Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
18 views

Introduction - Basic Signal

This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that carries information, such as voltages, currents, audio signals, and more. Signals can be continuous-time, varying continuously over a variable like time, or discrete-time, varying over integer values. Common examples of continuous-time signals include voltage in a circuit, while examples of discrete-time signals include digital images and DNA sequences. The goal of the course is to introduce basic principles of signals and systems, including transformations and time-frequency characterization of signals, as well as sampling processes for analog and digital applications.

Uploaded by

criket adda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

Introduction - Basic Signal

This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that carries information, such as voltages, currents, audio signals, and more. Signals can be continuous-time, varying continuously over a variable like time, or discrete-time, varying over integer values. Common examples of continuous-time signals include voltage in a circuit, while examples of discrete-time signals include digital images and DNA sequences. The goal of the course is to introduce basic principles of signals and systems, including transformations and time-frequency characterization of signals, as well as sampling processes for analog and digital applications.

Uploaded by

criket adda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Signals and Systems

Chetan J. Jayaswal
Resources for Subject
• Book

1) Signals and Systems, A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky


and I.T. Young Prentice Hall

2) Signals and Systems, Anand Kumar, PHI Learning


Goal of the subject
1. The goal of this course is to introduce basic
principles of signals and systems and establish the
fundamentals of signals and system applications as
required for electronics and communication
engineering students.

2. The course aims to make the student familiar with


principles of signals and systems like various
transformations, time-frequency characterization,
sampling process for analog and digital application,
etc.
Subject Scheme

Continuous Evaluation will be based


on Assignment and Online Quiz
Signals

• A signal is a pattern of variation of some form


• Anything that carries information can be called a
signal.
• Signals part of our daily life.
• So A signal is defined as a single-valued function of
one variables which contain some information

• So Signal may describe a wide variety of physical


phenomena
SIGNALS

Signals are functions of independent variables that


carry information.
For example:
Electrical signals ---voltages and currents in a
circuit
Acoustic signals ---audio or speech signals (analog
or digital)
Video signals ---Intensity variations in an image
(e.g. a CT scan)
Biological signals ---sequence of bases in a gene
• A signal may a function of time. temperature.
position, pressure, distance, etc.

• If a signal depends on only one independent variable,


it is called a one-dimensional signal, and if a signal
depends on two independent variables, it is a two-
dimensional signal.

• For this course: Focus on a single (1-D) independent


variable which we call“time”.
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Can be continuous
— Trajectory of a space shuttle
— Mass density in a cross-section of a brain
Can be discrete
— DNA base sequence
— Digital image pixels

Continuous-Time (CT) signals: x(t), t—continuous


values
Discrete-Time (DT) signals: x[n], n—integer values
only
How is a Signal Represented?
Definition: Mathematically, signals are represented as a
function of one or more independent variables.
For instance a black & white video signal intensity is
dependent on x, y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t)
On this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with
signals that are a function of a single variable: time

f(t)

t
CT Signals

CT signal can be represent by function or graph

Most of the signals in the physical world are CT


signals—E.g. voltage & current, pressure,
temperature, velocity, etc.
DT Signals

x[n], n—integer, time varies discretely

Examples of DT signals in nature:


— DNA base sequence
— Population of the nth generation of certain
species
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X[n] 3 2 1 0 5 4 2 9
human-made DT Signals

Ex.#1 Weekly Dow-Jones Ex.#2 digital image


industrial average

Courtesy of Jason Oppenheim.


.

Why DT? — Can be processed by modern digital


computers and digital signal processors
(DSPs).
Example: Signals in an Electrical Circuit
R vs (t )  vc (t )
i (t ) 
R
dv (t )
+ i i (t )  C c
vs - C vc dt
dvc (t ) 1 1
 vc (t )  vs (t )
dt RC RC
The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time

You might also like