Earthquake Resistant Design of Foundations: Lecture 1: Introduction

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS:
Lecture 1: Introduction
B.K. MAHESHWARI
Professor, Dept. of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee
E-mail: bk.maheshwari@eq.iitr.ac.in
1
ERD of Foundations – Importance of the Course
India is seismically very active. Safety of foundations is
utmost important during earthquakes. This course is
being offered first time, which deals with Earthquake
Resistant Design of Foundations. This course will go long
way for those working with foundations and need to
account for EQ loads. The course will teach the students,
academicians and practicing engineers, the design of
foundations so that these are safe during earthquakes.
2
Seismic
Zones of
India
(IS: 1893-
2016), BIS
3
Target Audience and Pre-requisite
This is basically a PG course, however, may be offered
to final year UG students of Civil Engineering. Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering is a Pre-
requisite for this course, however, some back ground of
foundation engineering will be discussed so that
practicing engineer, who have left studies long back,
may not face any difficulty.
4
ERD of Foundations – Course Contents
The course covers various types of foundations,
required soil investigations, soil parameters, and codes
of practice. Design considerations for seismic resistant
design of foundations. The course will focus on
techniques of design of foundations so that it does not
fail during earthquakes. This will cover both shallow
and deep foundations. Major focus will be on the
design of deep foundations for lateral loads.
5
ERD of Foundations - Modules
M1. Introduction
M2. Shallow Foundations
M3. Pile Foundations
M4. Well Foundations
M5. SSI for Deep Foundations
6
M1. Introduction
• Objective of a Foundation
• Major Issues during Earthquakes
• Performance of Foundations during Past
Earthquakes
7
M2. Shallow Foundations: Chapters
1. General Requirements
2. Bearing Capacity and Settlement
3. Combined Footings
4. Raft Foundations
5. Dynamic Bearing Capacity
8
M3. Pile Foundations: Chapters
1. Types of Piles
2. Laterally Loaded Piles
3. Discrete and Finite Element Idealization
9
M4. Well Foundations: Chapters
1. Types, Scour Depth, Bearing Capacity
2. Laterally Stability of Wells
3. Pesudo-static analysis
4. IRC Method for Lateral Load
10
M5. SSI for Deep Foundations: Chapters
1. Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI)
2. Modeling of Unbounded Soil Media
3. Free Field Motion, Kinematic Interaction and
Inertial Interaction
4. Soil-Pile Interaction
11
References
1. Prakash S. (1981), "Soil Dynamics", McGraw-Hill Company, New York
2. Kramer S.L. (1996), “Geotechnical-Earthquake Engineering”, Pearson
Education Pvt. Ltd., Singapore
3. Bowles, J.E (1997), “Foundation Analysis and Design”, McGraw Hill
International Editions, Singapore.
4. Murthy V.N.S. (2018), “Advanced Foundation Engineering”, CBS
Publishers and Distributors
5. Ranjan G. and Rao A.S.R. (2004), “Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics”,
New Age Int. Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Saran S. (2006), “Soil Dynamics & Machine Foundation”, Galgotia
Pub. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
12
Module - 1
Introduction
13
1. Introduction
• Objective of a Foundation
• Major Issues during Earthquakes
• Performance of Foundations during Past
Earthquakes
14
Objective of a Foundation
The earth provides the ultimate support to structures.
The foundations are the sub-structural elements
which transmit the structural load to the earth in such
a way that the
• The supporting soil is not overstressed
• Does not undergo deformation that would cause excessive
settlement of the structure
15
Major Issues during Earthquakes
During earthquakes, the foundations and surrounding
soil are subjected to time varying dynamic loads, its
behavior is different than that during static loads.
• The behavior of soil may be nonlinear
• Excessive or Large Settlement
• If foundation is on loose saturated cohesionless soil, there
may be problem of Liquefaction
16
Performance of Foundations during Past Earthquakes
During past earthquakes there are numerous examples
in which foundations damaged causing collapse of
buildings, bridges, dams and many other structures.
Deep foundations are considered one of the most
effective means of mitigating foundation movement
during an earthquake.
These are discussed in next few slides
17
Performance of Deep Foundations
The Niigata earthquake (1964, M7.5) resulted in dramatic damage
due to liquefaction. At the time of EQ, there were approximately
1500 reinforced concrete buildings in Niigata City, and about 310 of
these buildings were damaged, of which approximately 200 settled
or tilted rigidly without appreciable damage to the superstructure.
The damaged buildings were built on very shallow foundations or
friction piles in loose soil. Similar buildings founded on piles
bearing on firm strata at a depth of 20 m did not suffer damage.
Liquefaction-induced Bearing Capacity Failure
Kawagichi-cho apartment buildings, Niigata EQ (Japan)

Liquefaction-induced Settlement & Tilting
Settlement & tilting of an apartment building, Niigata EQ

Damages due to Lateral Spreading
Lateral spreading caused bridge pier foundation to move and rotate sufficiently for
simply supported bridge span to fall (Niigata Earthquake)
Damages due to Lateral Spreading
Lateral spreading of the soil at the abutment buckled the bridge deck following
1952 Tokachi-Oki earthquake (M 8.1), Japan
Role of Pile Foundation in EQ Mitigation
Storage tank supported by concrete piles, soil underneath liquefied, 1995 Kobe EQ (M6.9)
Damage of Bridges in Past EQs
Higashi-Nada Viaduct collapse due to foundation failure, 1995 Kobe EQ (M6.9)

Nishinomiya-ko Bridge approach span collapse, 1995 Kobe EQ (M6.9)

Wu-Shi Bridge pier damaged in 1999 Chi-chi (Taiwan) Earthquake (M7.6)

Damage to Pier-Cap of a Bridge in 2001 Bhuj EQ (M7.7)
Status of the Rudra Matha bridge, after 2001 Bhuj EQ (M7.7)
Lateral Spreading Next to the Well Caisson, Rudra Matha bridge, Bhuj
Damaged bridge on the river Palyar, Kerala by Tsunami due to 2004 Sumatra EQ (M9.0)
Thank You
31

Earthquake Resistant Design of Foundations: Lecture 1: Introduction

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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS:

Kawagichi-cho apartment buildings, Niigata EQ (Japan)

Settlement & tilting of an apartment building, Niigata EQ

Higashi-Nada Viaduct collapse due to foundation failure, 1995 Kobe EQ (M6.9)

Nishinomiya-ko Bridge approach span collapse, 1995 Kobe EQ (M6.9)

Wu-Shi Bridge pier damaged in 1999 Chi-chi (Taiwan) Earthquake (M7.6)

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