Gec102 - Module 1

MODULE 1 COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES AND
ETHICS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, the students must be able to:
1. Differentiate communication, effective communication and purposive
communication.
2. Describe the nature, components, process and principles of communication in
various multicultural contexts hence become more skillful communicators.
3. Heighten awareness on communication ethics resulting in conscientious and
respectful interactions.
CONTENT
COMMUNICATION. It is the art of transmitting information from one person to another through
the use of language, gestures, symbols, pictures, graphs, and others.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION. It is when the receiver interprets the message as you

intended it to be interpreted.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION. It is an intentional communication that happens within the

bounds of specific contexts. It is therefore logical to explain purposive communication as a
communication applied in a specific setting, environment, scene, social relations and culture.
A. COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Sender. The communicator or source of information who first encode the message in a
form that can be understood and then transmit it. The sender of the message is a highly
important element being the source of the idea. As the sender, it is expected that one
possesses the skills required in transmitting messages. These skills include the ability to
use the language that the receiver understands. Along with using the appropriate
language is the application of linguistic features such as correct grammar, phonetics (for
spoken messages); choice of words or jargons for an appropriate audience; sentence
construction; and discourse competence. The sender’s credibility is of great importance
as well. People will more likely reject a message if the sender is proven to be unreliable.
The message will only be as good and valid as its source.
1. Message. It is the information that the sender wants to relay or the content. For
messages to be accurately understood and positively received, the C’s in communication
maybe followed:
 Courtesy. Another word for courtesy is politeness. Usage of polite words and
tone means one respects the receiver of the message. Tact and diplomacy in
communication is always appreciated and this approach will normally beget a
positive reply. Developing the “we” attitude, using positive words instead of
negative, being considerate of the feelings of the receiver, selecting gender-free
terms and responding promptly to important messages are ways to demonstrate
courtesy.
 Clarity. This may involve correct word usage, grammar, pronunciation, sentence
construction and delivery. Messages which are unclear oftentimes do not achieve
their desired effect.
 Conciseness. Lengthy messages can result in information overload and

overwhelm listeners/ readers of messages. Conciseness is saying what needs to
be said in as few words as possible. To display conciseness, flowery languages,
which normally include unnecessary words must be avoided. Remember, our
goal is to communicate and not to impress our listeners/readers with our lengthy
discourse.
 Concreteness. This refers to being specific. To demonstrate concreteness,

providing examples whenever necessary makes a message more
comprehensible.
 Completeness. To avoid ambiguity, messages should not leave out important

details that a receiver expects to know such as answers to the what, who, when,
where, why and how questions.
1. Medium. Also called the channel, the medium is the means by which a message is
transmitted. The 21 century has introduced communication technologies (smart phones,
st
tablets, computers) as popular channels in addition to the older forms such as traditional
telephone, radio, television and printed texts (books, newspapers, magazines, journals, posters,
etc.). The choice of a channel may depend on the availability, practicality and its impact on the
receiver.
1. Receiver. The person to whom a message is directed or the interpreter of the message.
Receivers of the message must have good listening and comprehension skills. Good listening
skills requires one to focus on what is conveyed and as much as possible eliminate all possible
distractions or noises (physical, environmental, psychological, emotional) that would hinder one
from understanding the message.
1. Feedback. The response of the receiver when the message has been successfully
transmitted, received and understood. Messages in communication will always have an effect
on the receiver. There are messages that trigger positive reactions and at times negative
depending on the kind of message relayed, how it is communicated and how it is interpreted. It
is therefore important to know the feedback of our audiences in order to make the necessary
clarifications and revisions of our messages.
1. Noise. This can be any of the interference that affects the message being sent, received
or understood.
1. Context. This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place.
Communication happens in specific contexts. Context includes settings or environment (family,
school, workplace, religious communities); social relations (friends, husband and wife, parent
and child, colleagues/ boss-meeting, job interview, social gathering – parties, weddings, etc.);
and culture (history, tradition, beliefs, norms and values). Communication therefore must be
suitable to the specific context hence should be intentional or purposive.
{Quizzes 2 & 3 to be posted}

B. THE COMMUNICATION MODELS
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
1. Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication (Claude Shannon and Warren

Weaver)
1. Osgood – Schramm’s Model of Communication
1. White’s Stages of Oral Communication (Eugene White)

To understand the models, please click the link and watch the videos:
https://bit.ly/2D8cqmE
https://bit.ly/3gBK5Ut
https://bit.ly/38DsKaU
https://bit.ly/3gpOHwC
C. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is an interaction situation wherein the participants are affected by

each one’s behavior.
2. One does communicate.
3. The message received is not necessarily the message sent.
4. Communication occurs simultaneously at more than one level.
Meta-communication is the second level of communication and refers to any
verbal or non-verbal cues about the literal content of the message sent.
Meanwhile, there are four BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL

COMMUNICATION, to wit;
1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable.

2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible.
3. Interpersonal communication is complicated.
According to theorists, there are at least six people involved:

a. who you think you are;
b. who you think the other person is;
c. who you think the other person think you are;
d. who the other person thinks he is;
e. who the other person thinks you are; and
f. who the other person thinks you think he is.
1. Interpersonal communication is contextual. In other words, communication does

not happen in isolation. There is:
a. Psychological context, which is who you are and what you bring to the
interaction;
b. Relational context, which concerns your reactions to the other person;
c. Situational context, which deals with the psycho-social where you are
communicating;
d. Environmental context, which deals with the physical where you are
communicating; and
e. Cultural context, which includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect
the interaction.
D. ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Communications ethics is the notion that an individual’s or group’s behavior are

governed by their morals which in turn affects the communication. This includes
interpersonal communication, mass mediated communication, and digital
communication.
Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making,

and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts,
cultures, channels and media. It enhances human worth and dignity by fostering
truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity and respect for self and
others.
TEN BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION (Johnson, 2015)
1. Seek to elicit best in communications and interactions with other group

members.
2. Listen when others speak.
3. Speak non-judgmentally.
4. Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own
thoughts, need and feelings.
5. Seek to understand others (rather that to be right or more ethical than thou).
6. Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have
said without checking your understanding, or by universalizing your opinions,
beliefs, values, and conclusions, assuming everyone shares them.
7. Manage your own personal boundaries. Share only what you are comfortable
sharing.
8. Respect the personal boundaries of others.
9. Avoid interrupting and side conversations.
10. Make sure that everyone has time to speak; that all members have relatively
equal air time if they want it.
{QUIZZES 5&6 to be posted}

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MODULE 1 COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES AND

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION. It is when the receiver interprets the message as you

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION. It is an intentional communication that happens within the

 Conciseness. Lengthy messages can result in information overload and

 Concreteness. This refers to being specific. To demonstrate concreteness,

 Completeness. To avoid ambiguity, messages should not leave out important

{Quizzes 2 & 3 to be posted}

1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

1. Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication (Claude Shannon and Warren

1. Osgood – Schramm’s Model of Communication

1. White’s Stages of Oral Communication (Eugene White)

1. Communication is an interaction situation wherein the participants are affected by

Meanwhile, there are four BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL

1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable.

According to theorists, there are at least six people involved:

1. Interpersonal communication is contextual. In other words, communication does

Communications ethics is the notion that an individual’s or group’s behavior are

Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making,

TEN BASICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION (Johnson, 2015)

1. Seek to elicit best in communications and interactions with other group

{QUIZZES 5&6 to be posted}

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