Reservoir Geomechanics: Benzetta Rihana 9/08/2019

Reservoir
geomechanics
BENZETTA RIHANA
9/08/2019
Sommaire
1. What is Geomechanics
2. Why Geomechanics
3. Acoustic waves
4. IN SITU STRESS
5. Relative stress magnitudes and E. M. Anderson’s classification scheme .
6. Effect of pore pressure
7. Mechanical Properties of Rock Material
8. Rock strength
9. Borehole Image
10. Building of a mechanical earth model
11. CONCLUSION
1. What is Geomechanics?
2. Why Geomechanics
3. Acoustic waves
Compression waves (P)
Shear waves (S)
Purposes of interpretation
Determination of porosity (from slow DT)
Identification of lithology (with Density and / or Neutron)
Determination of the mechanical properties of formations
Detection of anomalous pressures of formations
4.IN SITU STRESS
3 principal stresses that are perpendicular to each other :
σ1 Maximum Principal Stress

σ2 Intermediate Principal Stress
σ3 Minimum Principal Stress
The earth’s principal stresses are defined as follows:
σv Principal stress acting in the vertical axis

σh Principal stress acting in the horizontal axis
σH Principal stress acting in the horizontal axis
σH Is the maximum of the 2 horizontal stresses and σh is the minimum (ie . σH > σh)
The earth’s stresses are related to a number of variables including:
• Tectonic setting
• Depth
• Pore pressure
• Lithology
• Temperature
• Structure
5-Relative stress magnitudes and E. M. Anderson’s classification scheme .
In applying these concepts to the earth’scrust,it is helpful to consider the magnitudes of the greatest,
intermediate, and least principal stress at depth (S1, S2, and S3) in terms of Sv, SHmax and Shmin in the
manner originally proposed by E. M. Anderson and alluded to above
The Anderson scheme classifies an area as being characterized by normal, strike-slip or reverse faulting
Sv =∫p(z)gdz
5-Relative stress magnitudes and E. M. Anderson’s classification scheme .
A- Normal faulting
The vertical stress, Sv, is the maximum principal
stress (S1) in normal faulting regimes
b- strike-slip
The vertical stress, Sv is the intermediate
principal stress (S2) in strike-slip regimes
C-reverse faulting
The vertical stress, Sv is the minimum stress(S3)
in reverse faulting regime
6. Effect of pore pressure
• 1923, TERZAGHI, introduced the Notion of effective stress:
A part of the stress is balanced by the the grain ( effective stress) and another part is balanced by the pore pressure
: Stress carried by the rock grain

: Pore Pressure
• less stress caried by the grain
the more difficalt it is to fail or fracture the formation
Failure of a formation is determined by the amount of

stress carried by the grain (effective stresses)
• 1941, Biot improved the TERZAGHI’s equation by introducing (α) for poroelastic material
(α): constante of poroelasticity or Biot’s constante
6-Effect of pore pressure
Pore pressure or formation pressure is defined as the pressure acting on the

fluids in the pore space of a formation.
6. Pore Pressure
1- Methods to measure pore pressure

Direct measurement of pore pressure
Field Measurement – DST, RFT, MDT, DST
mud weights are sometimes used to estimate pore pressure
Modular Dynamic Formation

Tester (MDT)
6. Pore Pressure
.
INDirect measurement of pore pressure
-Normal Compaction Trend-line Methods
-Effective Stress Methods
from geophysical log data. M. Traugott (written communication, 1999) has proposed the following equation for
porosity measurements derived from sonic velocity measurements
7-Mechanical Properties of Rock Material
Elastic modulus
There are five commonly used elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic rock.,
Young’s mudulus (denoted E, in GPa):
The amount of stress required to deforme a sample a certain amount
resistance to uniaxial compressive stress)
Defined as the ratio of the change in stress with strain
Indicates the stifness of the rock
(E) for fluids is zero
Rnage [1; 100 GPa]
Poisson’s ratio (denoted ν, has no unit ):

Describe how much a sample of rock will expand
horizontally when it is compressed vertically
Defined as the negative ratio of transverse strain to
longitudinal strain
Indicates the compressibility of the rock
(ν) for fluids equal to 0.5
Range [0.15; 0.4]
Poisson’s ratio (denoted ν, has no unit ):

Describe how much a sample of rock will expand
horizontally when it is compressed vertically
Defined as the negative ratio of transverse strain to
longitudinal strain
Indicates the compressibility of the rock
(ν) for fluids equal to 0.5
Range [0.15; 0.4]
(ν ) Mesuares the body’s tendancy to

change its volume in proportion to its
tendency to change its forme
ν = (-ԑradial/ԑaxial) = Δr/ΔL
Shear Modulus (denoted G, in GPa ):

Refered to as the modulus of regidity
Defined as the ratio of shear stress to the angle of
deformation created by that shear stress
Indicates the resistance to shape change in the rock
(G) for fluids equal to zero
Bulk Modulus (denoted K, in GPa ):

– Refered to as incompressibility
– Defined as the ratio of the mean stress to the dilataion or volume strain
– Indicates the resistance to volume change in the rock
– Inverse of K is known as the compressibility
Lamé’s constant (denoted λ , in GPa ):

– It has no simple physical meaning
– It is a mathematical convention
– Used to make many equation more elegant and easier to handle
8-Rock strength
Rock strength in compression

The failure of rock in compression is a complex process that involves microscopic failures manifest as the creation
of small tensile cracks and frictional sliding on grain, rock failure in compression occurs when the stresses
acting on a rock mass exceed its compressive strength,defined as the capacity of a material to resist to axially
directed compressive forces
8-Rock strenght
Shear Strength (denoted S0, in GPa ):

-Describe the strength of rock materials, to resist deformations due to shear stress -Rock resist shear stress by two
mechanisms 1-Cohesion: is a measure of the internal bounding of the Rock materail
2-Internal friction: is caused by contact between particles defined by internal friction angle
-Measured by core testing : - Direct Shear test
- Triaxial compression tests
Tensile strength (denoted T0 , in GPa ): Describe the capacity of a material to resist to tension forces
– Rocks have generally low tensile strength du to microcracks
– Measured by : Core testing:- Direct tensile test
- Brazilian test and flexure test
9-borehole image
9-Borehole Image
9-Borehole Image
10. Building of a mechanical earth model
The realization of a geomechanical study is based on the analysis of the information resulting from
the measurements of logs and cores. This will make it possible to identify the quality of the
reservoir and its petrophysical characteristics. The estimation of the dynamic mechanical
properties (Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio) is done by the measurements of the
compression and shear waves. Switching to static mode requires the use of conversion formulas
obtained by correlation with core tests in the laboratory. Strength parameters were estimated
continuously based on empirical relations between these parameters and the Young's modulus
and log data, once the values of the static mechanical properties are available, one proceeds to
the realization of the stress profile, which determines the distribution of the horizontal stresses
according to the depth and their orientation using the imagery. Then, we compared the mud
pressure for safe drilling, which estimated based on Mohr-Coulomb and Mogi Coulomb failure
criteria against the practically applied pressure. Finally, we evaluated the accuracy of the
suggested model based on reservoir natural fracture that derived from the image logs
observation
10-1-Dynamic Modulus
Calculation of elastic modulus

Dynamic measures
10-2-Static Modulus
Laboratory study
These are mechanical tests in the laboratory carried out in order to:
-Determine the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the rock.
-Make a mathematical correlation between dynamic and static results.
-Find a formula for converting the dynamic regime to the static regime and apply it to the
dynamic results calculated from the sonic tool .
Static moduli
Static measurements are obtained by correlations, which are determined by comparing the static elastic properties
and the dynamic elastic properties
In a general way the correlations are of the following form
After the conversion, the value of the static Young's modulus tends to decrease and has a large gap with the
dynamic Young's modulus
Static Poisson Coefficient

Numerous tests have shown that the dynamic Poisson's ratio is almost equal to the static Poisson's ratio
10-3-pore pressure
Calculation of pore pore pressure
1-For is istropic formation

This parameter may equal to hydrostatic pressure
2-For anisotropic formation ( shay formation )

There is many estimation of the pore pressure in shale’s from lo data even after wells are
drilled, which tend to be so impermeable that direct measurement is quite difficult
The most used in world Eaton method
10-4. Building the stress profile
overburden
It is given by the following formula: Where: Sv= TVD * lithostatic gradient
Horizontal stress
For isotropic rock
For Anisotropy rock

Anisotropy Is defined as the variation of a property with direction in which it is measured
10-5-Near Field stress
10-5-Near Field stress
Mathematically, the effective stresses around a vertical wellbore are described in terms of a
cylindrical coordinate system by the following
10-6. designing of Optimum Mud Weight Window
Based on the wellbore pressure, different zones according to stability points For a material that behaves linearly
elastic, the largest stress difference occurs at the borehole wall, hence rock failure is expected to initiate
there. Typically, borehole breakout and drilling induced fractures occurred on the borehole wall as the main
types of failure
-Minimum wellbore pressure for avoiding breakout
-Maximum wellbore pressure for avoiding DI fracture

10-7-Mud window
The initial geostatic stress state is affected considerably when a well is drilled into a
formation. In fact, the solid material is replaced by drilling fluid. Since fluid
pressure generally does not match the in-situ formation stresses, there will be a
stress concentration around the well. Knowledge of the stresses around a well is
therefore essential for wellbore stability analysis.
Kirsch formulas for induced stresses at the borehole wall

10-7.Mud Window
. According to the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, lower permitted limit for mud weight is determined by
. If minimum principal stress is lower than the tensile strength of the material, tensile failure occurs at the borehole wall
. In this case, failure will occur at the positions where tangential stress is smallest, and hence fracturing will occur in the
direction of maximum horizontal stress. As a result, the upper permitted value of the mud weight is limited to tensile
failure criteria.
10-8-correction of MEM using borehole image (Breakouts )
11. CONCLUSION
-Geomechanical modeling is playing an increasingly important role at challenging field development

projects since field development decisions are aided by an accurate assessment of well design
options that are closely tied to the existing geological and engineering data set using geomechanics
modeling.
-To develop a thorough model, it is recommended to consider the effect of poroelastic and
thermoelastic with time. A thermoporoelastic model considers effects of both temperature and
pressure diffusion on determining optimum mud weight window. In order to consider thermal
effects because of temperature difference of mud and formation, the stress strain relations must
be modified to take the thermal stress and strain into account. In addition, poroelastic time effects,
i.e. pore pressure change due to production or the invasion of the wellbore fluid, and pore
pressure change because of redistribution of formation stresses should be considered to deigned a
comprehensive model.

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Reservoir

Compression waves (P)

Shear waves (S)

3 principal stresses that are perpendicular to each other :

σ1 Maximum Principal Stress

The earth’s principal stresses are defined as follows:

σv Principal stress acting in the vertical axis

• 1923, TERZAGHI, introduced the Notion of effective stress:

: Stress carried by the rock grain

• less stress caried by the grain

the more difficalt it is to fail or fracture the formation

Failure of a formation is determined by the amount of

Pore pressure or formation pressure is defined as the pressure acting on the

1- Methods to measure pore pressure

Modular Dynamic Formation

Poisson’s ratio (denoted ν, has no unit ):

Poisson’s ratio (denoted ν, has no unit ):

(ν ) Mesuares the body’s tendancy to

Shear Modulus (denoted G, in GPa ):

Bulk Modulus (denoted K, in GPa ):

Lamé’s constant (denoted λ , in GPa ):

Rock strength in compression

Shear Strength (denoted S0, in GPa ):

Calculation of elastic modulus

Static Poisson Coefficient

Calculation of pore pore pressure

1-For is istropic formation

2-For anisotropic formation ( shay formation )

For Anisotropy rock

-Minimum wellbore pressure for avoiding breakout

-Maximum wellbore pressure for avoiding DI fracture

Kirsch formulas for induced stresses at the borehole wall

-Geomechanical modeling is playing an increasingly important role at challenging field development

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