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    Long Span Structure

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    Micron Macron
    This document discusses single storey long span structures. It classifies structural forms into form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It provides examples of different structural types including cable structures, trusses, beams, frames, slabs, plates, shells and folded plate structures. It then discusses loads, suitable materials and provides illustrated overseas and local examples of long span roof structures applied to buildings, stadiums, airports and exhibition centers.

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    Long Span Structure

    Uploaded by

    Micron Macron
    3K views94 pages
    This document discusses single storey long span structures. It classifies structural forms into form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It provides examples of different structural types including cable structures, trusses, beams, frames, slabs, plates, shells and folded plate structures. It then discusses loads, suitable materials and provides illustrated overseas and local examples of long span roof structures applied to buildings, stadiums, airports and exhibition centers.

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    This document discusses single storey long span structures. It classifies structural forms into form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It provides examples of different structural types including cable structures, trusses, beams, frames, slabs, plates, shells and folded plate structures. It then discusses loads, suitable materials and provides illustrated overseas and local examples of long span roof structures applied to buildings, stadiums, airports and exhibition centers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views94 pages

    Long Span Structure

    Uploaded by

    Micron Macron
    This document discusses single storey long span structures. It classifies structural forms into form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It provides examples of different structural types including cable structures, trusses, beams, frames, slabs, plates, shells and folded plate structures. It then discusses loads, suitable materials and provides illustrated overseas and local examples of long span roof structures applied to buildings, stadiums, airports and exhibition centers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 94

    Single Storey Long

    Span Structure
    Single Storey Long Span Structure
    Classification of structural forms
    z Form active systems
    z Vector active systems
    z Section active systems
    z Surface active systems
    Loads acting onto a structural systems
    1. Dead load
    2. Live load
    3. Wind load
    4. Stress created by temperature differences
    5. Stress created by other form of disruption
    including ground movement, vibration,
    deformation or earthquake
    Materials suitable for construction
    1. All reinforced concrete
    2. All metal (e.g. mild-steel, stainless steel or
    alloyed alumimium,
    3. All timber
    4. Laminated timber
    5. Metal/RC combined
    6. Plastic-coated Textile material
    7. Fiber reinforced plastic
    Form active structural systems
    . . . are systems of flexible, non-rigid matter, in
    which the redirection of forces is effected by
    particular form design and characteristic
    form stabilization
    Example of structures:
    1. Cable structures
    2. Tent structures
    3. Pneumatic structures
    4. Arch structures
    Parallel cable Radial cable Biaxial cable
    Illustrated examples of parallel cable structures
    Examples of cable structures formed by arch
    Examples of tent structures
    Examples of pneumatic structures
    Examples of pneumatic structures
    Examples of arch structures
    Vector active structural systems
    . . . are systems of short, solid, straight lineal
    members, in which the redirection of forces
    is effected by vector partition, i.e. by multi-
    directional splitting of single force simply
    to tension or compressive elements
    Example of structures:
    1. Flat trusses
    2. Curved trusses
    3. Space trusses
    Flat truss systems

    curved truss systems


    Illustrated examples of flat truss structures
    Illustrated examples of hinged truss structures
    Section active structural systems
    . . . are systems of rigid, solid, linear
    elements, in which redirection of forces
    is effected by mobilization of sectional
    forces
    Example of structures:
    1. Beam structures
    2. Frame structures
    3. Slab structures
    1 & 2 bay beams 1 & 2 bay frames

    Beam-grid systems Slab structures


    Hinged
    frame
    structures
    Illustrated examples of multi-panel frame structures
    Surface active structural systems
    . . . are systems of flexible or rigid planes
    able to resist tension, compression or
    shear, in which the redirection of forces
    is effected by mobilization of sectional
    forces
    Example of structures:
    1. Plate structures
    2. Folded structures
    3. Shell structures
    Folded plate

    Multi-bay
    structures

    Shell structures
    Various forms of folded structures
    Examples of
    shell structures
    Single Storey Long
    Span Structure
    Actual Example
    Development History of
    Long Span Structure
    The development of long span structures
    How arch was constructed to provide a long
    span roof for traditional western buildings
    Vaulted ceiling

    Long span roof structure as seen from the interior


    Exterior view of the Crystal Palace,
    built in 1851 for the first World Fair
    The Gallery of Machine, constructed
    in 1889 for the Paris Exhibition
    Simple Example in Hong Kong
    Span about 35m

    Member Centre of the


    Hong Kong Jockey Club
    The Hong Kong coliseum
    The Hong Kong coliseum
    The Hong Kong Stadium
    Other Overseas Examples
    Lord’s Mound Stand
    The membrane tented roof of
    the Lord’s Mound Stand in UK
    Other Overseas Examples
    The Munich Olympic Stadium
    The Munich Olympic Stadium
    for the 1972 Olympic
    Detail of the tie
    member joining nod
    Other Overseas Examples
    The Melbourne Central
    An openable roof operating
    on a Rail system
    Other Overseas Examples
    Sky Dome, Toronto
    Toronto Tower

    The Skydome
    Openable roof
    The Skydome
    Features of the roof system
    • SkyDome's roof system features a series of 3
    moveable panels and 1 stationary panel.
    • the roof operates on a system of steel tracks and is
    powered by a series of DC motors
    • roof area is 31,525 sq metres
    • weight is 11,000 tons
    • span at widest point 209 metres
    • height is 85m (from field level to highest point)
    • roofing material is PVC on insulated acoustic steel
    deck
    • 100% of the field & 91% of seating area exposed
    with the roof open
    • pen/close time - 20 minutes (21m per minute)
    Other Overseas Examples
    Charles-de-Gaulle International
    Airport, France
    Charles-de-Gaulle
    International Airport, France,
    completed in 1998
    Interior view of the
    airport concourse
    Curving trusses extending from the
    roof to take up the external glass wall
    The Louisiana Superdome, USA – a 580m clear span sport
    complex opened in 1975
    Erecting the steel trusses for the Superdome, the towering structures
    in majority are the temporary supporting to facilitate the erection
    Other Overseas Examples
    Tenerife Exhibition Central Stadium
    Tenerife Exhibition Centre in Spain, a shallow
    arch structure of 270m span completed in 1995.
    85m-span ribbed arch that formed the podium
    deck of the exhibition space which is
    constructed by in-situ, post-tensioned concrete
    Lyon-Satolas Airport Railway
    Station, Lyon, France, completed
    in 1994. (span 120m)
    Station interior under the 120m span roof
    Example in China –
    The Guangzhou Olympus Stadium
    External view of Stadium
    Detail showing the
    form and shape of the
    cantilevered roof
    Hoisting the cantilever truss
    Placing the roof
    truss in position
    Tie systems

    Tie systems to stabilize the cantilevered roof


    Enlarged details
    of the Tie systems
    Decking system of the roof
    Laying of the
    roof deck
    Semi-cladded roof
    underside

    Piers supporting the


    cantilever roof truss
    The Guangzhou Gymnasium
    The Shanghai Stadium
    Other Example of Long Span
    Structure applied in Buildings

    Structure with span larger than 20m


    can be regarded as long span structure
    for this span is usually unable to be
    achieved by ordinary RC structure.
    Common Structural Forms
    for Long Span Building Structures
    1. Insitu RC, tensioned
    2. Precast concrete, tensioned
    3. Structural steel – erected on spot
    4. Structural steel – prefabricated and
    installed on spot
    5. Portal frame – insitu RC
    6. Portal frame – precast
    7. Portal frame – prefabricated steel
    Common Structural Forms (Cont.)

    8. Cable suspended structures


    9. Inflated structure
    10. Vaulted or ribbed structure
    11. Dome structure
    12. Shell structure
    Actual Example –
    Hanger structure for HK
    Aircraft Engineering
    Company Ltd. (HAECO)
    at Chek Lap Kok Airprot
    Actual Example –
    The Skylight structure of
    Festival Walk
    The Interior Space under
    the Sking ring of Festival
    Walk
    Linking structure between the
    International Finance Center
    Phase I and II
    The deck and roof
    structure of the HK
    Convention and
    Exhibition Centre
    Hoisting of the
    80m-span roof
    truss
    Placing of the roof truss
    at the top of the core wall
    Linking structure
    between Phase I and II
    of the HK Convention
    and Exhibition Centre
    The Peak Tower
    The New Hong Kong
    International Airport at
    Chek Lap Kok
    The New Hong Kong
    International Airport at
    Chek Lap Kok
    The Sky Dome, Cyber Port
    The Sky Dome, Cyber Port
    Reference:
    1. Structure systems, by Heino Engel, Verlag Herd
    Hatje, 1997
    2. Arups on Engineering, by David Dunster, Ernst &
    Sohn, 1997
    3. The Builders – Marvels of Engineering, National
    Geographical Society, 1992
    4. The works of Santiago Calatrava, Taschen, 1998
    5. GA Document, Issue 56, October 1998
    6. Homepage of Raymond Wong
    (http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/)

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