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SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LECTURE NOTE #1

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Objective
What is a signal? What is a system? How signal and system can be classified? How signal can be generated using basic building blocks? How signals and systems are analyzed Conversion of analog signal into discrete signal Realization of digital systems

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What is a signal?

An observed data representing a physical phenomenon is called a signal. The signal is a continuously varying phenomenon which represented as a function of time. signal = function x(t), t R

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Signal represents Change Definition: Any physical quantity that varies with time is called signal

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An electrical signal

V(t)

* One dimensional signal

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Multidimensional signal

An ordered set of one-dimensional signals V(t)=[v1(t) ,v2(t), v3(t), ,vN(t)]

It is the set of voltages existing at the terminals of a multiport.

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Examples

Audio signal:
0 .2 5 0 .2 0 .1 5

Amplitude

0 .1 0 .0 5 0 -0 . 0 5 -0 . 1 -0 . 1 5 -0 . 2 -0 . 2 5

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Time (ms)

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Video Signal

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BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS

EEG Signal

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Image Signal

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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS The signal are classified as

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Classification of signals

1. Continuous time and discrete time signals * A signal x(t) is said to be a continuous time signal if it is defined for all time t. * Continuous time signal arises when a physical waveform is converted to electrical signal

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Classification of Signals ( Continued)

Continuous time signals Example Voltage, current, pressure , temperature, velocity etc.

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Classification of signals( Continued)

x[n]
Where n is time index, which always an integer (i.e.) n=0,1,,2,3,4,.

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Discrete Time signal

X[7]

X[2]

10

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Discrete time signals Examples of discrete time signals in nature: DNA base sequence Population of nth generation of certain species

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Analog Signal

The amplitude of the signal is defined for all the value of time. eg. All continuous time signals

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Digital signal

The amplitude and time are quantized i.e., it takes only fixed values.

But for discrete time signal only time is quantized.

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Classification of signals( Continued) Even and Odd Signal

Even Signal
A CT signal x(t) is said to be an even signal if it satisfies the condition. x(-t) = x(t) for all t
x(t)
A

Even signals are symmetric about time origin

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Odd Signal
The signal x(t) is said to be an odd signal if it satifies the condition x(-t) = - x(t) for all t
x(t)
A

-A

Odd signals are anti-symmetric about time origin

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Any CT signal x(t) is expressed as

x(t) =xe(t) + xo(t)

1 x ( t ) = ( x( t ) + x( t )) 2
e

1 x ( t ) = ( x( t ) x( t )) 2
o

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Classification of signals( Continued)

Periodic and nonperiodic Signals A periodic signal x(t) is a function that satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t +T) for all t. eg. Sinusoids,Square wave, sawtooth and etc.,
Sn s i a Sg a i u od l i n l 2 15 . A pi u e m lt d 1 05 . 0 - . 05 1 - . 15 2 0

01 .

02 .

03 .

04 .

05 . tm i e

06 .

07 .

08 .

09 .

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The smallest value of T that satisfies the above condition is called fundamental period Fundamental freq f= 1/T Any signal for which there is no value of T to satisfy the condition is called aperiodic Signal

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Discrete Periodic signal

A signal is discrete periodic if it satisfies the relation x[n]=x[n+N] where N is the period of the signal.

-0 . 6 -0 . 8 -1

10

15

20

25

30

35

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Classification of signals( Continued) Deterministic and random signals A deterministic signal is a signal about which there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any time. Example of deterministic Signal
Sn s i a Sg a i u od l i n l 2 15 . A pi u e m lt d 1 05 . 0 - . 05 1 - . 15 2 0

01 .

02 .

03 .

04 .

05 . tm i e

06 .

07 .

08 .

09 .

Classification of signals( Continued) Random signal is a signal about which there is uncertainty before its actual occurrence.
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Eg. Noise generated in an amplifier

Energy signal and Power signal In electrical system, a signal can be represented as a voltage or current Consider a voltage v(t) developed across R producing a current i(t). The instantaneous power dissipated in the resistor is given by p(t) = v2(t)/R Or p(t)= i2(t)/R For R=1 ohm , whether x(t) is voltage or current , p(t)=x2(t).
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the total energy of a continuous time signal x(t) as

2 E = x(t ) dt
For Discrete time signal x[n]

E =

n =

x[ n]

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Classification of signals( Continued) The average power is given by

1 2 P = lim x (t )dt T T T /2
The average power of a periodic signal is given by

T /2

P=

1 T

T /2

T /2

x (t )dt
2

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The Average Power of a discrete time signal is

1 P = lim x[ n] N 2 N + 1 n= N
For a Periodic Discrete time signal,

2 1 P= x[ n] N
N 1 n= 0

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Classification of signals( Continued)

The signal is referred to as an energy signal if and only if 0< E < The signal is referred to as an power signal if and only if 0< P < In particular an energy signal has zero average power whereas power signal has infinite energy.

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Test your understanding

1. Consider the pair of signal shown . Which one of these two signals is even and which one is odd?
X1(t) X2(t)

Fig a

Fig b

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Test your understanding

1. Ans : Fig a even ,Fig b odd 2. What is the fundamental frequency of the wave shown below?
Amplitude 0

0.1

0.2 Fig : c

0.3

0.4

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Test your understanding

2. Ans : Fundamental Period = 0.2 3. What is the average power of a triangular wave shown in fig: c? Ans : 1/3

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Summary

A continuous time signal is defined for all values of time Discrete time signal is defined only at discrete instants of time Even signals are symmetric about time origin but odd signals are antisymmetric about time origin A periodic signal is one which repeats itself after a particular instant of time.

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Summary ( Continued)

A deterministic signal is one in which there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any time A random signal is a signal about which there is uncertainty before its actual occurrence. An energy signal has zero average power whereas a power signal has infinite energy.