Bahir Dar University

Institute of Technology
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electronics and communication Department
Undergraduate program

TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
(Eeng. 5151)
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 Chapter One

History and Evolution

of
Telecommunication Networks

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 Lecture outlines
• Introduction.
• Significance of Telecommunications.
• Telecommunication Based Services.
• Historical Perspectives of Telecommunications.
• Standardization

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 Introduction
What is Telecommunication?
 Definition
• Tele means "over a distance" and
• Communicara means "the ability to share“
• Hence, telecommunications literally means "the sharing of
information over a distance"
 Electronic transmission of signals for communications, via
- Telephone
- Radio
- Television, etc.
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 Definition . . .

Telecommunication: according to article 1-3 of the

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio
Regulation (RR) Define as Any transmission, emission or
reception of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds or
intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other
electromagnetic systems.

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 Significance of Telecommunications.

1. Telecommunications is a way of life.

2. Telecommunications provides a technological foundation for
societal communications.
3. Telecommunications provides vital infrastructure for national
security.
4. Telecommunications services have an essential impact on
the development of a community

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 Significance of Telecommunications . . .
5. Telecommunications plays an essential role on many areas of
everyday living.
Examples:
• Banking, automatic teller machines, telebanking;
• Aviation, booking of tickets.
• Sales, wholesale and order handling.
• Credit card payments at gasoline stations.
• Booking of hotel rooms by travel agencies.
• Material purchasing by industry.
• Government operations, such as taxation.
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 Telecommunication System
• Five essentials/components for effective information transfer
between two points
1. Transmitting
2. Receiving devices
3. A transport mechanism (medium)
4. The conveyed information which is coded in such a way as
to be compatible with, and comprehensible to, the receiver.

5. Protocol: The coding and method of transfer of the information

over the medium
• Protocol also defines the procedure to be used
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 Telecommunication System . . .
• Communication can be simplex or duplex
• Simplex: one direction communication
• E.g., Radio broadcast, remote control
• Duplex: two way communication and requires a transmitter
and a receiver at both ends of the connection
• Half-duplex: Communication is possible in both directions, but not
at the same time, as only one communications path is available
• Full-duplex: Both communicate at the same time

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 Telecommunication Based Services
1. Voice
• Voice traffic has been strong in the developed world for years
• However, some three billion people in the world haven't even used
a basic telephone yet
• So there is yet a huge market to be served
• Voice communications are typically narrowband
• Don't require a large amount of network capacity
• Delay must be kept to a minimum for voice services to be
intelligible and easy to use

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 Telecommunication Based Services . . .

2. Data
 Refers to the exchange of digitized information
• Depending on the application supported
• Bandwidth requirements can range from medium to high
• May be more or less tolerant of delays
• Data traffic is growing much faster than voice traffic

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 Telecommunication Based Services . . .

3.Image
• Requires medium to high bandwidth
• The greater the resolution required, the greater the BW required
• Tolerates some delay because it includes no motion artifacts that
would be affected by any distortions in the network

4. Video
• Are becoming increasingly popular
• Require greater bandwidth and extremely sensitive to delay
• The future is about visual communications
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 Telecommunication Based Services . . .
5. POTS
POTS is the plain old telephone system that connects most homes
and small businesses
• POTS lines were designed to transmit the human voice, which has a
bandwidth less than 4000 Hz
• A telephone conversation requires two channels, each occupying
4000 Hz
• POTS cannot deliver faster signals

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 Telecommunication Based Services . . .
6. Leased Line Services
• Many home computer users use POTS lines and
conventional (dial-up) modems to connect to other
computer systems
• What if you need a faster service, or need one that is
always on? You can get a leased line service
• A basic leased line, or tie line, gives a 56 Kbps data rate
• A T-1 service gives a 1.544 Mbps rate and is used by
businesses to connect their in-house telephone systems
(PBX) and data networks to the outside world
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 Telecommunication Based Services . . .
7. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
• ISDN is another leased service that provides a digital telephone or data
connection into a home or business
1. Basic rate interface (BRI) is the service for homes and small businesses
• BRI ISDN consists of two B channels and one D channel
• It provides a digital telephone line and a 64 Kbps data line,
or one 128 Kbps data line
• The D channel is 16 Kbps and carries signaling information
2. Primary rate interface (PRI) is the service for larger businesses and contains 23
B channels and one 64 Kbps D channel
• PRI is equivalent to a T-1

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 Telecommunication Based Services . . .
8. Frame Relay
• Frame relay – packet switching
• Frame relay can provide a high-speed connection (up to 45 Mbps) for data
transfer between two points either locally or over long distances
• A connection between two endpoints is called a permanent virtual circuit
(PVC)
• PVCs are created by the provider of the frame relay service
• The user uses a high-speed telephone line to connect its company to a port
• Port is the entryway to the frame relay network

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 Frame Relay . . .
• The high-speed line, the port, and the PVC should all be
chosen to support a desired transmission speed

A business connected to a Frame Relay network via a local connection

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 Telecommunication Based Services . . .
9. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
• ATM is a very high speed packet delivery service, similar in
a number of ways to frame relay
• Both send packets of data over high speed lines
• Both require a user to create a circuit with a provider
• One noticeable difference between ATM and frame relay is
speed - ATM is capable of speeds up to 622 Mbps while
frame relay’s maximum is typically 45 Mbps
• Similar to frame relay, data travels over a connection called
a virtual channel connection (VCC)
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 Telecommunication Based Services . . .

10. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

• DSL is a relative newcomer to the field of leased line services
• DSL can provide very high data transfer rates over standard
telephone lines
• DSL can support up to single-digit megabits
• Because DSL is highly dependent upon noise levels, a subscriber
cannot be any more than 5.5 kilometers from the DSL central office
• A DSL service can be symmetric or asymmetric

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 Telecommunication Based Services

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 Historical Perspectives of Telecommunications
 The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke
signals and drums in Africa, the Americas, and parts of Asia.

1. Preliminary Developments (1800-1837)

 Volta discovers the primary battery.
 Fourier and Laplace present mathematical treatises.
 Ampere, Faraday, and Henry conduct experiments
on electricity and magnetism
 Ohm’s law (1826)
 Gauss, Weber, and Wheatstone develop early telegraph systems.

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 2. Basic Electrical Signal
 1837 - Morse publicly demonstrates his telegraph.
 1843 - FAX invented by the Scotch physicist Alexander Bain.
 1865 - Maxwell mathematically predicts the propagation of
electromagnetic waves through space.
 1866 - First transatlantic telegraph line successfully laid.
 1870 - Thomas Edison invents multiplex telegraphy.
 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.
 1876 (March 7) -The first telephone patent, No. 174,465 was
issued to Alexander Graham Bell.
 1876 (March 10) - First complete sentence of speech transmitted
by telephone in Boston.
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 Basic Electrical Signal. . .
 1876 - First complete sentence transmitted by telephone. First
conversation by overhead line, 2 miles-Boston to Cambridge port.
 1876 - Edison invents the electric motor and the phonograph.
 1877 - Bell Telephone Company formed, with Alexander Graham Bell as
"electrician" and Thomas Watson as "superintendent.“
 1878 (January 28) - First commercial telephone exchange in the world
opened at New Haven, Conn.
 1881 - Conversation by underground cable.
 1887 - Heinrich Hertz shows that electromagnetic waves exist.
 1888 - Heinrich Hertz produces radio waves.
 1892 (October 18) - Opening of long distance telephone service
New York to Chicago.
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 3.Advanced electrical and electronic signals
 1893: Wireless telegraphy by Nikolai Tesla.
 1895 - Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
 1896 - Marconi patents wireless telegraph.
 1901 - Marconi transmits first trans-Atlantic radio message
 1907 - The world's first transatlantic commercial wireless services
is established by Marconi.
 1910 - Peter De Bye in Holland, develops theory for optical
waveguides.
 1914 (February 26) - Boston-Washington under-ground telephone
cable placed in commercial service.
 1915 (January 25) - Opening of First Trans-continental telephone
line, New York to San Francisco.
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 Advanced electrical and electronic signals . . .
 1918 - Edwin Armstrong develops a receiving circuit - the super
heterodyne.
 1920 - The first regular commercial radio broadcasts begin .
 1927 (April 7) - First public demonstration of television by Bell System
engineers.
 1927 - First public demonstration of long distance transmission of
television.
 1936 - BBC begins regular television service.
 1954 - Gene Amdahl developed the first computer operating system
for the IBM 704.
 1957 - October 4, the Russians launched the first satellite, Sputnik

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 Advanced electrical and electronic signals . . .

 1962: Commercial telecommunications satellite.

 1969: Computer networking by Charley Kline and Bill Duvall.
 1976 : Digital radio and time division switching introduced.
 1981: First mobile phone network Japan .
 1982 : The first full-color two-way video teleconferencing service
is offered.
 1992 : The World Wide Web is born - the brain child of CERN
physicist Tim Berners-Lee.
 1983: the Internet was officially born.
 1998: Mobile satellite hand-held phones
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 4. 2001 till today
 VoIP Internet Telephony
 mobile Internet
 wireless Internet technology (wi-fi)
 digital technology 3G and 4G mobile networks
 smartphones, mobile apps, android and i0S app development
software
 cloud computing services
 “Internet of things” and a great number of advanced and innovative
technologies were developed through all these years
 evolution never stops, we are about to see great things happening in
the future!
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 Standardization
 The telecommunication industry around the world has been
regulated by government, international and national organizations
with the approval standards groups.

 Communication networks are designed to serve a wide variety of

users who are using equipment from many different vendors.

 To design and build networks effectively, standards are necessary

to achieve:

 Interoperability

 compatibility

 performance in a cost-effective manner.

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 Standard Organizations
• There are two levels of standards making
bodies.
National organizations establish standards for
its own country.
International organization formulates standards
to interconnect networks and organization
worldwide.

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 International Organizations
 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

 Is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for

telecommunications.

 Standardization work is divided between two major

standardization bodies: ITU-T and ITU-R.

 International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee

(CCITT/ ITU-T), “T” -Telecommunications.

 International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR/ITU-R), “R” -

Radio.
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 The International Standards Organization/ International
Electro technical Commission (ISO/IEC)

 Is a joint organization responsible for the standardization

of information technology.

 ISO has done important work in the area of data

communications and protocols.

 And, IEC in the area of electro technical Commission (for

example, connectors, environmental, and safety aspects.)

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 National Organizations
 American organizations
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 The Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
 The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
 European Organizations
 The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
 European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT)
 The European Committee for Electro technical
Standardization/European Committee
for Standardization(CEN/CENELEC)
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