Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ZAMBALES
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: zambales@deped.gov.ph
website: www.depedzambales.ph

Name: ____________________________________ Grade/Section__________

School: ___________________________________ Date: __________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences
Quarter 1- Week 1-Session 1

EXPECTATIONS
Specifically, this module will help you to:
• Clarify the relationship between the social sciences and the applied social
sciences
• Cite the differences among applied social sciences

Let us start your journey in learning more on applied and social answer sciences.the Pretes I t.am Smile
sure and youcheer are up! ready and excited to

INTRODUCTION
Social sciences are investigating human society and the different forces that
operate within it. The different disciplines of the Social Sciences look at human
societies and divest perspectives and focus on an area of expertise for analysis.
Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Geography, Anthropology, Psychology,
Demography and History are all branches of the Social Sciences. Such areas provide
social scientists with specific expertise, tools and skills that can help them better
understand social phenomena. The Applied Social Sciences, on the other hand,
focuses on the practical application of the various theories, frameworks, concepts,
and methodologies learned from the Social Sciences in real-life settings. The Module
addresses the key distinctions between social sciences and applied social sciences.
This also explores the concepts and fields of social sciences and applied social
sciences.
Lesson Defining the Social Sciences
1 and the Applied Social
Sciences
Social sciences are vast fields of scientific study which investigate human
societies and the different forces within them. These diverse fields examine how
people interact and develop their culture. Social sciences are comprised of several
disciplines, including history, political science, sociology, psychology, economics,
geography, demography, anthropology and linguistics. Through a body of empirical
knowledge, the social sciences offer a complex collection of lenses that allow us to
understand and clarify the various aspects of human society. Varieties of lens that
the social sciences study refer to the various areas of the social sciences that research
human society. That field of social science uses a diverse collection of lenses made
up of a body of ideas, theories, structures and methodologies that allow us to
understand and research the multi-faceted forces that make up and influence human
society.

BRANCHES OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Economics

Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and
exchange of goods and services within society. The two primary divisions of the
economics are microeconomics, which focuses on the actions of individual consumers
and producers, and macro-economics, which explores the actions and output of the
aggregate economy.

Anthropology

Anthropology is a scientific study of human beings and their cultures in the past and
present. Anthropology 's systematic approach to human research, the importance of
fieldwork and participant observation, and its focus on cross-cultural comparison,
make it special in the social sciences.

History

History is a systematic study of past human events in order to understand the

meaning, dynamics and relationship of the causes and effects of events in the
development of societies. This is derived from the Greek word past, which means
"investigation" or "investigation." In a social science, history focuses on the
interpretation and analysis of historical events, as they have historically occurred
with the use of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources refer to eyewitness
reports or historical accounts of the incident. They often use secondary sources or
facts that are not eye-witness accounts and are based on primary sources.

Political Science

Political science focuses on human actions in relation to political processes, states,

rules and international affairs. This explores the relationship between citizens and
politics at all levels, from the citizen to the national and international levels.

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Psychology

Psychology is researching how the human mind functions in consonance with the
body to generate thoughts that contribute to individual actions. Psychology analyzes
how individuals and communities view the world through various feelings, thoughts
and states of consciousness.

Sociology

Sociology is a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups. It is derived from the

Latin word socio which means “people together” and Greek word logos which means
“the study of.” As a discipline of the social science, it attempts to understand why
and how people interact with each other and how the function as a society or social
subgroups. Applied sociology focus on the use and proper application of sociological
theories, methods and skills to examine data.

Geography

Geography is a study of the relationship between people and their environment.

Geography was derived from Greek words: geography means "world" and “graphos”
means "charting or drawing." Geography examines both the physical features of the
Earth's surface and its interaction with human societies. This also explores how
human society communicates with the natural world and the effect of environments
and places on people.

Demography

Demography is a statistical study of human populations over time, according to the

Max Planck Center for Demographic Science (2016). This explores trends in population
growth through the study of birth, human activity, and morbidity, aging and mortality
statistics. Population studies or social demography are an important sub-field of
sociology. Social demographers analyze demographic data to identify, describe and
forecast social phenomena. This also studies the composition of social class and
population distribution.
Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences
by Dela Cruz et al. (2016) p.6-11

DEFINING THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

The applied social sciences were developed as a response to the highly

segmented and compartmentalized division of social science disciplines that
dominated western research training in the late 1990s and until the end of the
twentieth century. Scholars from the social sciences argued that there is a need for
more collaboration in the various fields of the social sciences. This suggests that the
various areas of social sciences need to work together effectively to resolve problems.
This multidisciplinary approach to the study of various social problems has become
the focus and the beginning of applied social sciences. Similar to social sciences,
which concentrate on theoretical studies of society, applied social sciences
concentrate on the use and application of the various ideas, theoretical models and
hypotheses of social science disciplines to better explain society and the various
challenges and issues it faces. The applied social sciences were used to provide
possible approaches to the complex problems of society (Gouldner, 1989).

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Counseling

Counseling is one of the areas of social sciences applied to it. As an application of

the social sciences, counseling provides guidance, assistance and support to
individuals who are distracted by a range of problems in their lives. Professional
guidance is provided to the individual through counseling, and this is done through
the application of psychological methods such as the collection of case history data,
personal interviews and skills tests. Counseling may be provided by psychologists,
life coaches, job psychologists and personal development counselors.
Social Work

Social research is another technical practice in the social sciences related to it.
Having been trained in social sciences to interact and understand social realities, an
applied social sciences practitioner has a good theoretical and conceptual foundation
for social work practice. Through social work, professionals are supporting people,
families, associations and neighborhoods to strengthen their individual and mutual
well-being.

Communication Studies

Applied social sciences provide appropriate instruction for employment in the

communications field. One example of a career in the advertising industry is in the
field of mass media. For example, in the news and current affairs department of major
television and radio networks, practitioners stress the importance of balance,
objective, truthful and creative reporting of news and other important events as they
have happened. Practitioners in applied social sciences have ample experience in this
field as they are equipped with communication theories and principles that allow
them to understand and educate the public about the social, political, cultural, and
economic realities. Communication professionals have the skills to write, create and
deliver news accurately and creatively to the public.

Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences

by Dela Cruz et al. (2016) p.11-15

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1.1 Data Retrieval Chart

Direction: As you read the lesson, fill out the data retrieval chart.
Data Retrieval Chart About the Main Concerns and Focus of the Social Sciences

Discipline Main Concern and Focus as a Discipline

Social Sciences

History

Anthropology

Economics

Sociology

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Geography

Demography

Political Science

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.2 Photo Analysis
Direction: Analyze the photo and answer the questions below.

Guide Questions

1. Identify and analyze the symbols used and relate it to Social Science disciplines.

2. How does the photo explain the nature and significance of the Social Science
disciplines?

EXPECTATIONS
Specifically, this module will help you to:
• Define counseling and
• Identify the different goals of counseling and provide specific examples for each
goal

4
 To prove your understanding of the past lesson, you should be ready to
accomplish this task. You may do the following.

Directions: Modified True or False. Write T if the sentence is true. If your answer is
false, write a brief explanation why the statement is incorrect. (Critical thinking)

_____ 1. Counseling stresses the client’s taking responsibility over their

actions.

_______________________________________________________________

______ 2. Counselors give advice to clients to help them solve their problems

_________________________________________________________________

______ 3. Counseling can be an avenue for self-exploration and selfdiscovery

wherein the clients can gain more understanding about the self.

_______________________________________________________________

_____ 4. Counseling is a helping relationship between counselors and clients.

________________________________________________________________

_____ 5. Counseling is an art where counselors learn the skill of persuading

and influencing clients to actions.

________________________________________________________________

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

The severity and prevalence of social issues have a direct and significant
effect on people's psychological conditions. The circumstances of psychological
damage, the past of trauma and even the practice of shock are a source of
anxiety. Such circumstances involve the integrative efforts of the psychological
sciences and the digital social sciences to solve social issues that cause
human distress.

Counseling as a specialty has grown out of the need for institutionalized

resources to support and help people in circumstances of difficulty in their
lives. Professionals in this field, called counselors, support those in need of
clinical assistance in finding meaning, dealing with the difficulty of life and
adjusting to new environments.
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 As cases of psychological and mental wellbeing rise and the condition of
social instability rises, therapy becomes important. This chapter introduces
you to the practice of counselling.

If you are interested in knowing this profession, this is your chance to

feel what it is, wwhere its work settings are, and how it works.

Lesson

The Discipline of Counseling

2
THE MEANIGN OF COUNSELING

Nystul (2003 ) defined counseling as essentially an art and a science in which you
seek to weigh the objective and subjective aspects of the counseling process.
Counseling as an art is the subjective dimension of advice. It maintains a flexible and
creative process by which the counselor modifies the approach in order to meet the
growing needs of clients. It is also related to the act of giving oneself and being
compassionate in therapy processes.

Counseling as a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the

consultation process. Counselors who are discerning and who acquire skills to
formulate critical conclusions and inferences (Nystul, 2003). The art and science of
psychology means an intensification of the Boulder Method scientist-practitioner
paradigm (Myers, 2007). The model illustrates the incorporation of art and science
into therapy, which forms recommendations that incorporate theory and practice.

In practical terms, therapy happens when a person who is in distress asks for support
and encourages another person to enter a kind of relationship with him / her. It is
indicative of someone seeking counseling requests for time and attention from a
person who will listen, who will allow him / her to speak and who will not condemn
and criticize him / her. This type of relationship is a formal aid in which a counselor-
counselee relationship is established.

Informal aid is asking for formal assistance in some ways, such as the presence of
good listening skills, compassion, and caring capacity. However, there is a higher
degree of confidentiality and objectivity in the context of structured assistance. People
trust that the counselor will uphold his oath of allegiance as a licensed counselor and
will abide by his Code of Ethics and Professional Principles (Nystul, 2003). Counseling
is a vital part of assisting not only in social work but also in education. It is a process
of helping a person seeking help. Counseling happens when you meet a qualified
specialist who has the expertise, experience, and orientation to provide the services
needed. A trained professional is a counselor who will accompany you – listen to you
and help you achieve your goals.

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Based on the Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling is a
profession that involves the application of a "integrated approach to the development
of a well-functioning individual" through provision in accordance with its interests,
needs and abilities (University of Queensland, 2015).

At the American Therapy Association (ACA) conference in Pittsburgh in March 2010,

members reached an agreement on the common concept of therapy. They accepted
that therapy is a therapeutic partnership that empowers diverse people, communities
and organizations to achieve mental health, wellbeing, education and career goals
(Kaplan, Travis's and Gladding, 2014). This concept talks about inspiring people,
families, groups and communities to achieve their goals in life.

GOALS OF COUNSELING

The goal setting is a key component of individual, group, organizational and

community success. Counseling, like any form of assistance, must be motivated by
objectives. It will be more difficult to achieve the desired target if you do not or are
not conscious of the objectives. The primary objective of counseling is to help people
use their prevailing social skills and problem-solving skills more functionally or to
develop new survival and coping skills. The comprehensive and broad therapy goals
defined by Gibson and Mitchell (2003) are as follows:

1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the client’s human growth

and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive and physical
wellness
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome
3. Enhancement Goals – enhance special skills and abilities
4. Remedial Goals – assisting client to overcome and treat an undesirable
development
5. Exploratory Goals – examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different
activities, etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals – helps client in recognizing that what they are doing,
thinking and feeling is fine
7. Cognitive Goals – involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and
cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for
good health
9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning
emotional control and developing positive self-concept

The goals set out above suggest that therapy seeks to motivate the client by helping
him / her to make important decisions in life, to build capacity to cope, to improve
productivity and to improve the quality of life. Other than the goals discussed above,
McLeod (2003) presented a list of therapy priorities, some of which are to improve the
objectives set out above.

The list consists of insight-based problems related to others, self-awareness,

selfacceptance, self-actualization, liberation, problem-solving, psychological
education, cognitive improvement, behavioral change, structural change,
empowerment, reconciliation, and generativity. Such things briefly listed below are
nevertheless demanding motivating goals. The counselors, however, tend to be
motivated by these therapy goals.

Goal Description

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Insight Understanding of the origins and development of emotional
difficulties, leading to an increased capacity to take rational
control over feelings and actions

Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and
satisfying relationships with other people: for example, within
the family or workplace

Self-awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been
blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate sense of
how self is perceived by others

Self-acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by

an ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the
subject of self-criticism and rejection

Self-actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an

integration of previously conflicting parts of self

Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual

awakening

Problem-Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not
been able to resolve alone and acquiring a general competence
in problem-solving

Psychological Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which
Education to understand and control behavior

Acquisition of Social Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as
Skills maintenance of eye contact, turn-taking in conversations,
assertiveness, or anger control

Cognitive Change The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or

maladaptive thought patterns associated with selfdestructive
behavior
Behavior Change The modification or replacement of maladaptive or selfdestruct
patterns of behavior

Systemic Change Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate

Empowerment Working on skills, awareness and knowledge that will enable the client
to take control of his or her own life

Restitution Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive

behavior

Generativity Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others
and pass on knowledge and to contribute to the collective good
through political engagement and community work
Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences by
Dela Cruz AR et. al. (2016) pp. 38-39

A wide range of human problems are creating a wider scope and field of advice. In
general, the spectrum of treatment includes individual counseling, marital and

8
premarital counseling, family counseling and group counseling. The areas covered by
this framework will be discussed in the next section.

SCOPE OF COUNSELING

Counseling is a specific term with diverse definitions and objectives. The goals listed
above reflect the nature of the advice. Counseling is important in nearly every area of
a person's life — cognitive, mental, economic, financial, psychological, and others. It
is also applied to individuals, families and groups.

There are several topics related to individual therapy, such as depression, sexual
harassment, anxiety, class, relationships, faith, philosophy, teenage problems, loss,
frustration, tension, vocation, studies, and others. In terms of family therapy,
problems include divorce, family dynamics, life changes, miscommunication, envy,
money issues, parenting, remarriage, and others.

The 4754-15 Scope of Practice for Licensed Professional Counselors is a more focused
topic relevant to the quality of advice. This covers the privileges and duties of licensed
lawyers, including the following:

Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations

1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the

general public comprising of application of clinical counseling principles,
methods or procedures to assist individuals in realizing effective personal,
social, educational or career development and adjustment.
2. “Apply clinical counseling principles, methods and procedures,” means an
approach to counseling that emphasizes the counselor’s role in
systematically assisting clients through all of the following: assessing and
analyzing emotional conditions, exploring possible solutions and developing
and providing a treatment plan for mental and emotional adjustment or
development. It may include counseling, appraisal, consulting, supervision,
administration, and referral.
3. Engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
when under the supervision of a professional clinical counselor,
psychologist, psychiatrist, independent marriage and family therapist or
independent social worker.
4. Provide training supervision for student and registered counselor trainees
when services are within their scope of practice, which does not include
supervision of the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional
disorders.
Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences by
Dela Cruz AR et. al et. al. (2016) pp. 41

The set of core values is a key component of an organization. It has a significant

influence on other organizational components, more specifically, to its members. It
serves as standards that shape the member’s behavior in their interaction with their
clients and other people. Different professions, especially, those who require licensure
like counseling, have its own set of core values – values that are instilled among its
members. Below are presents the core values and ethical standards of counseling.

9
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 2.1

I Need Help, Where Will I Go?

Instruction:

1. If something is bothering you about life matters: academics, relationships,

family, identity, and financial concerns, with whom will you share your
problem? Will you pursue a formal help or a non-formal help? Why or why not?
Explain your answer.
2. Write your answer in the box.

Notes Box

Name: ______________________________________________________ _______________________

Activity 2.2

In What Way Will Counseling Empower Me?

Instruction:

In our discussion on counseling goals, John McLeod contends that: “Counseling

aims to empower the client by helping him/her make critical decisions in life, develop
ability to cope, enhance effectiveness and improve quality life.”

1. What do you think about this statement? Do you accept or support it? How will it
empower you? Explain your answer.
2. Write your answer in the box.

Notes Box

Name: _____________________________________________________________________________

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ANSWER KEY

Lesson 1 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 2

LOOKING LOOKING
BACK TO POSTTEST BACK TO POSTTEST
YOUR YOUR
Test I. Test I.
LESSON LESSON
1. D Answers
Answers may 2. A Answers may vary
may vary
vary 3. B Test II.
4. A Answers
5. C may vary

6. B Test III.
7. A
Answers may
8. Ba 9. vary
D

10. A

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