of its volume
submerged in liquid as shown in figure (at temperature T)
s  coeff. of linear expansion of solid
L  coeff. of volume expansion of liquid
s  density of solid at temp. T
L  density of liquid at temp. T
25. The relation between densities of solid and liquid at temperature T is
(A) S = 2L (B) S = (1/2) L (C) S = L (D) S = (1/4) L
26. If temperature of system increases, then fraction of solid submerged in liquid

(A) increases (B) decreases (C) remains the same (D)inadequate information
27. Imagine fraction submerged does not change on increasing temperature the relation between L and S is
(A) L = 3S (B) L = 2S (C) L = 4S (D) L = (3/2)S
28. Imagine the depth of the block submerged in the liquid does not change on increasing temperature then
(A) L = 2 (B) L = 3 (C) L = (3/2) (D) L = (4/3)

29. Assume block does not expand on heating. The temperature at which the block just begins to sink in liquid is
(A) T + 1/L (B) T + 1/(2L) (C) T + 2/L (D) T + L/2
30. The coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid in a copper vessel is C and in a silver vessel is S. The
coefficient of volume expansion of copper is C. What is the coefficient of linear expansion of silver?
C   c  S) C –  c  S) C   c – S) C –  c – S)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
31. An aluminium container of mass 100 gm contains 200 gm of ice at –20°C. Heat is added to the system at the
rate of 100 cal/s. The temperature of the system after 4 minutes will be (specific heat of ice = 0.5 and L = 80 cal/
gm, specific heat of Al = 0.2 cal/gm/°C)
(A) 40.5°C (B) 25.5°C (C) 30.3°C (D) 35.0°C
32. Two vertical glass tubes filled with a liquid are connected by a
capillary tube as shown in the figure. The tube on the left is put in
an ice bath at 0°C while the tube on the right is kept at 30° C in a
water bath. The differenece in the levels of the liquid in the two 4 cm Water
tubes is 4 cm while the height of the liquid column at 0° C is 120
cm. The coefficient of volume expansion of liquid is (Ignore 120cm
expansion of glass tube)
(A) 22 × 10–4/°C (B) 1.1 × 10–4/°C 30°C
(C) 11 × 10 /°C
–4
(D) 2.2 × 10–4 /°C 0°C
33. A difference of temperature of 25ºC is equivalent to a difference of :

(A) 45º F (B) 72º F (C) 32º F (D) 25º F
34. Two thermometers x and y have fundamental intervals of 80º and 120º. When immersed in ice, they show the
reading of 20º and 30º. If y measures the temperature of a body as 120º, the reading of x is :
(A) 59º (B) 65º (C) 75º (D) 80º
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
35. When an enclosed perfect gas is subjected to an adiabatic process :

(A) Its total internal energy does not change
(B) Its temperature does not change
(C) Its pressure varies inversely as a certain power of its volume
(D) The product of its pressure and volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
36. Four rods A, B, C, D of same length and material but of different radii r, r 2 , r 3 and 2r respectively are
held between two rigid walls. The temperature of all rods is increased by same amount. If the rods donot
bend, then
(A) the stress in the rods are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4
(B) the force on the rod exerted by the wall are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4
(C) the energy stored in the rods due to elasticity are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4
(D) the strains produced in the rods are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4
37. A body of mass M is attached to the lower end of a metal wire, whose upper end is fixed. The elongation of
the wire is l.
(A) Loss in gravitational potential energy of M is Mgl
(B) The elastic potential energy stored in the wire is Mgl
(C) The elastic potential energy stored in the wire is 1/2 Mgl
(D) Heat produced is 1/2 Mgl
38. When the temperature of a copper coin is raised by 80ºC, its diameter increases by 0.2%.
(A) Percentage rise in the area of a face is 0.4%
(B) Percentage rise in the thickness is 0.4%
(C) Percentage rise in the volume is 0.6%
(D) Coefficient of linear expansion of copper is 0.25 × 10–4Cº–1.

EXERCISE-II (SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. We have a hollow sphere and a solid sphere of equal radii and of the same material. They are heated to raise
their temperature by equal amounts. How will the change in their volumes, due to volume expansions, be
related ? Consider two cases (i) hollow sphere is filled with air, (ii) there is vaccum inside the hollow sphere.
2. The time represented by the clock hands of a pendulum clock depends on the number of oscillation performed
by pendulum every time it reach to its extreme position the second hand of the clock advances by one
second that means second hand move by two second when one oscillation in complete
(a) How many number of oscillations completed by pendulum of clock in 15 minutes at calibrated temperature
20°C
(b) How many number of oscillations are completed by a pendulum of clock in 15 minute at temperature of
40°C if  = 2 × 10–5c
(c) What time is represented by the pendulum clock at 40°C after 15 minutes if the initial time shown by the
clock is 12: 00 pm ?
(d) If the clock gains two second in 15 minutes then find - (i) Number of extra oscillation (ii) New time period
(iii) change in temperature.
3. Consider a cylindrical container of cross section area ‘A’, length ‘h’ having
coefficient of linear expansion c. The container is filled by liquid of real
expansion coefficient L up to height h1. When temperature of the system h
is increased by  then h1
(a) Find out new height, area and volume of cyclindrical container and new
volume of liquid.
(b) Find the height of liquid level when expansion of container is neglected.
(c) Find the relation between L and c for which volume of container above the liquid level.
(i) increases (ii) decreases (iii) remains constant.
(d) If y  > 3 C and h = h1 then calculate, the volume of liquid overflow
(e) What is the relation between   and  c for which volume of empty space becomes independent of
change of temp.
(f) If the surface of a cylindrical container is marked with numbers for the measurement of liquid level of
liquid filled inside it. If we increase the temperature of the system be  then
(i) Find height of liquid level as shown by the scale on the vessel. Neglect expansion of liquid
(ii) Find height of liquid level as shown by the scale on the vessel. Neglect expansion of container
(iii) Find relation between L and c so that height of liquid level with respect to ground
(1) increases (2) decreases (3)remains constant.
4. A loaded glass bulb weighs 156.25 g in air. When the bulb is immersed in a liquid at temperature 15ºC, it
weighs 56.25 g. On heating the liquid, for a temperature upto 52ºC the apparent weight of the bulb becomes
66.25 g. Find the coefficient of real expansion of the liquid. (Given coefficient of linear expansion of glass
= 9 × 10–6/ºC).
5. A body is completely submerged inside the liquid. It is in equilibrium and in rest condition at certain temperature.
It L volumetric expansion coefficient of liquid s = linear expansion coefficient by of body. It we increases
temperature by  amount than find
(a) New thrust force if initial volume of body is V0 and density of liquid is d0.
(b) Relation between s and L so body will (i) move upward (ii) down ward (iii) remains are rest

6. A clock pendulum made of invar has a period of 0.5 sec at 20°C. If the clock is used in a climate where
average temperature is 30° C, aporoximately. How much fast or slow will the clock run in 106 sec.
(invar = 1 × 10–6/°C)
7. An iron bar (Young’s modulus = 1011 N/m2,  = 10–6/°C) 1 m long and 10–3 m2 in area is heated from 0°C to
100°C without being allowed to bend or expand. Find the compressive force developed inside the bar.
8. Three aluminium rods of equal length form an equilateral triangle ABC. Taking O (mid point of rod BC) as the
origin.Find the increase in Y-coordinate of center of mass per unit change in temperature of the system.
Assume the length of the each rod is
2m, and al = 4 3 × 10–6/ °C
A
B O C
9. If two rods of length L and 2L having coefficients of linear expansion  and 2 respectively are connected so
that total length becomes 3L, determine the average coefficient of linear expansion of the composite rod.
10. A thermostatted chamber at small height h above earth’s surface maintained at 30°C has a clock fitted in it
with an uncompensated pendulum. The clock designer correctly designs it for height h, but for temperature
of 20°C. If this chamber is taken to earth’s surface, the clock in it would click correct time. Find the coefficient
of linear expansion of material of pendulum.(earth’s radius is R)
11. The coefficient of volume expansion of mercury is 20 times the coefficient of linear expansion of glass Find
the volume of mercury that must be poured into a glass vessel of volume V so that the volume above mercury
may remain constant at all temperature.
12. A metal rod A of 25 cm lengths expands by 0.050 cm. When its temperature is raised from 0°C to 100°C.
Another rod B of a different metal of length 40cm expands by 0.040 cm for the same rise in temperature. A
third rod C of 50 cm length is made up of pieces of rods A and B placed end to end expands by 0.03 cm on
heating from 0° C to 50°C. Find the lengths of each portion of the composite rod.
13. The figure shows three temperature scales with the freezing and boiling points of water indicated.
70ºx 120ºW 90ºY Bolling Point
–20ºx 30ºW 0ºY Freezing Point
(a) Rank the size of a degree on these scales, greatest first.

(b) Rank the following temperatures, highest first 50ºX, 50ºW and 50ºY.
14. What is the temperature at which we get the same reading on both the centigrade and Fahrenheit scales ?

EXERCISE-III (JEE PROBLEMS)
1. The apparatus shown in the figure consists of four glass columns connected by horizontal sections. The
height of two central columns B & C are 49 cm each. The two outer columns A & D are open to the
atmosphere. A & C are maintained at a temperature of 95° C while the columns B & d are maintained at 5°C.
The height of the liquid in A & D measured from the base line are 52.8 cm & 51 cm respectively. Determine
the coefficient of thermal expansion of the liquid. [JEE ‘97]
A B C
D
95° 5° 95°
5°
2. A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical strips one of copper and the other of brass. The coefficient of
linear expansion of the two metals are C and B. On heating, the temperature of the strip goes up by T and
the strip bends to form an arc of radius of curvature R. Then R is : [JEE ‘99]
(A) proportional at T (B) inversely proportional to T
(C) proportional to |B – C| (D) inversely proportional to |B – C|
3. Two rods one of aluminium of length l1 having coefficient of linear expansion a, and other steel of length l2
having coefficient of linear expansion S are joined end to end. The expansion in both the rods is same on
l1
variation of temperature. Then the value of l  l is [JEE’ (Scr) 2003]
1 2
s s a  s
(A*)    (B)  –  (C) s (D) None of these
a s a s
4. A cube of coefficient of linear expansion s is floating in a bath containing a liquid of coefficient of volume
expansion l. When the temperature is raised by T, the depth upto which the cube is submerged in the
liquid remains the same. Find the relation between s and l, showing all the steps. [JEE 2004]
5. A 0.1 kg mass is suspended from a wire of negligible mass The length of the wire is 1 m and its cross-
sectional area is 4.9 × 10–7 m2. If the mass is pulled a little in the vertically downward direction and released,
it performs simple harmonic motion of angular frequency 140 red s–1. If the Young's modulus of the material
of the wire is n × 109 Nm–2, the value of n is [JEE 2010]

: : ANSWER KEY : :
ANSWER EX-I (OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. B
7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. A
13. C 14. C 15. C 16. C 17. D 18. C
19. D 20. B 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. C
25. B 26. A 27. A 28. A 29. A 30. C
31. B 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. C,D 36. B,C
37. A,C,D 38. A,C,D
ANSWER EX-II (SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)
1. (i) hollow sphere > solid sphere, (ii) hollow sphere = solid sphere
900 1
2. (a) 450 (b) 449 (c) 12 : 14 : 59 (d) (i) 1 (ii) s (iii) s
451 450  10 –5
3. (a) h1 = h {1 + c }, A1 = A {1 + 2s }, v1 = Ah {1 + 3s }
volume of liquid Vw = Ah1(1 + L )
(b) h1 = h {1 + L } (c) (i) L < 3c (ii) L > 3c (iii) L = 3c.
(d) V = Ah (L – 3c )  (e) 3hc = h1L
(f) (i) h1 (1 – 3c), (ii) h1(1 + L ), (iii) (1) L > 2c (2) L < 2c (3) L = 2c .
1 –6   1  3 s  
4. YR =   27  37  10  /  C 5. (a) V0d0g  1     (b) (i) L < 3s (ii) L > 3s (iii) L = 3s.
9  L 
6. 5 sec slow 7. 10000 N 8. 4 × 10–6 m/°C 9. 5 /3 10. h/5R 11. 3V/20 12.10 cm, 40 cm
13. (a) All tie (b) 50°X, 50°Y, 50°W. 14. –40°C or –40°F
ANSWER EX-III (JEE PROBLEMS )
1. 2 × 10–4 C 2. B,D 3. A 4. l = 2s 5. 4


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Elasticity - Thermal Expansion

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IIT-JEE|AIEEE

Nurturing potential through education

ELASTICITY & THERMAL EXPANSION

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

4. Young Modulus ............................................................................ 5 – 6

5. Thermal Expansion .................................................................... 6 – 12

8. Exercise - III .................................................................................. 19

9. Answer key ................................................................................... 20

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

It is applied parallel to the length

It causes decrease in length or volume

Difference between Pressure v/s Stress :

S. No. Pressure Stress

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3.1 Types of strain : F

normal to fixed surface is turned.

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length of the rod at new temperatrue

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9.1 LINEAR EXPANSION

Before heating After heating

L = L0(1 +  T) . Where L is the length after heating the rod.

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Variation of  with temperatue and distance

Then total expansion =  (ax  b) Tdx x dx

Ex.5 In the given figure, when temperature is increased then

Ex.6 A small ring having small gap is shown in figure on

Note : Original and final length should be at same temperature.

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9.2 Measurement of length by metallic scale :

9.3 Effect of temperature on the time period of a pendulum :

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9.5 VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION

9.6 Effect of temperature on density :

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Temperature on S1 scale – L.F. value of S1 Temp. on S 2 Scale – L.F. value of S 2

Effect of temperature of Buoyancy Force h

on increase temperature at T then 

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Sol. (i) if     c then overflow occure and overflow

Now AF = A[1  2 C T]

(T2 > T1)

Proof :  2  (1   2 t)  (R  d)   1  (1  1t )  R

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EXERCISE-I (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

(A) (B) (C) (D)

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16. A cuboid ABCDEFGH is anisotropic with x = 1 × 10–5/°C, A B

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Question No. 25 to 29 (5 question)