Malhemalical

Tools

1 ALGEBRA Example 1. Soloe the equation: 6x2-13x +6-a

Solution. Here a =6, b=-13,c=6
Common ldentities
() (+b =#*+2ab += (a -b + 4ab -bt-4ac+13169-4x6x6
(i (a-b-d-2ab + =(a + b*-4ab 2a 2x6

(in)a-b =(a+ b)(a -b)

(iv) (a+ by =* +3ab+3ab + 13169-14 135
2
-+P+3ab(a+ b)
()(a-b =*-3fb+3ab - or

---3ab(a-b)
(oi)+=(a + bN -ab + ) Binomial Theorem
-(+b-3ab(a + b) fnis any integer, positive or negative, or a fracion
and x is any real number, then
(orin) -= (4-b(2+ ab +)
=(a-b +3ab(a-b) 1+-1+ Kn=)7-2),
3!
**

(oi)(ab+(a-b =2+) where 212*1, 31=3 x 2 x1

(ix) (a+b-(a-bf =4ab
() (a+b+ c =d+P++2ab+2bc+2ca In general nl n(n-1)(n-2).3x 2x1

Qvodratic Equotion If z«1, then (1+ =1+ n.

An equation of second degree is called a quadratic Example 2. The acceleration due to gravity at a height h
eqtation. It is of the form above the surface of the earth (radius R) is
=
given by
ax+bx+c=0
gR2
The roots of a quadratic equation are
R+
2a fhe«R hen show that :
&-81
(0.1)
 PHYSICS-XI
6 is the angle
length
of
an arc and as shown in
If I is the the circle
centre of
subtended at the
Fig. 0.1, then
Solution. ( R Arc radian
R Radius

Usirng Binomial theorem

o

so terms containing
Ashc R, h/R is very small
R can be neglected. Fig. .1
higher powers of h/
subtended at the centre of the circde is
Angle
a-Circumference =2x radian
0 . 2 MENSURATION Radius
T radian
= 180° =200
mporient Formdoo
63 63 64
57 916'22"
-
Ciraumference of a ircde =2w = nD I radian =

Trigonometrical Ratios
Area of a drde
0.2, 2OMP =90°
A OMP, of Fig.
In ight angled
Surface area of a sphere = 4n7= nD and 2 POM=0.

Volume of a sphere

Surface area of a cylinder

=227=2r+)
Vokume of a cylinder ri

Curved surfae area of a cone = o dM

Volume of a cone Fig. 0.2

Volume of a cube = (side We can define the trigonometric ratios as follows:

Surface areaofa abe =6x(sidej sine - p e n d i c u l a r

hypotenuse sin
OP
0.3 TRIGONOMETRY

Syskewe of Moouremenm of an Angle cosine base OM = COs 8

hypotenuse OP
9 Sezagesimal system. In this system,
1 right angle -90° (degree) tangent = perpendicular
base
PM
1-60 (minute) OM

I-60 (pecond) cOBecant --oenuse OP

(i) Cenlesimal system. In this system perpendicular PM e
1
right angle =100 (grade) secant 0- Potenuse_ OP sec
1-100 (minute) base OM
r-100 (second)
(ii) Circular system. In this
is radian. system, the unit of angle
cotangent 8=- base
Perpendicular OM-cot
PM
One radian is the angle subtended
at the entre
Fundamental Trigonometric Relations
byan arc twhose length is equal to the of a circle 1. cosec =
radius of the circle.
Sun B 0 cot tan
cos
 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
0:3
tan 0=Sin 6
cos 8 sin 0
Some Important Trigonometrical Formuloe
3. sin 0+ sin (A+ B) - sin Acos B+ cos Asin B
cos 0 =
1 1+
tan e= sec'e,
1+ cot0 sin (A 5) sin A
=cosec* 0
-
-
cos B- cos A sinB
T-ratios of Allied Angles cos (A+ 8)- cos A cos B- sin A sinB
cos (A
sin (-8) = -- sin 8 B)= cos A cos B+ sin A sin B
cosec (-8) = - cosece

cos (-8)= cos 8 sec(-0) = sec 0 tan (A+ B)= _an A+ tan B
tan (-8) - tan 8 1- tan A tan B
cot (-0)cot 0
sin (90°- 6) =
cos 8 cOsec (90°-0) = sec 0
tan (A- )_tan A- tanB
1+ tan A tan B
cos
(90-8) =
sin 0 sec (90-0) = cosec 0
tan (90°- 8) =
cot 6 sin 2 A =2 sin A cos A =< tanA
cot (90°-0) = tan
sin (90° + 8)= cos 8
1+tan A
cosec (90° +0) = sec
cos (90°+8) = - sin B cos 2A = cos A -sin *A =1-2 sinA
sec (90"+ 8)=- cosec8

tan (90°+8)=- cot 8 cot (90° + 8)=- tan 0 =2 cos A - 1 = t a n A

sin (1806)= sin cosec (180° - 0)= cosec

1+ tan* A
cos (180-8)= - cos6
sec (180°-0)=- sec tan tan A
tan (180°-8)=- tan cot (180°-6)=- cot 8
1 tan A

sin (180°+ 0)=- sin 80 sin (A + B)+ sin (A- B) =2 sin A cos B
cosec(180° +0)=- cosec
sin (A + B)-sin (A- B)=2 cos A sin B
cos(180°+ 0)=- cos sec (180° +0) =- sec 0
tan (180°+ 8) = tan 6 cos(A+ 8+ coo{A )=2 cos Acos B
cot(180°+0)=cot
sin (270-6)=- cos B cOsec(270°- 8)
= - sec cos(A+ )-cos(A- B) -2 sin A sin B
cos (270°-8)=- sin 0 sec(270°-0) = - cosec 8

tan (270°-8)= cot 0 cot (270-8)=tan

in Do2 s
D
sin (270+0)=-cos cosec (270 +0)=- sec sin C-sin D =2 cos sin
cos (270+8)- sin sec (270°+ 8)= cosec
tan (270+ 8)=- cot 8 cot (270+0)= - tan8 cos C+COs D= 2 cos
cosec (360°-6)=-cosec 6
sin (3600)= sin 0
-

cos (360-0)= cos sec (360° -8)= sec 0 * D--2 sin

tan(360-0)=-tan cot (360°-8)=-cot
Ratios of Some Stondard Angles
Values of Troigonometrical
150 180 270 360
angle 0 30 45 60 90 120 135
- 1

co

tan -6 3
 PHYSICS-X

( 9 y ) e . dr
0.4LOGARITHMS
(tii)(") =nr-
Definition of Logorithm
is the a i d v are functions of x.
of any
number to a given base Let y=utv,
where u

The logarithm to obtain that

number. (iv)
whidh base must be raised
power to the logarithm en
-3", can say that dx
For example, 81 we
to 4.
base 3 is equal
of 81 to the ( ) Product Rule.
Symbolically, log,81 =4
Let y= u.
N =X.
In general, if N =#,
then log,
to
of a number ís the power
The common logarithm number.
Then
to obtain that
which 10 must be raised

100 10 lo810 1000-3 =

o 8 1=0
As a=1
(oi) Quotient rule.
a'a log, a- 1
Let y
Logarithmic Formulae
Product formula: Den(Num)-(Num)(Den)

Then
Quotient formula : (Den
du
n
log, = log, m-log,
Pooerformule: Chain rule. Let y be a
function of u and u be a
OE, mn l08, m
(vi)
function of z.
Base change formula :
b
log, m=
loE, mx log, Then

0.5DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Let

Differentiol Coefficient Then

Let y be a function of x y=f() ie, 1
n) & )
the value of x increases by a small amount
Suppose
ax. Then the value of y also increases by a small
amount say ay. (i0,)-¢los,a
The ratiois called the average rate of changeof y
with respect tox.
d
When Arapproaches zero, the limiting value of (c log, a
Ax
is called diferential çoefficient or derivatioe of y wr.t. x (xi)in x)=cos
and
is denoted by (xiin(cos x)- sin z
Hence = imZ
dx A0 Ax (xiv)tanz)=sec x
Physically, the derivativegives the instantaneous
rate of change of function y with respect to variable x.
(v)cot r)=-cosec z

Results on DiMerentiation (on)ecx)=secr tan

Let c be à constant. Then(c)=0 (xvi)cosec
dx
x)=-coeecz cutx
 MATHEMATICAL TOOLSu 0.5
Example 3 Find or the following functions : (GHi)y- 4x2-7 =(4a2-7)
Using chain rule,
( y-+r+10 in y=*+ v+
(ii) y 5 +3r 6x.
4-7)-14-7)
Salution.
y-r+r+1c
ar-7e -0) Ja7
Example 5Find the diferential coeficient of the following
functions :
(9 cos(ax+b) () tam'x (in) +cos
5x+3a2 +0 =5x+3
Solution. () Let y = cos (ax + b)

Then sin (ax* +b)(ax+b)

= - sin (ax +b).2ax

-2ax sin (ax + b).

(i) Let y= tan'x =(tan.x*
(iin y5r+332 +6x
Then 3 (tan)tan)
dx
3 tan x. sec x.

5x43x 6x1 (i) Let y=-

1 + COS X
Then
20 6.
Example 4Diferentiate the following functions:
dy1+ cos
x)(sin x)-sin (1+ cos x)
(1+cos )
( Ex +76x +3 - 4+ cos )cos x- sin x{0- sinx)
x-2
(1+ cos z
(inar-7. - COS + Os + sinx
Solution () Let y=(3r +7)(6x +3) (1+ cos x
Using product rule, we get cOS X+1
(1 cos x 1+ cos

76+3)+(6x +3)o+7) Example 6. A particle is moving with a uniform

acceleration. lts displacement at any instant t is given by
(3x+7)(6+0)+ (6x +3)(6x +0) s=10t + 49, What is (i) initial velocity velocity at
18x+42 +36x +18x =54x + 18x + 42
t 3 scond and (ii) the unijorm acceleration
(ii)
r+1 Solution. Displacement, s=10t+4.9

Using quotient rule, we get

Velodlty, -10+2x
t
4.9
(9 Initilal velocity
y-2+)-+1-2) (i.e, velocity t=0)=10+0 =10 ms
-2 (i) Velocity at t=3 second is
-2)(2x +0)-(x+1)(1-0) D = 10 +2x 4.9 x3 =39.4 ms.
-2 (ii) Acceleration,
2- -2¥
2-4x--12-4x1 a = dt (10+9.8 t)=0 +9.8 9.8 ms
-2 dt
 PHYSICS-XI
constants. Find the
he
are
0.6 sin (of
+ wrere a, otheana
particle
at any instant t.
y=a of
rest according
acceleration
and )
starts rotating from velocity y
= a sin (ot +

Example
7. A particle Solution.
Displacemernt,

to the formula,
a 3 Velocity, dy a sin(ot +4)
20 3
dt dt
and t in secom.
radian
tovhere 8 is in acceleration a at (o+4)
and angular +

Find the. angular tvelocity

o =a
cos(ot
seconas.
the end of 5
o a cos (ot + ¢)

Solution. Given 0 3 Acceleration,

4))
cos(ot
+
Angular velodity,
a a
at

)
- oasin (wt +4(of+
At t-55. = - a sin (ot + .

9x252x5_-7.92
3 60
rad .
20 0.6 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Angular acreleration,

Integration
It is
Integration is the reverse process of diferentiation.
derivative is
function whose
process of findin8 a
the e n . If derivative of function f(x) w.r.t. x is f'(x),
At t=5s,
f(x) w.r.i. x is f(?). Symbolically,
18x52-3.83 rad s
a
then integration of

0 3 we can say

Example 8. Shoro that pouwer is the product of force and if then f(rdx
=
f(x)
S)= fla),
pelocity.
Solution. Work = Force x distance Some Standard Elementary Integrals
Some standard elementary integrals alongwith
or
W Fs
Power = Rate of doing work their results on differentiation are as follows:

tF-F-F. Differentiation Integration

*

Example 9. A ballon is being flled by air so that its «")=x

ax
(+1
volume Vis gradually increasing. Find the rate of increase of
provided n*-1
olume with radius r when 7=2
units Here c is constant of
Solution. The volume of spherical balloon ia
integration.
2 1 d=
The rate of
increase of volume Vw.r.t. the radius ris
Slog,+
) (sin x)=cos a cosx dr sin +C

When r=2
5.cos)=-sin x sir. x.dr=- cos + CC

d
(tan
x ) see z dtan
4(2-16 2
Example 10. For dcot-cosec?x Jcosec x.dr z-cot I+
a
particle executing simple harmonic
IEnt rom the mean positionisgivenby ec x) =sec z. tan |see z.tan z dk =sec1*
 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS .7

Differentiation Inteqration Solution. -GMm f : a

dx
(cosec
x
xX) Jcosec x cot x
-cOsec x +
R

cosec X. cotx

J(ax + b)" dr
10.(ax +b"
4+b)*
r a (ax + b)*-
a(n++1)
-GMm
11.log,(ax+b) (ax
-GMm.
(ax+b) log, ax + b)+
Example 14. Find the value of Fdx ; where F =kxa.
|12 )-e
Solation. Faz- iknds
lo8 0
a log +

1 y=HtDtw; S(us vt w) d

Definite inhegral .
When an
integral is defined between two definite Fma the value o
lirnits a and b, it is said to be a definite integral. It is Example 15.
given by
frdr =14* =40)-4(o) Solution
v-
the integral of f(x) Here a and b are the -[log.Va-log, V, ]
where ()is
lower and upper limits of integration.

11. Integrate : x- co6 + 108 . V

Example

Solution - c o s
. r a ; where M l are*
and
Example 16. EDaluate
- /2
constants.
Solution.
=sin +log x+
6
Example 12. Evaluate sec xdx. -I/2

+/2

/6
Solution. fsec rdr = [tan x]l

tan-tan 0 =

where , M
Example 13. Find the oalue of
and m are constants.
 PHYSICS-XI

rtegrete thefollowing
Lhoblems For Practice
o -2
. Findforthe following functions
(0 y-3ur+3r
Ans 3-6x +3)

iw) y-ax+brc
2 Differentiate the following functions:
Ans.2ax Cio) 3 cosec x 5 + sin

0(-+5-2)
(Ans, 516x154x +8) 3cosec 2sin3x

Sin I +ODs I
Evaluate the
An
Gi) -cos 7 following integrals
(An
(io) (4-S+1

3. If the motion of [Ans.8(4-5x+1(6x?-5x)] Cin

partice
a is governed by the Je+ 1) dt
equation, s-2-+2+2, find the position
velodty and acoeleration of the x/2
t24. particle timee
at
tin)cos xdz
4. A
Ans. 10, 14, 18)
particde starts rotating from rest according to the
x/2 Ans 2
fomula, 14

ip) sec x tanxd

Ans2-1)
60
where 8 is in radian and in
angular velodty o and
second. Find the
timet 10s angular acceleration
a
at
5. Show that force can
Ans.
be
66.5 rad
s,20 rad s
mass and acoeleraion. expressed as the product of
(mv)= m= ma