PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

QUARTER 1-MODULE 2-WEEK 4-5

IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE PROBLEM

SHELLA MAE TABUNA

GRADE 12-HUMSS 2
TABUGON
LESSON 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
MY INTEREST

1. I see myself in the future as: an IT specialist.

2. The top three things that I excel doing are editing, dancing, and studying.
3. The top five (5) things that make me happy are new things, travelling, having enough sleep, raining at night,
and being alone.
4. The three things that I find interesting are repairing gadgets, computer codes, and watching movies.

WRITTEN WORKS
1. You should have an overview of the topic because it will help you realize the scope. Brainstorm for ideas
and ensure that the topic is manageable and materials are available.
2. It is important to select or choose a topic that catches our interest because we can express ourselves with
more clarity and insights if we are interested about what we are writing.
3. Define the problem first; a researcher should know the problem before formulating a research question.
Identify the subject of interest and then do preliminary research on the subject.

PERFORMANCE TASK
SEARCH IT!!!!!

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Related Journals
1. Title: Assessing Health Damages from Improper Disposal of Solid Waste in Metropolitan Islamabad–
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Author/s: Tanzila Akmal and Faisal Jamil
Link: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052717
Name of Journal: Sustainability
Year of Publication: 2021
2. Title: Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World
Author/s: McAllister,J.
Link: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1537&context=gradreports
Name of Journal: Environmental Studies Common
Year of Publication: 2015
3. Title: Environmental impacts of improper solid waste management in developing countries: a case study of
Rawalpindi City
Author/s: N. Ejaz, N. Akhtar, H. Nisar & U. Ali Naeem(2010)
Link: https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/SW10/SW10035FU1.pdf
Name of Journal: The Sustainable World
Year of Publication: 2010
4. Title: The Concept of Waste and Waste Management
Author/s: Amasuomo, Ebikapade, Baird, Jim
Link: 10.5539/jms.v6n4p88
Name of Journal: Journal of Management and Sustainability
Year of Publication: 2016
5. Title: Solid Waste Management Strategy & Improvement of Existing Scenario Based on Market Waste
Author/s: Ebna Forhad Mondol, Md. Rokon Hasan, Md. Sayed Rahman, Salma Alam, Sm. Arifur Rahman,
Tanisa,Tasmim Sinthia
Link: https://globaljournals.org/GJRE_Volume13/1-Solid-Waste-Management-Strategy.pdf
Name of Journal: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Year of Publication: 2013

Question 1: What are the factors affecting solid waste management in sustainable development?
Question 2: What are the impact of poor solid waste management to health and environment?
Question 3: What are the ways to manage solid waste properly?

LESSON 2

PRACTICE EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
IS IT TRUE OR FALSE?
1. False 6.False
2 .False 7.True
3. False 8.True
4. False 9.False
5. False 10.False

EXERCISE 2
INVESTIGATE!
1. The initial letter of some first and last words are not capitalized, as well as nouns, pronouns, and verb.
2. The variables are incomplete.
3. The study is not historical so the year is unnecessary.
4. Some initials were not capitalized. Why not put ethanol instead of C2H5OH. The chemical formula in the title
is off-putting.
5. Some initials are not capitalized.
PERFROMANCE TASK
1. Research Question 1: What are the factors affecting solid waste management in sustainable development?
a. Proposed Title 1:
The Role of Culture, Knowledge, and Microeconomics to the Management of Solid Waste
b. Proposed Title 2:
Infrastructure and Technology: Factors Preventing Proper Solid Waste Management
c. Proposed Title 3:
The Level of Household Participation in Solid Waste Management

2. Research Question 2: What are the impact of poor solid waste management to health and environment?
a. Proposed Title 1:
The Relationship between Inappropriate Solid Waste Disposal and Occurrence of Vector Borne
Diseases
b. Proposed Title 2:
Evaluating Health Damages from Improper Disposal of Solid Waste
c. Proposed Title 3:
Obstruction of Drains and Loss of Biodiversity: Environmental Effect of Improper Waste Disposal
3. Research Question 3: What are the ways to manage solid waste properly?
a. Proposed Title 1:
The Practice of Solid Waste Management in Tranquilino Cawaling Sr. National High School
b. Proposed Title 2:
Solid Waste Management Practices of Households in Romblon, Philippines
C. Proposed Title 3:
Implementation of Solid Waste Management Ordinance in Santa Fe,Romblon
 LESSON 3

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
ORGANIZE IT!!!!

1.Title 1: Assessing Health Damages from Improper Disposal of Solid Waste in Metropolitan Islamabad–
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Gap/s Identified:What are the ways to ensure the safety of households living near landfill site?
What are the necessary measures to reduce the level of of water-borne diseases’ incidence?
Author/s & Topic Sample Data Collection Findings Recommendation
Year Method
Foday, P.S., Environmental The study area self-administered Both nearby residents Dumpsite should be properly
Xiangbin,Y., and health consists of 971 questionnaires, and far away residents located and managed to
Quangyen impact of solid households; interviews and suffered from related minimize its effects on the
,T.(2013) waste nearby household personal diseases such as malaria, environment. For improved
disposal. residents to the observations chest pains, diarrhea health status of the populace
dumpsite(50 and cholera, due to the living less than fifty meters
meters) and far location of the dumpsite away from the dumpsite, it is
away household closer to their a matter of must for the
residents from the settlements. Freetown City Council to
dumpsite(50 resettle such persons.
meters)
Martin,K.K., Poor municipal Water samples A household survey Poor municipal solid The cities’ authorities in the
QI,S., solid waste were collected was conducted for a waste management in developing countries must
Yata, S.L. management mostly during the period of two month: Juba is posing high risk heavily invest in municipal
(2013) practices and morning hours this involved visiting to the human health and solid waste management in
sanitation under controlled a total of 500 houses. the environment. order to avoid the high risk to
status on temperature The households were the environment and the loss
water quality conditions using selected using of innocent lives.
and public 1000 ml properly random non-
health. labeled screw- probabilistic
capped sterile sampling and
plastic bottles. The working only with
total number of households that
samples analyzed agreed to participate
was 48. in the survey.
Menelik,L.T, Healthcare The sample size Cross-sectional study Healthcare waste Puncture and leak proof
Abera,K. waste was determined by was conducted to management system containers with a lid should be
(2014) generation simple random quantify waste had been given very used for disposal in order to
and sampling generation rate and little attention in all minimize the risks for
management technique, the evaluate its health centers. healthcare wastes.
practice in sampling management system. Segregation and Pretreatment of infectious
government procedure involved Data were collected treatment of healthcare waste and liquid waste must
health centers. 10 sub-cities of using both waste waste were not well be practiced before disposing
Addis Ababa. collecting and practiced this exposes to the sewer and
measuring healthcare workers, environment. Incinerators
equipment and check waste handlers and the must be fenced and the lining
list. public to health risk of placenta pits must be
constructed in water tight
materials. 
Francesco Potential The study The Italian Institute Past exposures from They believe that it provides
,F.,  health population for Environmental incinerators were likely some insight into the relative
Chiara ,B.,  implications of consisted of Protection and to cause a sizeable health impact attributable to
Kees de ,H.,  waste residents living Research (ISPRA) [8] health impact, especially waste incineration and
Martin, K .,  disposal. within 3 km of an provided a database for cancer, in Italy and landfilling and that the model
Marco, M.i,  incinerator and 2 of the incinerators England. However, the could potentially be useful as
Francesco, km of a landfill. operating during the current impacts of part of more articulated
M.,  period 2001-2007. landfilling and assessments for evaluating
Lubica P.,  incineration can be waste policy options,
Daniela, P.,  characterized as identifying knowledge gaps,
Philipp ,P.,  moderate when and providing a framework for
Andrea, R.,  compared to other future comparative risk
Carlo ,P.,  sources of assessment.
David , environmental pollution,
B. (2011) e.g. traffic or industrial
emissions that have an
importance on public
health. 

2. Title 2: Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World

Gap/s Identified: What are the programs needed to encourage the community to practice proper solid waste
management?
Author/s & Topic Sample Data Collection Findings Recommendation
Year Method
Al-Khatib, I. Solid waste The target A simple and Most of the localities To enhance the
A., characterization, population of the structured question- (corresponding to sustainability of SWM,
Kontogianni, quantification and study area naire was prepared 97.4% of the total pop- public awareness, funding,
S., Abu management consisted of and pre-tested. ulation of the Nablus expertise, equipment and
Nabaa, H., practices in approx. 56,092 Descriptive statistics district) have a solid facilities as well as other
Alshami, N., developing households such as means and waste collection provisions that are
and Al-Sari’, countries. located in Nablus ranges was system. Variations in currently lacking or
M. I. (2015) district in computed by the the SW M system are inappropriate must be
2006(projection use of the Statistical reflected in the provided. Furthermore,
from PCBS, 1999). Package for Social collection equipment since the envisaged SWM
A survey was Science (SPSS used, collection practices call for some
designed and version 11) frequency, solid waste behavioral changes, there
administered to computer program. fees and method of is a need for community
sample of1068 collecting solid waste participation on related
households to fees. issues.
give a 95%
confidence level
with a confidence
interval of 3% in
the study area.
Bolaane, B. Promoting people Thirteen dumpsite The empirical study Furthermore, the paper Municipal authorities and
(2006) centered harvesters, who adopts a qualitative describes the various policymakers need to act
approaches in were available at analysis employing household treatment fast to address this issue.
recycling. the time of the ethnographic strategies dependent Sustainable waste
survey and willing techniques of on specific waste management provides a
to participate, informal discussions material types. Several comprehensive inter-
were interviewed. with secondary types of household disciplinary framework for
stakeholder waste can be addressing the problems
agencies (local differentiated by of managing urban solid
municipality, statistical cluster waste, in the resource
planners, and NGOs analysis. These constrained developing
activists). A field household types are countries where quality of
survey of the characterized not only such services are poor and
primary stakeholder by the amount of costs are high often with
group (garbage waste generated but no effective means of
collectors) involved also by socio-economic recovering them. 
in-depth interviews status and waste
with householders treatment practices. 
and with community
leaders in
the Zabaleen settle
ment.
Murad, W. Relationship To cover the The overall sampling The findings show that The study suggests that
M., Hasan, between sample size ratio design for the study the urban poor policies should be
M. M., and knowledge, in the study, three can be described as communities with low formulated to focus on
Shoeb-Ur- attitude, and low-cost flats „stratified quota income and education promoting knowledge,
Rahman, M. behaviour of the have also been random have been proven to education, skills, and
(2012) urban poor selected from sampling” with the behave in ways empowerment of the
householders Datuk Keramat key stratification matching with and urban poor as means of
concerning solid area. The selected variable conducive to promoting their living
waste flats are Flat „characteristics of environment-friendly conditions.
management Pangsa Murni, Flat household“. In the solid waste
systems and Seri Perlis 2, and first stage, management, for
monthly Flat Keramat Jaya the household to be instance, by practicing
household income and all they are surveyed had been recycling and waste
and education. located at the selected purposively source reduction. This
centre place of through a study also proves that
Datuk Keramat preliminary the urban low-income
area. „windshield survey“ communities generally
in which the general have a very proactive
characteristics of role from a sound
squatters or low- environmental
cost flat houses management
are found to exist. perspective, as they are
the main recyclers and
source-reducers of
solid waste.
Poswa, T.T. Factors that in The total number The chosen research The study has revealed, The designers of solid
(2001) planning and of housing design was a inter alia, that solutions waste management
operating units/stands in descriptive survey to solid waste programmers need to
domestic solid Fortgale suburb, method. Micro scale problems can be found produce profiles of their
waste Northerest suburb studies conducted in by examining local respective communities in
management and Ngangelizwe the study area so far conditions and order to gain knowledge
programmes. Township was N = had been limited to consumer participation of the local conditions and
3421 and the technical issues like in decisions on service develop appropriate
target sample size the design of a provision. This is interventions that would
of the study was disposal site. The essential to build a meet the needs of the
400 housing units. stratified random mutual trust between service community.
sampling technique the service providers Merely copying plans
coupled with and the service designed for elsewhere,
proportional recipients. could lead to disastrous
allocation with and unhealthy situations
respect to size was and a rejection of such
used to select the plans by the same
sample size and communities that they
population groups were meant to serve.
for this study.
 3. Title 3: Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries:
A Case Study of Rawalpindi City
Gap/s Identified: What approach are needed to ensure the sustainability of the environment with active
participation of the society?

Author/s & Topic Sample Data Collection Findings Recommendation

Year Method
Rehman, A. Solid waste Peshawar city was The methodology The MSWM The leftover MSW should
Saeed,S., management as a selected as a case follows a sequence of authorities are facing be incinerated and sanitary
Aslam,M.S., challenge for the study. Peshawar data collection from serious problems to land filled via proper,
Khan,M.K., developing city is known as the Tehsil Municipal cope with the environmental friendly
(2017) countries. the “City of Administration increasing amount of system. Sufficient vehicles
Flowers”. (TMA), Water & MSW being generated and machinery should be
Peshawar is the Sanitation Services in the city. The MSW provided to SWM
capital of Khyber Peshawar (WSSP), is dumped on the authorities for the
Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar valuable lands of the collection and disposal of
Pakistan. It is the Development city which not only waste. Promotion of 3R
biggest city of Authority (PDA) and degrade the worth of (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
Khyber Municipal the land but it also hierarchy.
Pakhtunkhwa and Corporation reduces the worth of
is the ninth Peshawar (MCP) and the properties in the
largest city of the investigation of the nearby localities.
country according situation through the
to the census of field visits to the
1998. landfill sites.
K. M. Sustainable The research The experts’ It was clear that there The future direction of
Elsheekh , R. development focuses on the questionnaires were was an impact of solid research should be
R. Kamel , D. goals from the role of ISWM in designed by 27 waste plans and focusing on developing a
M. Elsherif perspective of achieving SDGs; it questions distributed programs on achieving framework for achieving
and A. M. solid waste aims to observe into three sections; SDGs, in various goals 3 and 11 (the most
Shalaby management the impact of the first section degrees at the level of affected by SWM) in Egypt
(2021) plans and solid waste included 8 questions 17 SDGs, and the from the perspective of
programs. management at the level of greatest impact SWM plans and programs.
plans and “policies and general appeared in the goals
programs on principles of the related to improving
achieving the system,” the second the quality of life and
seventeen section dealt with 10 health in cities, in
sustainable questions at the level addition to the goals
development of “the solid waste related to providing
goals and management decent work for all,
identifying the parties,” and the supporting
sustainable third section dealt industrialization and
development with 9 questions at innovation, and
goals that are the the level of “the improving production
most/the least technical stages solid and consumption
affected by solid waste management.” patterns, as well as
waste plans and addressing climate
programs. change, enhancing life
on earth and
supporting
partnerships
Rodic,L., Appropriate The list and its The study adopts the Solid waste In order to secure some
Wilson,D. governance organization have analytical framework management is an form of financial
(2017) instruments been iteratively developed by the integral component of sustainability for the
necessary for the subjected to authors and actions for achieving municipal SWM service, it
provision of basic several rounds of colleagues based on at least 12 out of the is likely that direct charges
services of waste commentary by a the concept of 17 UN SDGs. to the users will need to be
collection and large group of Integrated Improvements in supplemented by other,
 controlled stakeholders from Sustainable Waste SWM and 3Rs will indirect sources of funding.
disposal as the six continents, Management. substantially Improving these basic and
necessary initial which had been contribute to the essential services will make
steps in identified and better living a significant difference to
developing an approached by conditions and better the lives of billions of
effective solid UNEP. health of more than people around the world. It
waste 2–3 billion people who will also provide a solid
management currently lack services, foundation for further
system. prevent plastics improvements to SWM,
entering the oceans, including the transition
significantly from a linear to a circular
contribute to climate economy, and contribute
change mitigation, to better governance in
and help restore general.
terrestrial ecosystems.
In the process, decent
jobs will be created,
which will support
many people and their
families on their way
out of poverty.
Tadesse,M. Healthcare waste Institutional The cross-sectional All health centers used Segregation of wastes at
L.,Kumie,A. generation and based cross- study was conducted safety boxes for point of generation with
(2014) management sectional study to quantify waste collection of sharp appropriate collection
practice in was conducted to generation rate and wastes and all health materials and pre-
government quantify evaluate its centers used plastic treatment of infectious
health centers. healthcare waste management system. buckets without lid for waste before disposal
generation rate Data were collected collection and should be practiced.
and evaluate its using both waste transportation of Training should be given to
management collecting and healthcare waste. healthcare workers and
system from measuring Pretreatment of waste handlers.
25th to 31st of equipment and check infectious wastes was Incinerators must be
January 2011 in list. The Data was not practiced by any constructed in a manner
the governmental entered by EPI INFO of the health centers. that facilitates complete
health centers of version 6.04d and All health centers used combustion and the lining
Addis Ababa. analyzed by and SPSS incinerators and had of placenta pit should be
Addis Ababa is for WINDOW placenta pit for constructed in water tight
the capital city of version15. disposal of material.
Ethiopia, with the pathological waste
total population however only seven
of 2,917,295 out of ten pits had
(1,389,817 males proper covering
and 1,527,478 material.
females).
Suriyankietk Strategic The data sources Descriptive statistical The bibliometric Leaders and executives
aew,S. management for in the review analyses were review systematically from all sizes of
Petison,P. sustainability. consisted of conducted using depicts a science organizations will need to
(2019) journal articles, Scopus analytical mapping of the shift their strategies and
editorials, tools and MS excel. scholarship on the leadership paradigms
conference The descriptive strategic management towards sustainability
papers, books, analyses for sustainability orientation from strategic
book review, documented the size, through the analysis planning, systematic
book chapters, growth trajectory of of 988 Scopus-indexed management, concurrent
research notes publications, and articles published system integration and
and letters, geographical during the recent ethical process
excluding seven distribution of decades, from 1991– implementation. At the
documents (i.e., authors, types of February 2019 (or at end, businesses are
article in press, papers, and research the present time of interconnected to the
 short surveys, methods. this review). In society and other larger
conference Bibliometric analyses general, the review parts of our ecosystems
reviews and non- included direct suggests that the SMS from all walks of life to our
English citation analysis, co- knowledge base nature and planet.
documents). citation analysis of remains an emergent Understanding reciprocity
authors and field of study that stills and unified relationships
visualization of draws attention from among all will be
similarities in the diverse groups of respected. Changing their
SMS knowledge base. international leading strategic management
These approaches to scholars in various paradigms for
citation analyses fields, particularly in sustainability and
have been broadly the three key areas of resilience are also required
used to describe the environmental at all levels of the society.
scholarly influence of science, strategic
authors, documents business
and journals from management, and
different engineering.
perspectives

4. Title 4: The Concept of Waste and Waste Management

Gap/s Identified:What is the level of awareness of students towards solid waste management?
Author/s & Topic Sample Data Collection Findings Recommendation
Year Method
Son,L.H., Solid waste Hue City, the To acquire Participation in waste To improve the reliability
  Matsui generation and capital city of representative samples separation by the of the total waste
Y., D,Trang,  recycling Thua Thien Hue of the hotel sector, the hotel sector in Hue generation, the
Thanh,N.P. potential of the Province located authors applied City was very high; parameters with greater
(2018) hotel sector.  in central systematic sampling 95.56% of the target impacts on uncertainty
Vietnam, was based on lists of hotels establishments require additional data
selected as the sorted by the number of separated waste at its collection and/or modeling
study area. Hue beds. The survey source. Food waste by influence factors to
City contains 27 procedure followed the separation was reduce the overall
wards with methodology presented common among uncertainty of the results.
354,124 people at by Matsui et al. (2015). middle- and high-class
a population The authors conducted hotels (from 2- to 5-
density of 4779 three surveys for all stars) where food and
persons per target samples from beverage services
km2 as of 2015. June 2nd to 11th, 2012: (such as restaurants or
actual waste café bars) were
measurement, waste provided. The
composition and recycling potential of
questionnaire surveys. GW was highest for
low-class hotels at 0.4
tons/day (0.27 - 0.64
tons/day, 95% CI), and
the composting
potential of GW was
highest for high-class
hotels at 1.10
tons/day (0.45 - 1.58
tons/day, 95% CI).
High-class hotels
should be considered
as priority targets for
a 3R promotion
campaign in the
future.
GIANG,H.M. Methodologies in The study will A questionnaire survey The result indicates The study proposed a
(2017) developing a focus on MSW of households (during that the compromise deterministic model to
sustainable solid management in the period of waste solution for identify the optimal
waste Viet Nam, the characterization sustainable waste solution for the city. The
management case study is sampling) was management in Hoi sensitivity analyses were
system. conducted in Hoi conducted to address An. The capacity for conducted in this study,
An city, a city on the relevant factors the waste incinerator but just for the variation of
the coast of the regarding household is less than 20 ton per waste separation
East Sea in the waste generation. The day in all optimal efficiency, other variations
South Central Bayesian model average solution chosen by such as waste generation
Coast region of method was used to DMs. The compromise input, variation in cost was
Vietnam, located identify factors solution showed that not able to be conducted.
in Quang Nam significantly associated the total cost of the Thus, it is recommended
province and it is with waste generation. system is about 2200 that more sensitivity
recognized as a Multivariate linear $/d, the total emission analysis with more
World Heritage regression analysis was of various pollutant is variation of parameters
Site by UNESCO. then applied to evaluate 35 t/d and waste to should be assessed to
The city has the impacts of landfill is examine the diverse of the
natural land area significant factors on approximately 20 t/d. solutions. Stochastic
of 6,171.25 ha household waste GHG emission of modeling of the system is
with the total production. The model chosen solution is also suggested to identify
population of the obtained from this about 3.8 t/d. The the change of the solution
city in 2013 is study indicated that combination of AD when waste generation
around 93 household location, and composting was input varies.
thousands and household size, house suggested for
the number area per person, and degradable waste
population family economic activity treatment, in which
density of 1,508 are important degradable waste is
people km2 determinants of the processed in AD then
(HASD, 2013). It waste generation rate. the sludge residual
comprises 13 will be treated with
administrative composting.
wards including
an island ward.
Debrah, J.K.; Awareness on A search was A systematic review of There is generally an The poor state of SWM
Vidal, D.G.; solid waste performed to find the scientific literature SWM positive attitude and other known and
Dinis, M.A.P. management. studies in was conducted, and high awareness acknowledged
(2021) multidisciplinary selecting relevant which means that an environmental and public
databases such as studies in the field. SWM positive attitude health issues in the context
Scopus, Emerald and perception must of developing countries
Publishing (CFT1), influence the practice can be addressed by
Medline/PubMed, or participation of the bridging the environmental
Springer, ERIC, SWM in schools which knowledge gap through
and Google may lead to practically oriented
Scholar content environmental or SW environmental education
aggregator. The sustainability. in schools.
syntax used to
search for the
articles was “solid
waste
management”
AND “Teacher
knowledge” AND
“attitude” AND
“environmental
awareness” AND
“formal
education.”
Madrigal,D., Solid waste Five hundred sixty A descriptive research The findings As centers of learning, the
Oracion,E. management -three (563) design, the data were confirmed that educational goals,
awareness, employees collected behavioral intention objectives, and
attitude, and and students of using a self- and attitude indeed undertakings of the
practices. the University of administered survey influenced schools can facilitate the
Negros questionnaire and behavior. Meaning to integration of
Occidental- analyzed using say, the very high environmental
Recoletos, descriptive awareness and awareness, skills, and
Academic Year and inferential attitude of values which will
2017- statistics. respondents on solid undoubtedly
2018 were the waste management transform the ways of
respondents of favorably influenced thinking and actions of
the study They their solid wastes employees and students
were determined disposal practices at with regards to
using multi- home and in school. indiscriminate waste
stage random disposal at school and in
sampling method. the home.
The sample size
for student group
was set at
95% confidence
level with 5%
margin of
error.

5. Title 5: Solid Waste Management Strategy & Improvement of Existing Scenario Based on Market Waste
Gap/s Identified:What possible law should be part of a waste reduction and management plan?
Author/s & Topic Sample Data Collection Findings Recommendation
Year Method
Nyampundu Sustainable solid All registered The current study Findings showed that The current study
, K., waste vendors and employed an the majority of recommends that there
Mwegoha, management leaders of the exploratory descriptive vendors who would be regular and
W.J.S. & measures in Majengo market case study with mixed participated in this periodic awareness-raising
Millanzi, market. in Dodoma City, research approaches. study were males, mentorships sessions
W.C.(2020) Tanzania who The quantitative which implied that among vendors on the
consented to join research approach was they were the ones sustainable solid waste
the study with an used to guide a whom most of the management, emphasize
exception of the researcher of this study. time engaged the solid waste
sick ones and all A self-administered themselves in doing management service
who were not semi-structured business at the market providers to timely, and
available during questionnaire on place. The findings regularly provide the
the study. the awareness status about presented above services to make the
sampled solid waste, and revealed that Dodoma market clean, attractive,
population was awareness status about City Council takes a and safe for the well-being
drawn from SWM, which consisted great part and largely of vendors and consumers.
approximately of four parts, was used tries to fulfill its
8733 vendors to collect information responsibilities of
who were from the study making the market
reported to be respondents.  and other premises
present during clean and attractive by
the date of this providing waste
study. containers and trucks
to carry them to the
dumpsite. 
Radwan, N., Optimization of The study was In this study, the main- MSW generated in SA The new law should be
Khan, N.A. & soild waste carried out for set parameters were contains about 40% part of a waste reduction
Elmanfaloty, collection. Jeddah city, Saudi considered to mix solid organic waste, which and management plan,
R.A.G.(2021) Arabia, in which waste during and after indicates its establish long-term
solid waste collection; however, potentiality to objectives and measures
sample collection they are taken during produce energy and support
was observed for the source separation of through anaerobic environmental
254 days. The materials as per the data digestion. The management. Efforts
sectors selected collected, and different abundant production should also be made to
include high- analysis procedures are of MSW increases the construct and modernize
income, low kept to be identical for demand for landfills, trash recycling plants. The
income, and the study.  The which occupy vast
efficiency of
trade. Samples collection was carried areas of land and
implementation of various
were out from 80 different create environmental
waste management
subsequently grids having drop-off (4 problems. Considering
strategies may also be
categorized and m3 , 20 grids) or the energy production
investigated. In general,
weighed per collection done at through MSW,
this sort of effort needs to
category: Food street-side bins (0.5 m3, incineration is the
be accompanied by
waste, paper & 60 grids), having variable best solution,
effective government
cardboard, Glass, collection frequencies reducing the waste by
programs (regulation,
Plastic, (weekly /or daily), and 70% by weight and
subsidies, and surveillance)
Aluminum, Scrap the system was set such 90% by volume. The
to advance the Saudi
metal, excluding that the activity done by-product of the
objectives in the field of
aluminum, during 0–5 h, 5–10 h, incineration process
sustainability.
Rubber, Wood, 10–15 h, 15–20 h, 20– known as MSW ash
Agricultural 24 h. can is utilized in
waste, Hazardous concrete production.
waste, and others
such as electrical
equipment, used
furniture,
electricity, etc.

WRITTEN WORKS
1. Background of the study is a part of research provided in the introduction section of the paper where it is a
compilation or an overview of adequate information that is based on the analysis of the problem or proposed argument,
the steps and methods needed to arrive at the design, the implementation of the results achieved, and feasible solutions
(Olawale, 2010).
The background of the study is important because it gives knowledge to the readers about the main topic of the
study. It paves the way to the rationale behind the research, showing whether it is molding from a previous study. Doing a
background check is often the most important step in any field. Most of us start our research with clustered ideas and
usually get stuck with how to proceed further or what step should we do next. Having a background study in the initial
phase help to arrange our thoughts and get them organized. The information used is already researched by previous
researchers while some new information is added to show that the author is carrying out his/her research as well. It will
not be wrong to say that this particular area sets the initial foundation for the entire dissertation, which makes it the
important part of the paper. In the background of the study, summaries of important, relevant research studies can also be
included. This is particularly important if there is an essential or groundbreaking study about the specific research
problem or a key study that refutes or supports our research. The key is to summarize the reader for what is known about
the specific problem before we conduct the analysis. This is accomplished with a general review of the foundational
research literature that documents findings informing your study's aims and objectives.
2. A research gap is a question that no existing studies or research has answered. It is evident when a new concept or
idea presented hasn't been studied at all, and it helps find a solution to a new existing problem.
Finding a research gap and having the means to develop a complete study on a new presented problem can be
very rewarding because its new findings can positively impact or society. The research gap makes our research
publishable because it shows us that we are not just duplicating existing studies and have a deep understanding of the
status of the body of knowledge in our chosen topic. It also shows that we have conducted research that fulfills that gap in
the literature. Identifying gaps and generating research questions is the first step in writing a research paper.
According to Moeini(2014), there are three classes of researchers in considering the distinguished gap issue; the
first class is mainly the class of researchers who act according to their enthusiasm. These researchers have complete
proficiency in their chosen field, which results from years of experience or a rich body of knowledge acquired after
covering all the crucial papers in their field of study. The second class is encouraged by peripheral factors. For instance, a
researcher may choose a particular college and a certain professor. That professor might have a specific project in hand,
and he may suggest this project to you. The, you would investigate, and if the project is close to your expectations for a
master's or Ph.D. degree, you will select it. We should be knowledgeable in our chose topic for us to have a good research
paper. 
3. In writing the background of the study, we need to look for related literature because it will give us the idea about
our chosen topic. Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research
problem regarding the existing literature. It differs from a literature review and places the research problem in the proper
context rather than thoroughly examining pertinent literature.
Including background information in the introduction provides the reader with critical information about the topic
studied, highlighting and expanding upon foundational studies conducted in the past, important historical events that
inform why and what ways the research problem exists, or defining components of your research. In social sciences, some
background information often blends into the literature review portion of the paper but, background information should
not consider a substitute for a comprehensive review and synthesis of relevant research literature.

LESSON 4

WRITTEN WORKS
1. Most, if not all, studies and research start with formulating a research question. A research question is a question
that studies research projects aim to answer. It addresses an issue through thorough analysis and interpretation of data,
answered in conclusion. In most studies, the research question outlines various aspects of the study, including the
population and variables to be studied and the problem the study addresses.
Research questions can classify into two: general and specific. The general question of the study derives from the
research problem. It will usually be based on why or how the phenomenon is happening. An example of the general
question could be: "What is causing deforestation in Amazon forest?”. While specific questions anchor on the general
research question wherein from the example I gave, we could derive at: “Is intensive agriculture the major cause of
deforestation in the Amazon?” and “Is global warming the major cause of deforestation in the Amazon?”. In that, we can
also give specific answers.
2. Quantitative research questions are objective questions that provide detailed knowledge about a research topic.
Data obtained are numerical that can be statistically examined. The data gathered can be generalized to the entire
population and help make data-driven and sound decisions. Statistical reports are hard to argue with, which makes the
data more reliable.
Good quantitative research questions possess four essential characteristics: feasible, can be investigated without
an undue amount of time, effort, and money; clear, most people would agree as to what the keywords in the question
mean; significant, worth investigating because it will contribute crucial knowledge about the human condition; ethical,
will not involve physical or physiological harm or damage to human beings, or to the natural or social environment of
which they are apart.
3. A research question is a question around which we center our research. The research question begins with
a research problem, an issue someone would like to know more about, or a situation that needs to be changed or
addressed, such as areas of concern, conditions that could improve, difficulties that need to eliminate, and questions
seeking answers. Our research question should provide enough specifics that the audience can easily understand its
purpose without needing additional explanation. Narrow enough that answered thoroughly in the space the writing task
allows, expressed in the fewest possible words. Not answerable with a simple yes or no but requires synthesis and analysis
of ideas and sources before the composition of an answer.
Research questions help us focus on our research by providing a path through the research and writing process.
The specificity of a well-developed research question helps avoid the all-about paper and work toward supporting a
specific, arguable thesis. In developing a research question, we should choose an interesting general topic. We should do
some preliminary research on our general topic to see what is done and to help narrow our focus.

PERFORMANCE TASK
General Question
How Tranquilino Cawaling Sr. National High School complies with the goals of the solid waste management
program?

Specific Question 1
What is the level of solid waste management along the following: a). Disposal; b). Recovery; c). Recycling; d).
Reuse; e). Reduction; and f). Prevention?

Specific Question 2
Is there a significant difference between the perceptions of students and staff in managing solid waste in
Tranquilino Cawaling Sr. National High School along the identified domains?

LESSON 5

PERFORMANCE TASK
INDICATE YOUR SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1. This quantitative research using the descriptive comparative design is only limited on the assessment of
solid waste management practices. The population of this study will be composed of students, teachers, faculty
and staff of Tranqulino Cawaling Sr.National High School.
2. I’m doing this study because this study will be an advantage to TCSNHS for they will gain information about
the management level of solid wastes. Thus, it will improve their policies and regulations when it comes to
proper waste management. This study will be favorable to students, teachers, faculty and staff for they are the
target beneficiaries of this research since it deals with school solid wastes. Hence, it will serve as their
reference for the assessment of solid waste management. This study will greatly benefit the Municipal of Santa
Fe in the sense that they will be able to grasp the inadequacy of rules implementing solid waste management,
if thee.
3. I,m going to conduct this study from the month of November,2021 until the last day of January, 2022.
4. The data gathering will be through survey questionnaires.
5.The respondents will be the students and staff of TCSNHS.

LESSON 5

PERFORMANCE TASK

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to provide an analysis on how Tranqulino Cawaling Sr.National High School complies with the
goals of the Solid waste management program. Specifically, it seeks to present an answer to the following questions:
1. What is the level of solid waste management along the following?
a). Disposal;
b). Recovery;
c). Recycling;
d). Reuse;
e). Reduction; and
f). Prevention?
2. Is there a significant difference between the perceptions of students and staff in managing solid waste in Candon
National High School along the identified domains?

Scope and Delimitation

 This quantitative research using the descriptive comparative design is only limited on the assessment of solid
waste management practices. The population of this study will be composed of students from the different grade levels
together with the staff of Tranquilino Cawaling Sr. National High School. The researchers will be utilizing questionnaire
as an instrument in gathering data to determine the level of managing solid wastes. The duration of this study will be from
the month of November 2021 until the last day of January 2022. Additionally, this study will be conducted to evaluate the
level of solid waste management practices.