How Far?

(Using a graph to get the general equation for displacement)

Imagine a car that speeds up from 10 m/s to 20 m/s in 5 seconds. Remember: the area under a line on a v-t graph can tell you how far the object in motion went. 1. So how can you figure out the area under the line shown here? Draw dotted lines to show a triangle and a square under the line. A = A =

v (m/s) 20 10

distance (total) = A + A = 2. Remember the equation d = v x t ? Try it for the above situation. You cant get the same answer as you did with the area calculation, can you? 3. Suggest a reason why the simple equation d = v x t doesnt work. 4. What would the d be if the speed was 10 m/s the whole time? 5. What would the d be if the speed was 20 m/s the whole time? 6. Did you notice that the actual d is the ________________ of these two values? If something changes its velocity (in a consistent way so that the v-t line is straight), we can use the average of the initial and final velocity to figure out the total displacement. Also, it would be nice to not always have to use a graph!

Consider our example again: v1 = 10 m/s, and v2 = 20 m/s, and t = 5 s. If we take the average speed of 15 m/s and multiply that by the time, we get d = 15 m/s x 5s = 75 m. It works! How did we get the average speed? Easy: (10 + 20) /2 = 15; or (v1 + v2)/2 So we just came up with a new equation! Displacement equals average speed x time!

v2 v v1

7. Try a few examples: a) A cycle going 5 m/s speeds up to 10 m/s in 2 s. How far did it go?

d = (v1+v2)

t1

t2 t t

t (s)

(check that it matches one of the equations at the bottom of the page) b) A car starts at rest and accelerates8. Now, instead of using the specific to 20 m/s (thats 72 km/h) in 10 s. Calculate its displacement. on the graph like before, numbers well have to use the general variables as shown on the graph. c.) You walk at 1.5 m/s for one hour.AHow far do you go? A = = d= In some situations when youre asked to calculate how far = slope (on a v-t) so But remember, a something went, the starting speed (10 m/s) or thet, speed (20 a = v / final m/s) or the time (5 s) are not always all given. Since t. are or v = a x there different situations with different variables given to us, we need This is the general equation for displacement which can tell us some general equations to figure out the required answers. Look in the where something is at any time (d) if we know its starting speed So we can replace the v at this v-t graph for a more general situation: (v1 equation above with (a t) instead.) and its acceleration (a). v (m/s) 9. So for the general equation we get:

d=

10. Lets try it out for the car from before. Lets say v1 = 10 m/s, and the car is accelerating at 2 m/s2 (but you could have figured that out using the slope, right?!) What is the displacement after 5 seconds?

14. A car going 10 m/s accelerates at 4 m/s2 over a displacement 50 m. What is its final velocity?

11. A car starts out with a speed of 10 m/s, but it is accelerating at 12 m/s2; how far does it go after 5 s? (Answer: 200 m)

12. How far does a car go which starts out at rest and accelerates at 12 m/s2 for 5 s? (Answer: 150 m)

a = v2 - v1 t

13. What would the equation look like if a = 0? (Does it look familiar?!)

d = v1t + a t 2

d = (v1+v2) t 2

v22 = v12 + 2ad

Interpretation of DT and VT Graphs of Uniform Motion It might also happen that t is unknown, and you need to solve for another variable, like v2. One more motion equation is perfect for this (see bottom of the page, far right.) General: DT Graphs: Uniform motion = Straight diagonal line with + slope =

Straight diagonal line with slope = Steepness of slope determines magnitude of speed

VT Graphs: Always horizontal b/c is constant (uniform motion) Read the speed right off of the graph _____________________________________________

Making VT Graphs from DT Graphs - Uniform Motion General: 1. Find the slope (rise/run; use scale values; include units; positive for rising lines, negative for falling lines) 2. The value of the slop is the speed. Graph it on the VT graph. ___________________________________________ _____________________________________________

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Making DT Graphs from VT Graphs - Uniform Motion General:

1. Find the graph area of each segment of the graph (eg. Length x width or the appropriate procedure). Use scale values and include units (positive for areas above the axis, negative for areas below the axis). 2. Add the graph area (+ or -) to the present position to determine the new position. Graph the new position.

Interpretation of DT and VT Graphs of Non -Uniform Motion General:

DT Graphs: Parabolic (curved) line if the acceleration is uniform Rising line (positive slope) = Falling line (negative slope) = Getting faster = Getting slower =

VT Graphs: Diagonal line (straight if the acceleration is uniform) Positive direction/forward = Negative direction/backward = Getting faster = Getting slower =

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Making DT Graphs from VT Graphs NonUniform Motion General:

1. Find the graph area of each segment of the graph (length x width or the appropriate procedure). Use scale values and include units (positive for areas above the axis, negative for areas below the axis). 2. Add the graph area (+ or -) to the present position to determine the new position. Graph the new position. 3. Join the points with lines of appropriate shape (straight for constant speed, horizontal line for zero speed, increasing steepness for increasing value of speed, decreasing steepness for decreasing value of speed).

Motion Equations
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Uniform Motion d = vt Non-uniform Motion

v2 = v1 + at a = v2 v1 t v22 = v12 + 2ad

d = v1t + at2 d = v2t at2 d = (v1 + v2) t 2

More Acceleration! Non Uniform Motion

Acceleration o Change in speed or velocity over a period of time

A skier is going 8.2 m/s when she falls and starts sliding down the ski run. After 3.0s, her velocity is 3.1 m/s. How long after she fell did she finally come to a stop? (assume her acceleration is constant) Think about the physics! Make a sketch!

Average speed/velocity o Total distance/displacement in a certain time Instantaneous speed/velocity o The speed or velocity of an object in a certain moment in time

Example #1: An object has an initial velocity of 30 km/h [E] and continues to gain velocity for 12 s until it reaches a final speed of 80 km/h [E]. Find its acceleration. Example #2: Another object has an initial velocity of 12 m/s [S], and an acceleration of 4.0 m/s2 [N] in 2.0s. Find the objects final velocity.

Find the acceleration the skier had at the time of the fall.

Now find the time from the fall until she stops.

Acceleration due to Gravity

o w/o friction, all free-falling objects fall with

Projectile Motion
An object is controlled by two independent motions. This means that an object projected horizontally will reach the ground in the same time as an object dropped vertically. No matter how large the horizontal velocity is, the downward pull of gravity is always the same.

o this is called the

and its value is 9.8 m/s2 on the Earths surface

Projectile motion problems can be broken into 2 components: horizontal motion and vertical motion.
Example 1: Projectile thrown from a height above the ground with no initial angle

o it doesnt matter if the object is dropped vertically or thrown vertically or horizontally o if we ignore friction, we can use for any object in free fall

A beanbag is thrown from a window 10.0 m above the ground with an initial velocity of 3.0 m/s. a) How long will it take the beanbag to reach the ground? b) How far will the beanbag move horizontally? (i.e. What is the range?)

Example #2: Projectile motion commonly will leave from the ground, and return to the ground.
A soccer player running on a level playing field kicks a soccer ball with a velocity of 9.4 m/s at an angle of 40 above the horizontal. Determine the soccer balls: a) time of flight b) range c) maximum height

Example #3: The other common problem you will encounter is something being launched off a cliff at an angle.

A golfer is trying to improve the range of her shot. To do so, she drives the ball from the top of a steep cliff, 30.0 m above the ground where the ball will land. If the ball has an initial velocity of 25 m/s and is launched at an angle 50 above the horizontal, determine the balls time of flight, range and final velocity before it hits the ground.