Introduction

To Well Logging

Introduction to Well Logging

Wireline and LWD Evaluation Tools

Prof. Dr. Moustafa Oraby

Graduate Program Director

Petroleum Engineering Professor
American University in Cairo

26 Years of Industry Experience

Email: Moustafa.Oraby@aucegypt.edu
Introduction
To Well Logging

From Planning to Production - Review

Introduction
To Well Logging

Logging for Evaluation

Logging While Drilling

Wireline Logging
Introduction
To Well Logging

What do we measure?

⚫ Borehole sizes Different rocks

Have different
⚫ Porosity density
⚫ Density
⚫ Fluids Saturation
– Water?
– Hydrocarbon?
⚫ Rock mechanics
Porosity
Introduction
To Well Logging Porosity = Close to none

Clays / Shale - Very Harming to Reservoirs

Clays
Shale
Introduction Reservoir Porosity Neutron
To Well Logging
Porosity
Basic Wireline/LWD Logging Tools Caliper Tool Tool
Gamma Ray Tool

Borehole Diameter

Clay / Shale finding

Density Tool
Rock
Lithology

Resistivity Tool Fluids Saturation

Rock
Sonic Tool Mechanical
Properties
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To Well Logging

Caliper Tools for Borehole size

• Why
– Washout while drilling
– Washout after drilling
– Clays swelling
– Rock deterioration

⚫ 2 arms caliper
⚫ 4 arms caliper
⚫ 6 arms caliper
Introduction
To Well Logging

Clay Zones Evaluation

Physics:
✓ Clays are Radioactive
✓ They contain radioactive elements
✓ Potassium K
✓ Thorium Th
✓ They emit gamma rays

Detection:
✓ measure the gamma rays
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To Well Logging

Gamma Ray Tool For Clays

Clean

GR Detector

Gamma Rays
Clay
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To Well Logging

Porosity Measurements
Introduction
To Well Logging

Porosity Measurements The Neutron Tool

Physics:
✓ Use a neutron source
✓ Let the neutrons collide with atoms

Detection:
✓ Count the number of neutrons coming back
Introduction ❑ Uses a neutron source
To Well Logging
❑ Usually (AmBe)
The Neutron Tool ❑ Uses neutron detectors

The source emits very high energy neutrons

into the formation

As neutrons collide with hydrogen and

other elements, they lose energy

Less More Low

hydrogen counts porosity

12%
More Fewer High
hydrogen counts porosity
Introduction
To Well Logging

Fluids Saturation Hydrocarbon or Water?

Physics:
✓ Water is conductive
✓ Oil / gas are resistive

Detection
✓ Measuring resistivity will differentiate
Introduction
To Well Logging

Resistivity Tools - Lateral Resistivity Tools

Current CR
Return

(Low Hydrocarbon volume)

Conductive mud
(High Hydrocarbon volume)
Reservoir

Current
Source
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To Well Logging

Resistivity Tools in Resistive Mud - Induction Resistivity Tools

Amplitude

Transmitters
Resistive mud
angle
0 360

Receivers
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To Well Logging

Electrons Measurements
Introduction
To Well Logging

Density Tool

A chemical source (137Cs) emits low energy gamma

rays into the formation

As the gamma rays collide with formation electrons their

energy is reduced

The reduction in energy is inversely proportional to bulk density

Introduction
To Well Logging

Sonic Tools - Detection: Sound Listening Tools

Physics:

✓ Sonic (sound) wave

✓ When sent into the rock
✓ Compresses grains
✓ Shears grains
✓ From this, we can find out the
rock strength
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To Well Logging

Sonic Wave motion in a formation

Shear

Compression
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To Well Logging

The Sonic Tool

Long spaced sonic tools have transmitter and receivers which

Sonic wave allow for a greater depth of formation investigation
Transmitter

The transmitter emits sound wave into the formation

The receivers measure the travel time (t) it takes the

t compressiol wave to go through the formation and reach
the receivers
Sonic wave
Receivers
t
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To Well Logging

Conclusions

⚫ Many tools are available for formation rock evaluation

⚫ Each tool uses
– Physical property to measure
– Tool design to capture the rock property
⚫ Porosity
⚫ Clays
⚫ Density
⚫ Fluids saturation
⚫ Rock strength (mechanical properties)
⚫ The combination of tools you run is dependent on what you
want to evaluate
Introduction
To Well Logging

Thank You

Wish you all the best in your career

Email: Moustafa.Oraby@aucegypt.edu