CONTROLLING THE OPERATION OF THE SHIP

Birla institute of Technology and Science

Diploma in Nautical Sciences

introduction to Module on

Basic Engineering Drawing

This module is developed with an intention of enabling the young deck officers
in acquiring adequate knowledge of machine drawing and cultivate habit of
projecting their views in a manner commonly understood by office Executives and
executives at repair yards. Needless to say, more you practice more confidence you
gain in machine drawings.

The tasks given in this module are to be completed strictly within six months
after the same is received. It is important to study and understand each chapter
which contains certain number of tasks, These tasks must be completed in your
Technical Journal. If need be, you may use additional sheet and the same be
attached with the Technical Journal. It is recommended that you complete the
least two tasks each during the first five months and the remaining three
tasks during the sixth months.

Do not forget to mention the difficulties experienced by you while learning this
module and attempting the tasks to enable us to institute corrective measures.

Bon voyages and happy landings.

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 CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page nos.

1 BASIC ENGINEERING DRAWING 1-5

II LINES 6-9

III ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 10-15

IV PROJECTION OF SOLIDS 16-24

V DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 25-27

VI ISOMETRIC PROJECTION 28-33

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This module is common to all semesters and all of you are required to
attend to it in the first three months after you received it. The tasks and
the test papers shall be marked separately. All of you shall be required
to obtain a very good grade, in the first six months.

Preamble

It is highly recommended that every Deck Officer learns to sketch and explain,
Structures, Equipment and Machine parts. This will not only improve his
detailed knowledge about the Structure, Equipment or Machine but also
provide a clear explanation to the other party of his ideas.

Let us explain how would you describe if you want to indent a particular valve
for a pump ?

• You could give the part number, if you know it.

• You could explain it by scantling. Or

• You could draw a sketch to scale, stating the actual dimensions and
explanations.

Which of these is the best to get what you want?

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If you discuss this sketching module with your deck officers you will
note that none of them know much of sketching. The nautical officers
have always believed that only the engineers need to sketch. We are
trying to correct this imbalance. It does not mean that you shall be as
good as your junior engineer colleagues but you shall be able to explain.

Aim

You should develop your skill in two phases of technical drawings :

1. You must be able to draw clearly and rapidly the free hand technical
sketches.

2. You must be proficient in drawing to scale the instrumental drawings.

In brief "A Technical Drawing is the language of Engineering" The more

you practice the more you gain confidence.

General

We are preparing a module in a simplified manner. All of you are advised to

understand the skills well. Believe me, it is not as difficult as it sounds. In
order to acquire the skills, you must practice a lot. The engineering officers
shall be able to guide you in completing the tasks. Complete the given tasks
making it a practice of explaining the subjects with a sketch in your technical
Journals.

In daily life onboard the ship you shall learn to explain/discuss the technical
matter among you shipmates with a freehand drawing.

Few tasks are being given to you, practice them on rough paper and finally
draw them neatly in your technical diary. This will give you confidence on free
flow sketching and it will improve your imagination of sizes. Please use all the
drawing instruments available on board like:

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1. Drawing Board

2. T Square.

3. Set Square - 45, 30' and 60 degree.

4. Scales.

5. Protectors

Try to use a 2H or HB pencil or a Black Pen. Please use dark and light lines
as indicated in sketches. In case above drawing instruments are not available,
most of the drawings are to be drawn freehand with a scale, pencil and
protector.

TASK1

'Draw fig 1-1 (a) to 1-1 (g) in your technical Journal each page one diagram (All
the dimensions in centimetre's).

15 15

CNJ CNI

Figure 1-1(a) Figure 1-1 (b)

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CD

45
Figure 1-1(d) ° Figure 1-1 (c)

10DIA

Figure 1-1 (f)

Figure (g)

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TASK 2

Draw fig 2-2(a) to 2-2(d) in your technical Journal each page one diagram (All the
dimensions in centimetre's).

10 SQ
13.5-
co

I
CO

Figure 2-2(b)
Figure 2-2(a)

Figure 2-2(c)

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Chapter II

LINES

The Different types of lines used in Engineering Drawing are being explained.
Please practice them on rough papdr and understand the usage.

a).MARGIN LINES / OUT LINES :

Lines drawn to represent visible edges and Surface boundaries of Objects are
called Outlines or Principal lines. They are continuous thick lines along which
the prints are trimmed.

THICK

b). HIDDEN OR DOTTED LINES :

Hidden lines show interior or hidden edges and surfaces.

MEDIUM THICK

TFT mm TF 3 mm

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cl.CENTRE LINES / LOCUS LINES :

Centre lines are drawn to indicate the axis of Cylinder, Conical or Spherical
Objects.

THIN CHAIN

-n6 mm flf mm mm

d). DIMENSION LINES :

They are used as extension lines, section lines, leader or pointer lines,
construction lines and border lines.

CONTINUOUS THIN

e).CUTTING PLANE LINES :

This line shows the location of a cutting plane.

f). SHORT BREAK LINES :

These lines are continuous, thin and wavy. They are drawn freehand and are
used to show a short break, or irregular boundaries.

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g). LONG BREAK LINES :

These lines are thin ruled lines with short zigzag within them. They are drawn
to show long break.

TASK 3

Two sketches are drawn 3a, 3b. Draw the same in your technical diary, as
they are (especially the lines as indicated). Name the lines on the indicators.

Figure. 3a

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Figure 3b

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ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION

Introduction :

In an Orthographic projection, an Object is represented by two or three views

on mutual perpendicular projection planes. Each projection view represents
two dimensions of an object. For the complete description of the three-
dimensional object, at least two or three views are required.

Principle of Projection :

If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contour of an object to
meet a plane, the object is said to be 'PROJECTED' on that plane. The figure
formed by joining, in correct sequence, the points at which these lines meets
the plane, is called the PROJECTION of the object. The lines from the object
to the plane are called PROJECTORS.

To understand the objects more clearly the marine officers are advised to look
at the object at least from three angles :

1. Elevation / Front view.

2. Plane / Top view.

3. Side view.

Given three views, it is very easy to understand the shape of the object

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION :

When the Projectors are parallel to each other and also perpendicular to the
plane, the Projection is called Orthographic Projection.

ELEVATION / FRONT VIEW :

The figure 3-1 is self-explanatory. Imagine the view of object from front
surface F. the shaded figure is showing the front surface on a vertical plane
(marked V.P) of the object. E reflecting F's true shape and proportion on V.P.
As shown separately on 3-1 (b) is called ELEVATION or the FRONT VIEW of
the object.

PROJECTION

VP

•w-

RAYS OF SIGHT

Figure. 3-1

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PLAN / TOP VIEW :

Figure 3-2, which is self-explanatory gives, a clear idea of Elevation and

Plan/Top view. Let us further see the projection on another plane marked HP.
(horizontal plane) The projection of shaded portion, if seen from top shows the
top portion of the object, indicated as P in the diagram. This is called the
PLAN / TOP VIEW of the object.

VP.

i,

A
H
E

W J
FRONT VIEW
X Y

4
P
t
TOP VIEW Hp

Figure 3.2

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END VIEW :

Figure 3-3, which is self-explanatory, gives clear idea of Elevation Plan/Top

view and End view. Let us further see the projection on another plane marked
S.P (Side Plane). The projection of shaded portion if seen from the side,
shows the side portion of the object indicated as S in the figure. This is called
the END VIEW of the object.

END VIEW

Figure. 3-3

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FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION :

The First angle projection is the British standard practice. All the projections
explained above are in First angle projection. We normally deal the
engineering drawings in First angle projection only.

In America they use Third Angle Projection. Basic difference shown in fig 3-4,
which is self-explanatory.

TOP VIEW

FRO NT\/IEW

X Y Y

FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
G L

(FIRST ANGLE] fTHIRD ANGLE

I PROJECTION [ PROJECTION!'

Figure 3-4

TASK 4

The pictorial views of different types of objects are shown in fig. 3-5. Sketch,
looking from the direction of the arrow, elevation, Plan and end view using first
angle projection method.

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Any two from each row

/•

!
Figure 3-5 .
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ChapteHV

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Introduction :

A Solid has three dimensions, viz. length, breadth and thickness. To represent
a solid on a flat surface having only length and breadth, at least two
orthographic views are necessary. Sometimes, additional views projected on
auxiliary planes become necessary to make the description of solid,
completed.

Types of Solids:

Solids may be divided into two main groups:

1. Polyhedra

2. Solids of revolution

POLYHEDRA:

A Polyhedron is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces. When all

the faces are equal and regular, the Polyhedron is said to be regular. Figure
4-1 to 4-7 shows different type of regular polyhedra and explained as follows:

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1. Tetrahedron : It has four equal faces, each an equilateral triangle.

Tetrahedron
Figure 4-1

2. Cubes or Hexahedron : It has six faces, all equal squares.

Cube
Figure 4-2

3. Octahedron : It has eight equal equilateral triangles as faces.

Octahedron
Figure 4-3

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4. Dodecahedron : It has twelve equal and regular pentagons as faces.

Dodecahedron
Figure 4-4

5. Icosahedron : It has twenty faces, all equal equilateral triangles.

Icosahedron Figure 4-5

6. Prism : This is a Polyhedron having two equal and similar faces called its
ends or bases, parallel to each other and joined by other faces which are
parallelograms. The imaginary line joining the center of bases is called the
axis.

CO
UJ
CO
00
CO
Q
X O
CO
Q
LU

Square Pentagonal Hexagonal

Triangular
Figure 4-6
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7. Pyramid : This is a polyhedron having a plane figure as base and a

number of triangular faces meeting at a point called the vertex or apex.
The imaginary lines joining the apex with the center of base is its axis.

APEX
SLANT
EDGES

Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal

Pyramids Figure 4-7

SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION : As explained below in figure 4-8 to 4-12.

1. CYLINDER : A right circular cylinder is a solid generated by the revolution

of a rectangle about one of its side, which remains fixed. It has two equal
circular bases.

2. CONE : A right angle triangle revolves about one of perpendicular a side

which is fixed generates a Cone. It has one circular base. Its axis joins the
apex with the center of the base to which it is perpendicular.

3. SPHERE : A semicircle revolves about its diameter as an axis and forms a

Sphere. The mid point of sphere is the center of sphere.

APEX

GENERATORS

Cylinder Cone Sphere

Figure 4-8 Figure 4-9 Figure 4-10

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4. FRUSTUM : When a plane cuts a pyramid or a cone parallel to its base.

Removing the top portion the left over portion is called a Frustum.

5. TRUNCATED : When a plane inclined to the base cuts a solid is called a

Truncated.

Frustums Truncated
Figure. 4-11 Figure. 4-12

PROJECTION OF SOLIDS IN SIMPLE POSITION :

(AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO H.P)

Here by an example of a triangular prism, whose base is 40 mm, side and
axis 50 mm long, the projection of a prism is being explained.
As shown in figure 4-13, the prism is resting on one of its bases on the ground
with a vertical face perpendicular to the V.P.

b'

d'
-Y

f>c

Figure 4-13
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As the axis is perpendicular to the horizontal, i.e. the HP., begin with the top
view. It will be an equilateral triangle of sides 40 mm long, with one of its sides
perpendicular to xy. Name the corners as shown, thus completing the top
view. The corners d, e and f are hidden and coincide with the top corners a, b
and c respectively.

(II) Project the front view, which will be rectangle. Name the corners. The
line b' e' coincides with a' d'.

TASKS

Draw the projections of a Pentagonal pyramid, base 30 mm edge and axis 50

mm long, having its base on the ground and an edge of the base parallel to
the V. P. Also draw its side views. Fig 4-14

Figure 4-14

TASK 6

Draw the projection of a Cube of 50 mm long edges is resting on the H.P. with
its vertical faces equally inclined to the V.P. as shown in fig 4-15.

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TASK 7
Figure 4-15

Draw the projection of a cylinder base 40 mm diameter and axis 50 mm Long,

resting on the ground on its bases as shown in fig 4-16.

Figure 4-16

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(AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO THE V.P)

Here is an example of a Hexagonal prism whose rectangular faces parallel to

the ground. Its axis is perpendicular to the V.P and 3.5 cms above the ground
is being explained.

A Projection of the above solid is being drawn when the nearest end Is 2 cm
in front of the V.P. Side of base 2.5 cm long; axis 5 cm as shown in fig 4-17.

Figure 4-17

(I) Begin with the front view. Construct a regular hexagon of 2.5 cm long
sides with its center 3.5 cm above xy and one side parallel to it.

(II) Project down the top view, keeping the line for nearer end, viz. 1-4, 2
cm below xy.

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TASKS

Draw the projection of a square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm

long, has its base in the V.P. One edge of the base is inclined at 30 degree to
the H.P. and a corner contained by that edge is on the H.P. fig 4-18

Figure 4-18

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DEVELOP%iNT OF
SURFACES

Introduction :

This portion will give you a basic knowledge of development of surfaces.

When the ship is built, sheet metal work, construction of boilers, funnels and
chimneys etc, the plates are cut according to the development by fabricators
and then welded accordingly.

To understand it better, imagine a solid enclosed in a wrapper of thin metal

such as paper or foil. If the covering is opened and laid on a flat plane as
shown in fig 5-1, the flattened out paper is the development of the solid. Thus
when surfaces of a solid are laid out on a plane, the figure obtained is called
its DEVELOPMENT.

Figure 5-1

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Hence, it is very important to note that every line on the development must be
the true length of corresponding edge on the surface.

Only the surfaces of Polyhedra (such as Prism and Pyramids) and single
curved surfaces (as of Cones and Cylinders) can be accurately developed.
Wrapped and double curved surfaces are undeveloped.

Here we are going to explain to you very fundamental development of Cubes,

which will help you in understanding and improving you sketching as well as
supervision of fabrication jobs onboard.

Example:

Development of the surface of the part P of the Cube is drawn. The front view
of which is shown in fig. 5-2

a' 2' fc ' A 2 B C 3 D

d' /3' c'
1/ \ 4
4$- P
4'

f E F G H E

•-\
h\ (
(i) Fiejure 5-2 (")

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Name all the corners of the cube and also the points at which the edges are
cut.

(I) Draw the sketch out lines A-A and E-E directly in line with the front
view, and assuming the cube to be whole, draw four squares for the
vertical faces. One square for the top and another for the bottom as
shown in fig 5-2 (ii)

(II) Name all the corners. Draw a horizontal line through 1 to cut AE at 1
and DH at 4. ab is the true length of the edge. Hence, mark a point 2
on AB and 3 on CD such that A2 = a2 and C3 = c3. Mark the point 3
on CD in the top square also.

(III) Draw lines 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1, and complete the development as
shown. Keep lines for the removed portion, viz. Al, A2, 3D, D4 and DA
thin and fainter.

TASK 9

Draw the development of the CUBE P shown in view 5-3

d', c',

/ d',
a

Figure. 5-3

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Chapter ;VI

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Introduction :

The idea of explaining this chapter is to make the young officers familiar with
not only the three dimensions of a solid in one view, but the actual sizes of
solids can also be measured directly.

Isometric Scale :

While drawing an isometric projection, it is necessary to convert true lengths

into isometric lengths for measuring and marking the sizes.

Constructing and making use of an isometric scale as shown below

conveniently does this.

Draw a horizontal line BD of any length. At the end B, draw lines BA and BP,
Such that angle DBA = 30 degree and angle DBP = 45 degree. Mark divisions
of true length on the line BP and from each division-point, draw verticals to BD
meeting BA at respective points. The divisions thus obtained on BA give
lengths on isometric scale. Fig 6-1.

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Figure. 6-1

ISOMETRIC DRAWING OR ISOMETRIC VIEW :

If the foreshortening of the isometric lines in an isometric projection is

disregarded, and instead the true lengths are marked, the view obtained 6-2
(III) will be exactly of the same shape but larger in proportion (about 22.6 %)
than that obtained by the use of the isometric scale fig 6-2 (II). Due to ease in
construction and the advantage of measuring the dimensions directly from the
drawing. It has become a general practice to use the true scale instead of the
isometric scale.

To avoid confusion, the view drawn with the true scale is called ISOMETRIC
PROJECTION.

Figure 6-2

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In an isometric projection the vertical edges are shown by vertical lines, while
the horizontal edges are represented by lines, making 30-degree angles with
the horizontal. These lines are very conveniently drawn with the T-square and
30-60 degree set square.

The procedure for drawing isometric view of few solids and objects are
explained in stages by means of illustrative problems. In order that the
construction of the view may be clearly understood, construction lines have
not been erased. They are, however, drawn fainter than the outlines. In an
isometric view, lines for the hidden edges are generally not shown in the
solution accompanying the problems, one or two arrows have been shown.
They indicate the directions from which if the drawing were viewed, the given
orthographic view would be obtained.

While drawing the isometric view of any solid, the following important points
should be carefully noted:

(I) The isometric view should be drawn according to the given views and
in such a way that maximum possible details are visible.

(II) At every point for the corner of a solid, at least three lines for the
edges must coverage, of these, at least two must be for visible edges.

Lines for the hidden edges need not be shown, but it is advisable to
check up every corner so that no line for a visible edge is left out.

(III) Two lines (for visible edges) will never cross each other.

Problem 1.

Three views of a block are given in fig 6-3 (a); isometric view has been drawn
as per fig 6-3 (b). (Self explanatory)

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B C A

(a)

Figure. 6-3

Problem 2.

Two views of a solid is given as per fig 6-4 (a), isometric view has been drawn
as per fig 6-4 (b). (Self explanatory)

«-22-*
IO
11 1 1
1
CM
1 1

1 1
i
/ , CO t
/ ' 1
<£> ^-O 00
fe 8 8 oo
4^ \
1
f- \ CXD 4

Figure. 6-4
Problem 3.

Two views of a block given as per fig 6-5 (a), isometric view has been drawn
as per fig 6-5 (b). (Self explanatory)

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^30-»<^38 ->
i
i i i i
i i CO
i
i I ' '

I i

(b)
Figure 6-5

TASK 10

Draw the isometric view of the casting (free hand with a scale), two views of
which are shown as per figure 6-6.

TASK 11 Figure 6-6

Draw the isometric view of the casting (free hand with a scale), two views of
which are shown as per figure 6-7.

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Figure 6-7

TASK 12

Draw the isometric view of the casting (free hand with a scale), three views of
which are shown as per figure 6-8.

Figure 6-8

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