Steel Pushover Analysis

Pushover Analysis as per EC8:2004
Gen Training Series
Pushover Analysis of steel structure

as per EC8:2004
DL
Program Version
V7.4.1
Program License
Registered, Trial
Revision Date
SD
NC
2008.12.26
MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd.
Gen Training Series
Overview
Pushover analysis is one of the performance-based design
Optimal Design Procedure

The pushover analysis procedure is as follows:
methods, recently attracting practicing structural engineers

engaged in the field of seismic design. The objective of a
performance-based design is achieved after the owner and the
Modeling & Design
designer collectively select a target performance for the
- Details of Building
structure in question. The engineer carries out the conventional
- Perform analysis
design and subsequently performs a pushover (elasto-plastic)
- Perform steel code checking
analysis to evaluate if the selected performance objective has

been met.
Pushover Analysis
- Pushover Global Control
In midas Gen V741, pushover analysis as per EN1998:2004
- Pushover Load Cases
is newly added, and analysis performance and usability are
- Define Hinge Properties
significantly improved. This tutorial explains the method and
- Assign Hinge Properties
procedure for pushover analysis of 3-dimensional Steel
- Perform Pushover Analysis
structures as per EN1998:2004. For this reason, the procedure
- Pushover Curve
for modeling and analysis were not explained in detail. For the
- Pushover Hinge Status Results
users who are not familiar with the basic functions for modeling
- Safety Verification Table
and analysis, it is recommended to review Application 1

tutorial before following this tutorial.
Gen Training Series
Details of the example structure
Section Name
Section ID
Section DB
Section Size
C1
UNI
HEA240
C2
UNI
HEA300
G1
21
UNI
HEA280
G2
22
UNI
IPE240
Brace1
31
UNI
HEA160
Brace2
32
UNI
HEA120
Figure 1. Three-dimensional structural model
3,000
BR1
10,000
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
BR
BR1
3,000
G1
C2
BR2
G2
A
C2
BR
G2
C1
Figure 2. Structural plan

3
9,000
G2
G1
C1
G1
6,000
C2
3,000
G2
C2
Figure 3. Elevation
Gen Training Series

Applied Design Code
Eurocode3:2005
Materials
Column: S235
Beam: S235
Brace: S235
Applied Loads
Gravity loads
Dead load: 4.9kN/m2
Live load : 2.5kN/m2
Unit Load Cases

Load
Static Wind Loads

Applied code: Eurocode1:2005
Terrain Category : II
Fundamental Basic Wind Velocity (Vb,o): 26m/s
Static Seismic Loads
Applied code: Eurocode8:2004
Ground Type: B
Design Ground Acceleration: 0.08g
Behavior Factor (q): 1.5
Lower Bound Factor (b): 0.2
Importance Factor (I) : 1
4
Static
Load
Cases
Name
Details
DL
Dead Load
LL
Live Load
WX
Wind Load
(X-direction in the global coordinates)
XY
Wind Load
(Y-direction in the global coordinates)
EX
Seismic Load
(X-direction in the global coordinates)
EY
Seismic Load
(Y-direction in the global coordinates)
Gen Training Series
Step 1. Open the model file and perform analysis

1. Open Steel pushover analysis.mgb
2. Select Works tab in the Tree Menu.
Pushover analysis is carried out in the post-processing mode

after completing elastic analysis.
3. Check the entered section data and boundary condition in

Properties and Boundaries.
4. In the tree menu, select Static Loads>Static Load Case 1
and then right click Floor Loads:3.
7
2
5. In the context Menu, select Display and then check the

applied loads.
6. By this way, check the applied seismic loads and wind
loads.
7. Click
icon to perform analysis.
Gen Training Series
Step 2: Check Steel Design Code
1.
2.
3.
Design > Steel Design Parameter > Design Code

Specify the code as Eurocode3:05.
Check [OK] button.
Design Code specified in the Steel Design Code dialog is
applied to calculate the capacity of members in pushover

analysis.
Gen Training Series
Step 3: Steel Code Checking

Rotation capacity at the end of steel beams
or columns depends on the class of cross
1.
Design > Steel Code Checking
section. In order for the program to
automatically determine the class of cross

section for the pushover analysis, select
Auto. For the automatic classification

Steel Code Checking should be performed
first.
Gen Training Series
Step 4-1: Pushover Global Control

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Design > Pushover analysis > Pushover Global Control

Select DL in the combo box and click [Add] button.
Select LL in the combo box and enter the Scale Factor as 0.25.
Click [Add] button.
Click [OK] button.
In this step, we will define the initial load cases, which

will be applied prior to pushover analysis such as dead
load and live load.
2,3
2,4
Gen Training Series
Reference Design code (Eurocode 8:2004) option is displayed when

the design code (in the main menu, Design > Concrete Design
Parameter or Steel Design Parameter > Design code) is specified as
Eurocode and Design code in preferences (in the main menu, Tools >
Preferences) is specified as Eurocode.
Scale Factor for Ultimate Rotation

1) Wall: In calculating the total chord rotation capacity at ultimate , u, for wall , the value is divided
by 1.6 as per EN1998-3:2004 A.3.1.1.
2) Cold-worked brittle steel: If cold-worked brittle steel is used the total chord rotation capacity is
divided by 1.6 as per EN1998-3:2004 A.3.1.1.
3) Without Detailing for earthquake resistance: In members without detailing for earthquake
resistance the total chord rotation capacity is multiplied by 0.85 as per EN1998-3:2004 .
4) Smooth longitudinal bars: in members with smooth (plain) longitudinal bars without lapping in
the vicinity of the end region where yielding is expected, the total chord rotation capacity may be
multiplied by 0.575 as per EN1998-3:2004.
Gen Training Series
Secondary Seismic Elements

In order to calculate the total chord rotation capacity at ultimate, u, the factor el is used. Since el is differently applied for primary and
secondary seismic elements (el = 1.5 for primary seismic elements, el = 1.0 for secondary seismic elements as per EN1998-3:2004
A.3.1.1), the user can define Secondary Seismic Elements group. If Secondary Seismic Elements are not defined, all the elements are
considered as Primary Seismic Elements.
In this tutorial, Secondary Seismic Elements are not defined since pushover hinge properties are assigned to primary elements only.
10
Gen Training Series
Step 5-1: Pushover Load Case

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Design > Pushover analysis > Pushover Load Cases

Click [Add] button.
Enter the pushover load case name as Accel_X.
Enter the Increment Steps as 30.
Check on Use Initial Load option.
Check on Consider P-Delta Effect option.
Select Displacement Control in the Increment Method.
Select Mater Node option.
Click the entry field and click the node no. 20 with the
mouse in the model view.
Enter the Max. Displacement as 0.12m.
Check off Limit inter-Story Deformation Angle
option.
Specify the Load Pattern as Uniform Acceleration.
Specify the Direction as DX in the combo box and click
[Add] button.
Click [OK] button.
3
4
6
7
8
10
11
9
12
13
13
14
11
Gen Training Series
Step 5-2: Pushover Load Case

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Design > Pushover analysis > Pushover Load Cases

Click [Add] button.
Enter the pushover load case name as EY_Y.
Enter the Increment Steps as 30.
Check on Use Initial Load option.
Check on Consider P-Delta Effect option.
Select Displacement Control in the Increment Method.
Select Mater Node option.
Click the entry field and click the node no. 20 with the
mouse in the model view.
Enter the Max. Displacement as 0.3m.
Check off Limit inter-Story Deformation Angle option.
Specify the Load Pattern as Static Load Cases.
Specify the Load Case as EY in the combo box and
click [Add] button.
Click [OK] button.
3
4
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
13
14
12
Gen Training Series
Step 6-1: Define Pushover Hinge Properties for beams

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Design > Pushover analysis > Define Pushover Hinge Properties

Click [Add] button.
Enter the pushover hinge properties name as Beam.
Select the Material Type as Steel / SRC(Filled)
Check on Fz & Mz components.
Click [Properties] button for My component.
Select the Class of cross section as Auto.
Click [Apply] button.
In order to check or modify the hinge properties, click [Properties]

button of the desired component.
4
9
13
Gen Training Series

Step 6-2: Define Pushover Hinge Properties for Columns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Enter the pushover hinge properties name as Column.

Select P-M-M in Status Determination option for Interaction Type.
Check on Fy, Fz & My components.
Click [Yield Surface Properties] button.
Click [Y-Axis] button for My component.
Click [OK] button.
Click [z-Axis] button for My component.
Click [OK] button.
7,10
Click [OK] button.
Coupled axial force-biaxial moment behavior is reflected by

calculating the flexural yield strength of a hinge considering the
effect of axial force.
6,9
2
8,11
5
12
14
13
Gen Training Series
Step 6-3: Define Pushover Hinge Properties for braces

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Enter the pushover hinge properties name as Brace.

Select the Element Type as Truss.
Check on Fx component.
Click [Properties] button for Fx component.
Click [OK] button.
Click [OK] button.
Click [Close] button.
2
6
15
Gen Training Series

Pushover Hinge Properties
Yield strength of Steel structures
Shear
Hinge
Eurocode3:2005, equation (6.18)
Yield rotation of Steel structures
Flexural
Hinge
Class
Class 1
Class 2
DL
1.0y
0.25 y
SD
6.0 y
2.0 y
NC
8.0 y
3.0 y
*y= MyL/6EI
Where, My: Yield moment, L: Length of a member, E: Elasticity of Modulus, I: moment of inertia
16
Gen Training Series
Step 7-1: Assign Pushover Hinge Properties for columns

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Select column members (Material ID 1:Column) from the Tree Menu.

Design > Pushover analysis > Assign Pushover Hinge Properties
Select Hinge Properties Type as Column in the combo box.
Right-click
3
4
17
Gen Training Series
Step 7-2: Assign Pushover Hinge Properties for Beams

1.
2.
Select beam members (Material ID 2:Girder) from the Tree Menu.

Drag and drop the Beam hinge property from the Tree Menu to the
Model Window .
Pushover hinge properties can be simply assigned to the
selected elements by Drag & Drop.
1
Right-click
18
Gen Training Series
Step 7-3: Assign Pushover Hinge Properties for braces

1.
2.
Select brace members from the Tree Menu.

Drag and drop the Brace hinge property from the Tree Menu to the
Model Window .
Pushover hinge properties can be simply assigned to the
selected elements by Drag & Drop.
Right-click
19
Gen Training Series
Step 8: Check assigned hinge properties

1.
2.
3.
4.
Before assigning hinge properties (while defining hinge
Right-click B1_Column from the Tree Menu.

Select Properties from the context menu.
Check the calculated yield strength and yield strain.
Click [Detail] button to check the calculated values in detail.
properties), Yield Strength and Yield Strain are displayed
as 1. After assigning hinge properties, calculated values

for each element are displayed.
By clicking [Detail] button, the user can check the
detailed equation and values.
Right-click
Before assigning hinge properties

20
Gen Training Series
Step 9: Perform pushover analysis

1.
2.
3.
Click Task Pane.

Click icon and select Analysis.
Click Perform Pushover Analysis.
Task Pane displays work procedure for

advanced
analysis
functions
and
description on input items so as to enable

the user to work more easily.
2
midas program provides 4 types of

advanced analysis features - Pushover
Analysis,
3
Nonlinear
Time
History
Analysis, Time History Analysis and

Material Nonlinear Analysis.
In addition, Task Pane data can be
saved in the html format in the User
Folder, so that the user can directly write
or add the required input items for

analysis.
21
Gen Training Series

2
Step 10-1: Pushover Curve

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Click Pushover Curve in the Task Pane.

Select the Pushover Load Case as Accel_X.
Select For Target Displacement
(EC8/Masonry).
Select the Spectrum Type as Horizontal Design
Spectrum.
Enter the Design Ground Acc.(Ag) as 0.5.
Enter the Behavior Factor (b) as 1.5.
Click [Draw] button.
7
For the detailed formula of the Target Displacement, refer to ANNEX B DETERMINATION OF THE
TARGET DISPLACEMENT FOR NONLINEAR STATIC (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS, EN 1998-1:2004. The

target displacement, which is obtained from the above, corresponds to the seismic demand of the Limit State of
Significant Damage (SD). Target displacement of the Limit State of Near Collapse (NC) is taken equal to that
of SD multiplied by 1.5. Target displacement of the Limit State of Damage Limitation (DL) is taken equal to
that of SD divided by 2.5.
22
Gen Training Series

1
Step 10-2: Pushover Curve

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Select the Pushover Load Case as EY_Y.

Select For Target Displacement
(EC8/Masonry).
Select the Spectrum Type as Horizontal Design
Spectrum.
Enter the Design Ground Acc.(Ag) as 0.5.
Enter the Behavior Factor (b) as 1.5.
Click [Draw] button.
4
5
For the detailed formula of the Target Displacement, refer to ANNEX B DETERMINATION OF THE
TARGET DISPLACEMENT FOR NONLINEAR STATIC (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS, EN 1998-1:2004. The

target displacement, which is obtained from the above, corresponds to the seismic demand of the Limit State of
Significant Damage (SD). Target displacement of the Limit State of Near Collapse (NC) is taken equal to that
of SD multiplied by 1.5. Target displacement of the Limit State of Damage Limitation (DL) is taken equal to
that of SD divided by 2.5.
23
Gen Training Series
Step 11-1: Hinge Status Results

Click Hinge Status Results in the Task Pane.
Select the Pushover Load Cases Name as
Accel_X.
Select Status of Yielding (EC8:2004).
Select the Components as Ry.
Check on Legend and Deform.
Specify the desired step in the combo box.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Clicking and scrolling
Clicking on the graph
The user can also check hinge status results for

each step by clicking on the step box and scroll
or clicking on the pushover graph which is
displayed in the black background.
4
1
5
24
Gen Training Series
Step 11-2: Hinge Status Results

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Select the Pushover Load Cases Name as

EY_Y.
Select Status of Yielding (EC8:2004).
Select the Components as Ry.
Check on Legend and Deform.
Specify the desire step in the combo box.
25
Gen Training Series
Step 12-1: Safety Verification Table

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Click Safety Verification Table in the Task Pane.

Select Show All Elements.
Click [OK] button.
Select Pushover Load Case as Accel_x.
Select Significant Damage (SD).
Check on My and Fz.
Click [OK] button.
2
3
5
Safety Verification Table displays the comparison results between the demand and
capacities of the elements as per EN1998-3:2004 Table 4.3. Safety verification shall be
conducted for both ductile and brittle elements respectively. For ductile elements,
6
verification will be conducted in terms of deformation using mean values of properties

divided by CF. For brittle elements, verification shall be conducted in terms of strength
26
using mean values of properties divided by CF and by partial factor.
Gen Training Series
Step 12-2: Safety Verification Table

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Right-click on the table and select Set Safety

Verification in the Context menu.
Select Pushover Load Case as EY_Y.
Select Significant Damage (SD).
Check on My and Fz.
Click [OK] button.
1
2
3
Safety Verification Table displays the comparison results between the demand and
capacities of the elements as per EN1998-3:2004 Table 4.3. Safety verification shall be
conducted for both ductile and brittle elements respectively. For ductile elements,
4
verification will be conducted in terms of deformation using mean values of properties

divided by CF. For brittle elements, verification shall be conducted in terms of strength
27
using mean values of properties divided by CF and by partial factor.
Gen Training Series
Capacity of Steel structures for assessment in the Safety Verification Table (Eurocode8-3:2004, Annex A.3.1)
Plastic rotation
capacity
Shear capacity
Class
Class 1
Class 2
DL
1.0y
0.25 y
SD
6.0 y
2.0 y
NC
8.0 y
3.0 y
Eurocode3:2005, equation (6.18)
*For ductile elements, mean values of properties divided by CF are used. For brittle members, mean values of properties
divided by CF and by partial factor.
*y= MyL/6EI
Where, My: Yield moment, L: Length of a member, E: Elasticity of Modulus, I: moment of inertia
28

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What is pushover analysis and what is its purpose?

What is pushover analysis and what is its purpose?

What are the steps involved in performing a pushover analysis according to EC8:2004?

What are the steps involved in performing a pushover analysis according to EC8:2004?

Pushover Analysis as per EC8:2004

Gen Training Series

Pushover Analysis of steel structure

MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Pushover Analysis as per EC8:2004

Gen Training Series

Optimal Design Procedure

methods, recently attracting practicing structural engineers

performance-based design is achieved after the owner and the

Modeling & Design

designer collectively select a target performance for the

structure in question. The engineer carries out the conventional

design and subsequently performs a pushover (elasto-plastic)

- Perform steel code checking

analysis to evaluate if the selected performance objective has

In midas Gen V741, pushover analysis as per EN1998:2004

- Pushover Load Cases

is newly added, and analysis performance and usability are

- Define Hinge Properties

significantly improved. This tutorial explains the method and

- Assign Hinge Properties

procedure for pushover analysis of 3-dimensional Steel

- Perform Pushover Analysis

structures as per EN1998:2004. For this reason, the procedure

- Pushover Hinge Status Results

- Safety Verification Table

and analysis, it is recommended to review Application 1

MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Pushover Analysis as per EC8:2004

Gen Training Series

Details of the example structure

Figure 1. Three-dimensional structural model

Figure 2. Structural plan

MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Pushover Analysis as per EC8:2004

Gen Training Series

Unit Load Cases

Static Wind Loads

MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Pushover Analysis as per EC8:2004

Gen Training Series

Step 1. Open the model file and perform analysis

Pushover analysis is carried out in the post-processing mode

3. Check the entered section data and boundary condition in

5. In the context Menu, select Display and then check the

icon to perform analysis.

MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Pushover Analysis as per EC8:2004

Gen Training Series

Step 2: Check Steel Design Code

Design > Steel Design Parameter > Design Code

Design Code specified in the Steel Design Code dialog is

applied to calculate the capacity of members in pushover

MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Pushover Analysis as per EC8:2004