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    Acid Base Titration - Titration Curve

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    Yousif
    Titration is a method to determine the precise endpoint of a chemical reaction by measuring the quantity of reactants. In acid-base titrations, indicators are used that change color at specific pH ranges to indicate the endpoint. Common indicators include methyl orange, methyl red, and phenolphthalein. There are two theories that explain how indicators change color with pH: Ostwald's theory states it is due to ionization of the indicator, which exists in both ionized and unionized forms that are different colors; and the acid/base form theory states indicators exist in both acid and conjugate base forms that are different colors.

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    Acid Base Titration - Titration Curve

    Uploaded by

    Yousif
    125 views5 pages
    Titration is a method to determine the precise endpoint of a chemical reaction by measuring the quantity of reactants. In acid-base titrations, indicators are used that change color at specific pH ranges to indicate the endpoint. Common indicators include methyl orange, methyl red, and phenolphthalein. There are two theories that explain how indicators change color with pH: Ostwald's theory states it is due to ionization of the indicator, which exists in both ionized and unionized forms that are different colors; and the acid/base form theory states indicators exist in both acid and conjugate base forms that are different colors.

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    Acid Base Titration - Titration Curve

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    Titration is a method to determine the precise endpoint of a chemical reaction by measuring the quantity of reactants. In acid-base titrations, indicators are used that change color at specific pH ranges to indicate the endpoint. Common indicators include methyl orange, methyl red, and phenolphthalein. There are two theories that explain how indicators change color with pH: Ostwald's theory states it is due to ionization of the indicator, which exists in both ionized and unionized forms that are different colors; and the acid/base form theory states indicators exist in both acid and conjugate base forms that are different colors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    125 views5 pages

    Acid Base Titration - Titration Curve

    Uploaded by

    Yousif
    Titration is a method to determine the precise endpoint of a chemical reaction by measuring the quantity of reactants. In acid-base titrations, indicators are used that change color at specific pH ranges to indicate the endpoint. Common indicators include methyl orange, methyl red, and phenolphthalein. There are two theories that explain how indicators change color with pH: Ostwald's theory states it is due to ionization of the indicator, which exists in both ionized and unionized forms that are different colors; and the acid/base form theory states indicators exist in both acid and conjugate base forms that are different colors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Acid 

    Base Titration
    Titration is a method of analysis that will allow you to determine the precise endpoint of
    a reaction and therefore the precise quantity of reactant in the titration flask. 

    The chemical reaction involved in acid-base titration is known as neutralisation reaction.

    Indicator

    An  indicator  is  a  substance  which  is  used  to  determine  the  end  point  in  a  titration. 

    In  acid
    base  titrations,  organic  substances  (weak  acids  or  weak  bases)  are  generally  used  
    as indicators. T

    hey change their colour within a certain pH range. 

    The colour change and the pH range of some common indicators are tabulated below

    pH
    Indicator range Colour change
    3.2-
    Methyl orange 4.5 Pink to yellow
    4.4-
    Methyl red 6.5 Red to yellow
    5.5-
    Litmus 7.5 Red to blue
    6.8-
    Phenol red 8.4 Yellow to red
    8.3-
    Phenolphthalein 10.5 Colourless to pink
     Theory of Indicator
     An acid-base indicator is a weak acid or a weak base. Examples of indictors used in acid
    base reactions

    Litmus

    Phenolphthalein

    Methyl orange

    thymol blue, methyl yellow, methyl orange, bromphenol blue,


    bromcresol green, methyl red, bromthymol blue,
    phenol red, neutral red, phenolphthalein, thymolphthalein, alizarin yellow, tropeolin O,
    nitramine, and trinitrobenzoic acid.

    Color for weeak aci Color for conjugated bas
    Indicators pH range d e
    4
    Metyl - Oran Yell
    orange 6 ge ow
    6 B
    Bromophenol - Yell lu
    blue 7 ow e
    8 B
    Thymol blu - Yell lu
    e 9 ow e
    9
    - P
    Phenolphthale 1 in
    in 0 Colourless k
    10 R
    Alizarin yello - Yell e
    w 12 ow d
    Theory  of  acid-base  indicators:  Two  theories  have  been  proposed  to  explain 
    the  change  of colour of acid-base indicators with change in pH.
     

    Ostwald's
    theory:

    According  to  this  theory,  the  colour  change  is  due  to  ionisation  of  the  acid-base 
    indicator. 

    The unionised form has different colour than the ionised form. 

    The ionisation of the indicator
    is largely affected in acids and bases as it is either a weak acid or a weak base. 
    If the
    indicator  is  a  weak  acid,  its  ionisation  is  very much  low  in  acids  due  to  common 
    H+  ions while it is fairly ionised in alkalise. 

    if the indicator is a weak base, its ionisation is large in acids and low in


    alkalises due to common OH- ions.
     

    Considering  two  important  indicators  phenolphthalein  (a  weak  acid)  and  methyl  o
    range  (a weak base), Ostwald theory can be illustrated as follows:
     

    Phenolphthalein: 
    It can be represented as HPh. 
    It ionises in solution to
    a small extent as:
    HPh ↔ 
    H+  + Ph-

    Colourless Pink Applying law of
    mass action,
    K = [H+]
    [Ph- ]/[HpH]

    The un-dissociated molecules of phenolphthalein are colourless while Ph-
    ions are pink in colour.  

    Let us derive Handerson equation for an


    indicator
     

    HIn + H2O
    ↔ H3O+  + In-         Acid form' 'Base form' Methyl orange:

    It is a very weak base and can be represented as MeOH. It is ionized in solution to giv
    e Me+
     

    and
    OH- io
    ns.

    MeOH ↔
    Me+ + OH
     

    Yellow Red
    Applying law of mass
    action, K = [Me+ ]
    [OH- ]/[MeOH]
     

    In presence of an acid, OH- ions are removed in the form of water
    molecules and the above equilibrium  shifts  to  right  hand  side. 

    Thus,  sufficient  Me+  ions  are  produced  which  impart red colour to the solution. 

    On addition of alkali, the concentration of OH" ions increases in the solution and
    the equilibrium shifts to left hand side, i.e., the ionisation of MeOH is practically
    negligible. 

    Thus, the solution acquires the colour of unionised methyl orange molecules,
    i.e., yellow.
     

    Indictors          pKind      
       pH

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