Lecture 6 Composite Columns

Composite Columns
Lecture 6
Presented by:
Dr. Sherine Swelem
Types of Composite Columns
(1) Hot rolled section encased in concrete
(2) Built up section encased in concrete
(3) Concrete filled hollow steel tubes

( Rectangular or Circular)
Requirements
• Concrete Strength: 250 ≤ Fcu ≤ 500 kg/cm2
• Concrete encasement should be reinforced by

longitudinal bars and stirrups to prevent
concrete spalling.
• Concrete cover over stirrups and longitudinal

bars ≥ 4 cm
• Spacing of stirrups is the smaller of:
(i) Spacing of stirrups ≤ 2/3 h1 (h1 is the least
dimension of the composite section)
(ii) Spacing of stirrups ≤ 30 cm
• The cross sectional area of lateral ties

(stirrups) and longitudinal bars shall be at
least 0.02 cm2 per cm of bar spacing.
Local buckling of concrete filled tubes
• To avoid local buckling for concrete filled

tubes the minimum wall thickness should
be as follows:
(1) For rectangular tubes filled with
concrete:
tmin = b2 (Fy/3Es)1/2
where:
b2 is the larger side

of column
(2) For circular tubes filled with
concrete:
tmin = D (Fy/8Es)1/2
where:
D is the diameter of
column
Cross sectional area of Steel Section As
As = Cross sectional area of steel section
Ag = Gross column area
As ≥ 4 % Ag
(i) For concrete encased steel section
• Ag = h1 x h2
• As = Area of I-steel
section
• As ≥ 0.04 Ag
(ii)For concrete filled rectangular tube
• Ag = b1 x b2
• As = b1 b2 – (b1 – 2t)( b2 – 2t)
• As ≥ 0.04 Ag
(iii)For concrete filled circular tube
• Ag = πD2/4
• As = πD2/4 – π(D-2t)2/4
• As ≥ 0.04 Ag
Design of Composite Column
subjected to Axial Compressive
Force
(1) Actual Compressive Stress Fca
• The Actual Compressive Stress Fca is calculated
due to the axial force acting on the steel
section only.
Fca = N/As
where:
As = Area of steel section
N = Actual compressive stress
(2) Allowable Compressive Axial
Stress Fc
• The Allowable Compressive Axial Stress Fc for

symmetric axially loaded composite columns
shall be computed from the following
formulas:
• For inelastic buckling λ ≤ 100:
Fc = Fym (0.58 – α Fym λmax2)
• For elastic buckling λ ≥ 100:
Fc = 3.57 Em / λmax2
where: λ = slenderness ratio = Lb /r

Fym , Em , α
Fym = Fy + c1 Fyr (Ar/As) + c2 Fcu (Ac/As)
Em = Es + c3 Ec (Ac/As)
α = (0.58 x 104 Fym – 3.57 Em)/(Fym x 104)2

Where:
• Fym = Modified yield stress in t/cm2
• Fy = Yield stress of steel section in t/cm2
• Fyr = Yield stress of longitudinal reinforcing
bars in t/cm2
• Fcu = Compressive Strength of concrete after
28 days in t/cm2
• Em = Modified Young's Modulus in t/cm2
• Es = Young's Modulus of steel in t/cm2
• Ec = Young's Modulus of concrete in t/cm2
• As = Area of steel section or tube in cm2
• Ar = Area of longitudinal reinforcement bars in

cm2
• Ac = Area of concrete in cm2 excluding As and Ar

• c1, c2 and c3 = numerical coefficient taken as
follows:
• For concrete encased sections:

c1 = 0.70, c2 = 0.48, c3 = 0.20
• For concrete filled tubes:

c1 = 1.0, c2 = 0.68, c3 = 0.40
• λmax = Slenderness ratio = Lbmax/rm
• rm = Radius of gyration of steel shape
• Lbmax = Maximum Buckling length of Lbx and Lby
• Lbx = kx L
• Lby = ky L
• rm =
For Concrete Encased Steel Shapes:

• rm ≥ 0.3 x width of composite column in the
plane of bending
rx ≥ 0.3 a
ry ≥ 0.3 b
Example (1)
Given:
• Fcu = 300 kg/cm2, st.52 for steel section
• Steel Reinforcement of column is 4 Ø 12
• St.52 is used for steel reinforcement
• Length of column is 6.0 m
• The column is laterally braced (cross bracing)
Required:
• Check the column CD shown in figure for a
compressive axial force P = 100 t
Buckling length of column
• In x- direction (in plane):
CD is a pendulum support, therefore k = 1
Lbx = 6.0 m
• In y- direction (out of plane):

Due to x-bracing, k =1
Lby = 6.0 m
Properties of section
• As = 53.8 cm2 (IPE 300)
• Ar = 4 x 1.13 = 4.52 cm2
• Ac = 40 x 30 – 53.8 – 4.52 = 1141.7 cm2
For IPE 300:

rx = 12.46 cm ry = 3.35 cm
• 0.3 a = 0.3 (40) = 12 cm
• rx = 12.46 cm > 12 cm O.K
• Taken rx = 12.46 cm
• 0.3 b = 0.3 (30) = 9 cm

• ry = 3.35 cm < 9 cm Not O.K
• Taken ry = 0.3 b = 9 cm
Calculation of Fc
• λx = Lbx / rx = 600/12.46 = 48.1
• λy = Lby / ry = 600/9 = 66.6
• λmax = 66.6 < 100

Fym
Fym = Fy + c1 Fyr (Ar/As) + c2 Fcu (Ac/As)
= 3.6 + 0.7 x 3.6 x (4.52/53.8) + 0.48 x 0.3

x (1141.7/53.8)
= 3.6 + 0.21 + 3.06
= 6.87 t/cm2
Em
Em = Es + c3 Ec (Ac/As)
= 2100 + 0.2 x 240 x (1141.7/53.8)
= 3118.6 t/cm2
α
α = (0.58 x 104 Fym – 3.57 Em)/(Fym x 104)2
= (0.58 x 104 x 6.87 – 3.57 x 3118.6)/(6.87 x 104)2
= 6.1 x 10-6
Fc
Fc = Fym (0.58 – α Fym λmax2)
= 6.87 x [ 0.58 – 6.1 x 10-6 x 6.87 (66.6)2]
= 2.7 t/cm2
Check of Stresses
Fca = N/As = 100/53.8
= 1.85 t/cm2 < Fc = 2.7 t/cm2 O.K
Capacity of section = Fc x As
= 2.7 x 53.8 = 145.2 t

Design of Composite Column
subjected to Axial Compressive
Force and Bending Moment
• Composite members subjected to axial
compression force and bending moment must
satisfy the following equation:
+ A1 + A2 ≤ 1.0
Where:
• Fca = Actual compressive stress due to axial
force computed on steel section only
Fca = N/As
• fbcx = Actual compressive bending stresses

about x-axis neglecting the composite action
fbcx = Mx/Zx
• fbcy = Actual compressive bending stresses

about y-axis neglecting the composite action
fbcy = My/Zy
• Fc = Allowable compressive stress computed as
before in the case of axially loaded member
• Fy = Yield stress of steel section
• 0.72 Fy = Allowable compressive bending

stress for x and y axes
• A1 = Cmx / (1 – fca/Femx) ≥ 1.0
• A2 = Cmy / (1 – fca/Femy) ≥ 1.0
• If fca / Fc < 0.15 A1 = A2 = 1.0
• Femx = Modified elastic buckling stress in x direction

• Femy = Modified elastic buckling stress in y direction
• Femx = 3.57 Em / λx2
• Femy = 3.57 Em / λy2

Cmx , Cmy
• Cmx , Cmy = Moment modification factors
(a) For Frames permitted to sway:

• Cm = 0.85
(b) For Frames prevented from sway with

transverse lateral loading between supports:
• Cm = 0.85 for members with fixed support
• Cm = 1.0 for members with hinged support

(c) For Frames prevented from sway without
transverse lateral loading between supports:
• Cm = 0.6 – 0.4 (M1/M2) ≥ 0.4
Where: M2 > M1
• The ratio (M1/M2) is positive for reverse

curvature bending and vice versa.
• If M1 = 0 , Cm = 0.6
Column Buckling Length
• It is very important to determine the buckling
length of the column in plane and out of
plane.
• The position of the cross section of the

column determines the buckling length in x- or
y-direction.
• Lb in = Lbx
• Lb out = Lby
• Lb in = Lby
• Lb out = Lbx
For Column AB, CD
• Lb out = Lby = L
(ky =1)
• Lb in = Lbx = kx * L
For Column AB, CD

• Lb out = Lby = L/2
(ky = 0.5)
• Lb in = Lbx = kx * L
Effective Buckling Length of Columns in Rigid Frames
• For Column AB:

• If Column AB and Girder BC
have the same cross section:
IxAB = IxBC = I
GB = 10 (Hinged support)
• If AB = 5 m , BC = 20 m
𝐼/𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝐼/5
GA = = =4
𝐼/𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝐼/20
• From chart: kx = 2.5
• Lbx = 2.5 * 5 = 12.5 m
• For Column AB:

• If all Columns and Girders
have the same cross section:
IxAB = IxBE = IxBC = I
GB = 10 (Hinged support)
• If AB = BE = 5 m , BC = 20 m
𝐼/𝐿𝐴𝐵 + 𝐼/𝐿𝐵𝐸 𝐼/5 + 𝐼/5
GA = = =2
𝐼/𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝐼/20
• From chart: kx = 2.1
• Lbx = 2.1 * 5 = 10.5 m
Example (2)
Given:
• Steel of the steel section is st.37
• The steel reinforcement is 4 Ø 16
• Reinforcement steel is st.52
• Concrete strength Fcu = 300 kg/cm2
• The length of column is 4.0 m and it is laterally
braced (cross bracing)
• Consider k = 2 for buckling about x-axis
Loading:
• N = 200 t (compression)
• Mx = 30 t.m
Required:
• Check the normal stresses for the shown

composite column
(1) Check of wall thickness to avoid local
buckling:
• tmin =
= 0.976 ≈ 1.0 cm
(2) Check of steel ratio (As/Ag) :
• Ag = b1 x b2 = 40 x 50 = 2000 cm2
• As = b1 b2 – (b1 – 2t) (b2 – 2t)

= 2000 – (40 – 2 x 1.2)(50 – 2 x 1.2)
= 2000 – (37.6 x 47.6)
= 210.24 cm2
• As/Ag = 210.24/2000 = 10.5 % > 4 % O.K

(3) Calculation of the properties of steel section:
• As = 210.24 cm2
• Ix = 40(50)3/12 – 37.6(47.6)3/12 = 78736 cm4
• Zx = 78736/25 = 3149.4 cm3
• rx = = = 19.35 cm
• Iy = 50(40)3/12 – 47.6(37.6)3/12 = 55809 cm4
• Zy = 55809/20 = 2790.5 cm3
• ry = = = 16.3 cm
(4) Calculation of actual compressive Fca
and bending stress fbcx :
• Fca = N/As = 200/210.24 = 0.95 t/cm2
• fbcx = Mx / Zx = 30 x 100/3149.4 = 0.95 t/cm2

(5) Calculation of Fc :
• Lbx = kx x L = 2 x 4.0 = 8.0 m
• Lby = ky x L = 1 x 4.0 = 4.0 m
• λx = 800 / 19.35 = 41.3
• λy = 400 / 16.3 = 24.5
• λmax = 41.3 < 100
• Fc = Fym (0.58 – α Fym λmax2)

• Ar = 4 Ø 16 = 4 x 2.0 = 8.0 cm2
• Ac = Ag – (As + Ar)
= 2000 – (210.24 + 8.0)
= 1781.76 cm2
Fym
• Fym = Fy + c1 Fyr (Ar/As) + c2 Fcu (Ac/As)
= 2.4 + 1 x 3.6 (8/210.24) + 0.68 x 0.3

x(1781.76/210.24)
= 2.4 + 0.14 + 1.73
= 4.27 t/cm2
Em
• Em = Es + c3 Ec (Ac/As)
= 2100 + 0.4 x 240 (1781.76/210.24)
= 2913.6 t/cm2
α
• α=
= 7.9 x 10-6
Fc
• Fc = Fym (0.58 – α Fym λmax2)
= 4.27 x [ 0.58 – 7.9 x 10-6 x 4.27 (41.3)2 ]
= 2.23 t/ cm2
(6) Check of axial compression and
bending stresses:
• + A1 ≤ 1.0
• Fca/Fc = 0.95/2.23 = 0.43 > 0.15
• A1 = Cmx / (1 – fca/Femx)
• Femx = 3.57 Em / λx2
= 3.57 x 2913.6/(41.3)2
= 6.1 t/cm2
• Cmx = 0.85
• A1 = Cmx / (1 – fca/Femx)
= 0.85/[1 – (0.95/6.1)]
= 1.0 O.K
• + A1 =
0.43 + x1=
0.98 < 1 O.K

Thank you

Lecture 6 Composite Columns

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Composite Columns

(2) Built up section encased in concrete

(3) Concrete filled hollow steel tubes

• Concrete encasement should be reinforced by

• Concrete cover over stirrups and longitudinal

• The cross sectional area of lateral ties

• To avoid local buckling for concrete filled

b2 is the larger side

As = Cross sectional area of steel section

Ag = Gross column area

• As = b1 b2 – (b1 – 2t)( b2 – 2t)

• The Allowable Compressive Axial Stress Fc for

Fc = Fym (0.58 – α Fym λmax2)

• For elastic buckling λ ≥ 100:

where: λ = slenderness ratio = Lb /r

Fym = Fy + c1 Fyr (Ar/As) + c2 Fcu (Ac/As)

α = (0.58 x 104 Fym – 3.57 Em)/(Fym x 104)2

• Ar = Area of longitudinal reinforcement bars in

• Ac = Area of concrete in cm2 excluding As and Ar

• For concrete encased sections:

• For concrete filled tubes:

• rm = Radius of gyration of steel shape

• Lbmax = Maximum Buckling length of Lbx and Lby

For Concrete Encased Steel Shapes:

• In y- direction (out of plane):

For IPE 300:

• 0.3 b = 0.3 (30) = 9 cm

• λy = Lby / ry = 600/9 = 66.6

• λmax = 66.6 < 100

= 3.6 + 0.7 x 3.6 x (4.52/53.8) + 0.48 x 0.3

= 3.6 + 0.21 + 3.06

= 2100 + 0.2 x 240 x (1141.7/53.8)

= (0.58 x 104 x 6.87 – 3.57 x 3118.6)/(6.87 x 104)2

= 6.87 x [ 0.58 – 6.1 x 10-6 x 6.87 (66.6)2]

= 1.85 t/cm2 < Fc = 2.7 t/cm2 O.K

= 2.7 x 53.8 = 145.2 t

• fbcx = Actual compressive bending stresses

• fbcy = Actual compressive bending stresses

• Fy = Yield stress of steel section

• 0.72 Fy = Allowable compressive bending

• A2 = Cmy / (1 – fca/Femy) ≥ 1.0

• If fca / Fc < 0.15 A1 = A2 = 1.0

• Femx = Modified elastic buckling stress in x direction

• Femx = 3.57 Em / λx2

• Femy = 3.57 Em / λy2

(a) For Frames permitted to sway:

(b) For Frames prevented from sway with

• Cm = 1.0 for members with hinged support

• The ratio (M1/M2) is positive for reverse

• The position of the cross section of the

For Column AB, CD

• For Column AB:

• For Column AB:

• Check the normal stresses for the shown

• As = b1 b2 – (b1 – 2t) (b2 – 2t)

• As/Ag = 210.24/2000 = 10.5 % > 4 % O.K

• Ix = 40(50)3/12 – 37.6(47.6)3/12 = 78736 cm4

• Zx = 78736/25 = 3149.4 cm3

• Zy = 55809/20 = 2790.5 cm3

• Fca = N/As = 200/210.24 = 0.95 t/cm2

• fbcx = Mx / Zx = 30 x 100/3149.4 = 0.95 t/cm2

• Lby = ky x L = 1 x 4.0 = 4.0 m

• λx = 800 / 19.35 = 41.3