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    Long Span Structure PDF

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    Sammy Nguyen
    This document discusses single storey long span structures. It describes the typical loads acting on structural systems including dead, live, wind and temperature loads. It then lists common materials for construction, such as reinforced concrete, steel, timber and composites. The document classifies structural forms into form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It provides examples of structures for each classification like cable structures, trusses and shells. The document concludes with examples of long span buildings around the world showcasing a variety of structural solutions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Long Span Structure PDF

    Uploaded by

    Sammy Nguyen
    281 views123 pages
    This document discusses single storey long span structures. It describes the typical loads acting on structural systems including dead, live, wind and temperature loads. It then lists common materials for construction, such as reinforced concrete, steel, timber and composites. The document classifies structural forms into form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It provides examples of structures for each classification like cable structures, trusses and shells. The document concludes with examples of long span buildings around the world showcasing a variety of structural solutions.

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    This document discusses single storey long span structures. It describes the typical loads acting on structural systems including dead, live, wind and temperature loads. It then lists common materials for construction, such as reinforced concrete, steel, timber and composites. The document classifies structural forms into form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It provides examples of structures for each classification like cable structures, trusses and shells. The document concludes with examples of long span buildings around the world showcasing a variety of structural solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    281 views123 pages

    Long Span Structure PDF

    Uploaded by

    Sammy Nguyen
    This document discusses single storey long span structures. It describes the typical loads acting on structural systems including dead, live, wind and temperature loads. It then lists common materials for construction, such as reinforced concrete, steel, timber and composites. The document classifies structural forms into form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It provides examples of structures for each classification like cable structures, trusses and shells. The document concludes with examples of long span buildings around the world showcasing a variety of structural solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    The document discusses different types of structural systems including form active, vector active, section active and surface active systems. It also discusses loads acting on structures, suitable materials and examples of structures like cable structures, arch structures and trusses.

    The four main types of structural systems discussed are form active systems, vector active systems, section active systems and surface active systems. Form active systems use flexible materials and shape to redirect forces. Vector active systems use short tension/compression members. Section active systems use rigid linear elements like beams and frames. Surface active systems use flexible/rigid planes like plates and shells.

    Materials mentioned as suitable for long span structures include reinforced concrete, various metals like steel, aluminum and timber in forms like laminated timber. Composites of metal and concrete or coated textiles and fiber reinforced plastics are also listed.

    Single Storey Long Span

    Structure

    Loads acting onto a structural systems


    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Dead load
    Live load
    Wind load
    Stress created by temperature differences
    Stress created by other form of disruption
    including ground movement, vibration,
    deformation or earthquake

    Materials suitable for construction


    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.

    All reinforced concrete


    All metal (e.g. mild-steel, stainless steel or
    alloyed alumimium,
    All timber
    Laminated timber
    Metal/RC combined
    Plastic-coated Textile material
    Fiber reinforced plastic

    Single Storey Long Span Structure


    Classification of structural forms
    z Form

    active systems
    z Vector active systems
    z Section active systems
    z Surface active systems

    Form active structural systems


    . . . are systems of flexible, non-rigid matter, in
    which the redirection of forces is effected by
    particular form design and characteristic
    form stabilization
    Example of structures:
    1. Cable structures
    2. Tent structures
    3. Pneumatic structures
    4. Arch structures

    Parallel cable

    Radial cable

    Biaxial cable

    Illustrated examples of parallel cable structures

    Examples of cable structures formed by arch

    Examples of tent structures

    Examples of pneumatic structures

    Examples of pneumatic structures

    Examples of arch structures

    Vector active structural systems


    . . . are systems of short, solid, straight lineal
    members, in which the redirection of forces
    is effected by vector partition, i.e. by multidirectional splitting of single force simply
    to tension or compressive elements
    Example of structures:
    1. Flat trusses
    2. Curved trusses
    3. Space trusses

    Flat truss systems

    curved truss systems

    Illustrated examples of flat truss structures

    Illustrated examples of hinged truss structures

    Section active structural systems


    . . . are systems of rigid, solid, linear
    elements, in which redirection of forces
    is effected by mobilization of sectional
    forces
    Example of structures:
    1. Beam structures
    2. Frame structures
    3. Slab structures

    1 & 2 bay beams

    1 & 2 bay frames

    Beam-grid systems

    Slab structures

    Hinged
    frame
    structures

    Illustrated examples of multi-panel frame structures

    Surface active structural systems


    . . . are systems of flexible or rigid planes
    able to resist tension, compression or
    shear, in which the redirection of forces
    is effected by mobilization of sectional
    forces
    Example of structures:
    1. Plate structures
    2. Folded structures
    3. Shell structures

    Folded plate

    Multi-bay
    structures

    Shell structures

    Various forms of folded structures

    Examples of
    shell structures

    Other Example of Long Span


    Structure applied in Buildings
    Structure with span larger than 20m
    can be regarded as long span structure
    for this span is usually unable to be
    achieved by ordinary RC structure.

    Common Structural Forms


    for Long Span Building Structures
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.
    7.

    Insitu RC, tensioned


    Precast concrete, tensioned
    Structural steel erected on spot
    Structural steel prefabricated and
    installed on spot
    Portal frame insitu RC
    Portal frame precast
    Portal frame prefabricated steel

    Common Structural Forms (Cont.)


    8.
    9.
    10.
    11.
    12.

    Cable suspended structures


    Inflated structure
    Vaulted or ribbed structure
    Dome structure
    Shell structure

    Development History of
    Long Span Structure

    The development of long span structures

    Dome roof of St Paul (left)


    and St Peter Cathedral

    Dome roof and


    front/rear view of
    Pantheon, Rome

    How arch was constructed to provide a long


    span roof for traditional western buildings

    Vaulted ceiling

    Long span roof structure as seen from the interior

    Exterior and Interior


    view of traditional
    western structure with
    arched roof or dome

    Dome roof

    Dome roof

    Exterior view of the Crystal Palace,


    built in 1851 for the first World Fair

    The Gallery of Machine, constructed


    in 1889 for the Paris Exhibition

    Actual Example

    Overseas Examples
    Various Railway Stations in European Cities

    Paris Central Station

    Other Overseas Examples

    The Munich Olympic Stadium


    for the 1972 Olympic

    The Millennium Egg, London

    Other Overseas Examples


    The Melbourne Central

    An openable roof operating


    on a Rail system

    Other Overseas Examples


    Sky Dome, Toronto

    Toronto Tower

    The Skydome

    Openable roof

    The Skydome

    Features of the roof system

    SkyDome's roof system features a series of 3


    moveable panels and 1 stationary panel.
    the roof operates on a system of steel tracks and is
    powered by a series of DC motors
    roof area is 31,525 sq metres
    weight is 11,000 tons
    span at widest point 209 metres
    height is 85m (from field level to highest point)
    roofing material is PVC on insulated acoustic steel
    deck
    100% of the field & 91% of seating area exposed
    with the roof open
    pen/close time - 20 minutes (21m per minute)

    Other Overseas Examples


    Charles-de-Gaulle International
    Airport, France

    Charles-de-Gaulle
    International Airport, France,
    completed in 1998

    Interior view of the


    airport concourse

    Curving trusses extending from the


    roof to take up the external glass wall

    The Louisiana Superdome, USA a 580m clear span sport


    complex opened in 1975

    Another example of Tent Structure German Pavilion, Expo 67,


    Montreal, Canada

    Other Overseas Examples


    Commercial Centre in Paris

    Other Overseas Examples


    Tenerife Exhibition Central Stadium

    Tenerife Exhibition Centre in Spain, a shallow


    arch structure of 270m span completed in 1995.

    85m-span ribbed arch that formed the podium


    deck of the exhibition space which is
    constructed by in-situ, post-tensioned concrete

    TGC Station at the Airport of Lyon,


    France, completed in 1994. (span 120m)

    Station interior under the 120m span roof

    The
    Hamburg
    Airport, UK

    Airport Terminal at Stuttgart, Germany

    Roof plan/detail of
    the Stuttgart
    Terminal Building

    Southern Cross
    Station at Melbourne,
    Australia

    Typical column support and


    truss system of the station

    Typical roof truss detail


    showing the complicated
    configuration of the roof

    Roof decking detail and


    other interior features

    Example in China
    The Science Centre at
    Guangzhou New University City

    External view of the Centre

    Roof truss of the Grand Atrium

    External view of the Centre (completed)

    Underside
    showing the
    main span of
    individual
    exhibition hall

    Example in China
    The Guangzhou Olympus Stadium

    External view of Stadium

    Detail showing the


    form and shape of the
    cantilevered roof

    Hoisting the cantilever truss

    Placing the roof


    truss in position

    Tie systems

    Tie systems to stabilize the cantilevered roof

    Enlarged details
    of the Tie systems

    Decking system of the roof

    Laying of the
    roof deck

    Semi-cladded roof
    underside

    Piers supporting the


    cantilever roof truss

    The Guangzhou Gymnasium

    The Shanghai Stadium

    Close up view of the


    bridge trusses

    Simple Example in Hong Kong

    Span about 35m

    Member Centre of the


    Hong Kong Jockey Club

    The Hong Kong coliseum

    The Hong Kong coliseum

    The Hong Kong Stadium

    Cultural Center and


    Space Museum

    Actual Example
    Hanger structure for
    HK Aircraft
    Engineering
    Company Ltd.
    (HAECO) at Chek
    Lap Kok Airport

    Actual Example
    Headquarter Building, Hong
    Kong $ Shanghai Bank

    Actual Example
    The Skylight structure
    of Festival Walk

    The Interior Space


    under the Sking Ring
    of Festival Walk

    Linking structure between


    the International Finance
    Center Phase I and II

    Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre

    The deck and roof


    structure of the HK
    Convention and
    Exhibition Centre

    Hoisting of the
    80m-span roof
    truss

    Placing of the roof truss


    at the top of the core wall

    Linking structure
    between Phase I and II
    of the HK Convention
    and Exhibition Centre

    Peak Tower

    The New Hong Kong


    International Airport at
    Chek Lap Kok

    The New Hong Kong


    International Airport
    at Chek Lap Kok

    The Sky Dome, Cyber Port

    The Sky Dome, Cyber Port

    View of the mall interior under the Sky


    Dome in the Cyber Centre, Cyber Port

    Reference:
    1. Structure systems, by Heino Engel, Verlag Herd
    Hatje, 1997
    2. Arups on Engineering, by David Dunster, Ernst &
    Sohn, 1997
    3. The Builders Marvels of Engineering, National
    Geographical Society, 1992
    4. The works of Santiago Calatrava, Taschen, 1998
    5. GA Document, Issue 56, October 1998
    6. Homepage of Raymond Wong
    (http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/)

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